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What are the steps in the shotgun approach to whole-genome sequencing? |
In shotgun sequencing, the DNA from many copies of an entire chromosome is cut into fragments. The fragments are inserted into plasmids and cloned in bacteria. Plasmid DNA is isolated from the bacteria, purified, and sequenced. Finally, a computer assembles the fragment sequences into the continuous sequence of the whole chromosome, based on overlap between the fragments. |
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What was the main goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP)? |
to map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome |
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Which of the following statements about genome sizes is true? |
Most eukaryotes have larger genomes than most prokaryotes. |
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The number of genes correlates with _____ |
the size of the genome in prokaryotes Prokaryotic genomes are compact, |
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What type of noncoding DNA comprises the largest portion of multicellular eukaryotic genomes? |
transposons |
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How do retrotransposons differ from other transposons? |
Retrotransposons move via an RNA transcript, whereas other transposons do not. |
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How has gene duplication played a critical role in evolution? |
t produces redundant copies of existing genes, which are then free to mutate and adopt new functions. |
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By what mechanism might transposons contribute to gene duplication? |
ransposons may promote unequal crossing over during meiosis. |
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What is the goal of comparative genomic studies? |
to identify genes that are important for evolution of a particular species to identify homologues in model organisms for genes involved in human disease to study genetic variation within a species or a population to study how genomes evolve |
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What are Hox genes? |
Hox genes encode transcription factors with a DNA-binding domain called a homeo box, and regulate development of the vertebrate body plan. |
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Comparison Of Plant and Animal Development |
-no need for morphogenesis on plants -relies on cascade of trans reg turning on off genesdevelopmental programs of plants and animals evolved seaprately mads-box in plants , hox in animals mostly |
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Comparing Developmental Processes |
homeotic genes include homeobox (180-nuc eq), specifies (60-amino acid homeodomain, domain is a specific functioning part of protein) |
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Comparing Genomes Within a Species |
usually SNPS with no ill effect, with duplications, inversions, deletios, studdy migrsation and diff betweem pop |
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Comparing Closely Related Speices |
comparing similar sequences and studying the characteristics of what differ, in humans and chimpanzees |
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Comparing Distantly related Species |
clarifies evolutionary relationship among all diverged species |
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homeodomain |
60 amino acids length, binds to DNA when prtoein is a trans reg, can bind to and seg of DNA, but other domains in the protein control wha it binds to |
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Repetitive DNA |
15% of genome 5% long dna 10,000 – 300k bp, simple sequence dNA of tandem repeats, 2to 5 nucs STR, also satellite DNA when centrifuged, centromeric and telomeric DNA |
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Sequences Related to Transpo Elements |
Alu elements – 10% genome 300nucs function unkown L1- 6,5000bp low rate of transpo cuz its sequences block rna poly from it moving, reg gene exp |
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Genome SIZe |
-euk tend to have larger genome size -phenotype does not correlate to size |
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Number of Genes |
-euk bigger than bact -euk have number of genes small compared to size of it , maybe due to alternative splicing |
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Gene Density |
-euks have low gene density -bacteria have mostly expressed genes -humans dom’t mostly nc, complex reg seq |
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How Systems are studied |
systems biology approach model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems, gene circuits and protein interation networks, microarrays, cancer project iin different stages to look at the entire organism as one body |
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