Mastering A&P Exam 4

In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________.
– PNS; PNS; CNS
– PNS; CNS; PNS
– CNS; CNS; PNS
– CNS; PNS; CNS

PNS; CNS; PNS

The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS.
– cranial nerve; spinal nerve
– brain; spinal cord
– spinal cord; spinal nerve
– spinal nerve; spinal cord

spinal cord; spinal nerve

Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
– spinal cord
– afferent nerve fibers
– cranial nerves
– spinal nerves

spinal cord

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.
– axons of unipolar neurons
– cell bodies of unipolar neurons
– cell bodies of multipolar neurons
– axons of multipolar neurons

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________.
– dura mater
– subarachnoid space
– pia mater
– subdural space

subarachnoid space

What is the efferent motor root of a nerve?
– ventral root
– posterior gray horns
– somatic sensory nuclei
– dorsal root ganglion

ventral root

Which structure is composed of cell bodies of neurons that carry somatic sensory information?
– dorsal root ganglion
– ventral root
– somatic sensory nuclei
– posterior gray horns

posterior gray horns

Which structure is a region that contains cell bodies of afferent neurons?
– somatic sensory nuclei
– ventral root
– posterior gray horns
– dorsal root ganglion

dorsal root ganglion

Which structure contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei?
– ventral root
– somatic sensory nuclei
– dorsal root ganglion
– posterior gray horns

posterior gray horns

The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________.
– dura mater; arachnoid mater
– pia mater; arachnoid mater
– epidural space; subdural space
– pia mater; dura mater

pia mater; arachnoid mater

Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
– myelinated axons
– unmyelinated axons
– neuroglia
– neuron cell bodies

Myelinated axons

The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei.
– ventral
– dorsal
– intermediate
– lateral

dorsal

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________.
– neuroglia
– neuron cell bodies (somas)
– unmyelinated axons
– The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________.
– endomysium
– endoneurium
– epineurium
– perineurium

endoneurium

The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________.
– input domain
– dermatome
– dermal band
– segment

dermatome

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________.
– reverberating
– multipolar
– convergent
– divergent

multipolar

The most abundant category of neurons is __________.
– somatic motor
– interneurons
– visceral motor
– somatic afferents

interneurons

Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________.
– axons
– afferent fibers
– peripheral neurons
– motor neurons

motor neurons

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.
– acquired
– visceral
– somatic
– motor

visceral

A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________.
– efferent axon
– sensory receptor
– afferent axon
– A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc?
– receptor activation
– afferent action potential
– efferent action potential
– All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc?
– output to a peripheral effector
– receptor activation
– integration process in the CNS
– output to upper motor neuron

output to upper motor neuron

The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.
– tendon
– flexor
– stretch
– reciprocal

tendon

The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor.
– stretch
– flexor
– crossed extensor
– tendon

crossed extensor

The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________.
– gamma motor neuron
– muscle spindle
– extrafusal fibers
– efferent fibers

muscle spindle

A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________.
– prevents a muscle from overstretching
– is an example of a monosynaptic reflex
– moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
– prevents a muscle from generating excessive tension

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________.
– Babinski sign; plantar reflex
– Babinski sign; flexor reflex
– plantar reflex; Babinski sign
– flexor reflex; plantar reflex

Babinski sign; plantar reflex

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.
– stimulus response
– reinforcement
– enhancement
– nerve injury

reinforcement

An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________.
– holding your breath
– postponing emptying a full urinary bladder
– deliberately walking on hot coals
– All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns

All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns

What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system pathway?
– All of the listed responses are correct.
– cardiac muscle
– glands
– smooth muscle

All of the listed responses are correct.

Where can you find the cell bodies of the ganglionic neurons?
– smooth muscle
– autonomic ganglia
– hypothalamus
– skeletal muscle

autonomic ganglia

Where is the integrative center for autonomic activity located?
– skeletal muscle
– hypothalamus
– smooth muscle
– autonomic ganglia

hypothalamus

What is the effector of the somatic nervous system pathway?
– cardiac muscle
– skeletal muscle
– smooth muscle
– adipocyte

skeletal muscle

Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located?
– in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
– in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum
– within skeletal muscles
– in the brain stem

in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum

How many neurons comprise the somatic nervous system pathway?
– one
– two
– three
– four

two

What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?
– Somatic motor neuron
– Postganglionic neuron
– Lower motor neuron
– Preganglionic neuron

Preganglionic neuron

Which spinal region lacks autonomic preganglionic neurons?
– sacral
– cervical
– thoracic
– lumbar

cervical

The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is __________.
– true only for the somatic nervous system
– true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
– true only for the sympathetic nervous system
– true for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems

true for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems

What part of the autonomic nervous system originates in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord?
– Parasympathetic division
– All parts of the ANS are represented
– Sympathetic division
– None of the ANS is shown in this image

Sympathetic divison

Which of the following effectors is supplied by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?
– Adrenal medulla
– Heart
– Salivary gland
– Intestine

Intestine

Which of the following is NOT supplied by cervical sympathetic chain ganglia?
– Salivary glands
– Skin of the head
– Spleen
– Heart

Spleen

Sympathetic ganglionic neurons are found in all these locations except __________.
– chain ganglia
– intramural ganglia
– suprarenal medullae
– collateral ganglia

intramural ganglia

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord.
– ventral; sacral
– lateral; sacral
– ventral; thoracolumbar
– lateral; thoracolumbar

lateral; thoracolumbar

Which response is not part of sympathetic activation?
– decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli
– increased alertness
– decreased muscle tone
– increased heart rate

decreased muscle tone

In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted?
– From the smooth muscle cells
– From the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber
– Within the ganglionic synapse
– At the nodes along the myelinated axon

From the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber

Which of these neurotransmitters is not released at sympathetic neuroeffector junctions?
– epinephrine
– nitric oxide
– norepinephrine
– acetylcholine

epinephrine

Which of these is not an action of the sympathetic nervous system?
– to increase heart rate
– to constrict the pupils
– to increase sweating
– to reduce skin circulation

to constrict the pupils

Which of these substances is not a neurotransmitter at a sympathetic effector synapse?
– acetylcholine (ACh)
– norepinephrine
– gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
– epinephrine

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?
– Salivary glands
– Urinary bladder
– Heart
– Stomach

Urinary bladder

Where are the parasympathetic ganglionic synapses for the heart located?
– In the ciliary ganglion
– In the otic ganglion
– Within the heart itself
– In the celiac ganglio

Within the heart itself

Parasympathetic outflow is absent in which of these?
– cervical ganglia
– pelvic nerves
– cranial nerve III
– cranial nerve X

cervical ganglia

Which nerves contain the most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
– trigeminal
– optic
– splanchnic
– vagus

vagus

The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses, and _________ at its neuroeffector junctions.
– choline; acetylcholine
– acetylcholine; acetylcholine
– acetylcholine; norepinephrine
– acetylcholine; choline

acetylcholine; acetylcholine

Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.
– facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic neuroeffector synapses
– inhibit synaptic transmission at all autonomic synapses
– inhibit synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses
– facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

Which of these organs does not receive parasympathetic input?
– skin
– stomach
– lungs
– heart

skin

At which of the following synapses is epinephrine secreted?
– All parasympathetic ganglia
– Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla
– Terminal ganglia at parasympathetic synapses
– All sympathetic ganglia

Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla

Which of these is not a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
– Both use acetylcholine.
– Both use norepinephrine.
– Both affect the pupils.
– Both affect heart rate

Both use norepinephrine.

The statement "it controls heart rate" is true __________.
– only for the parasympathetic nervous system
– for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system
– for the somatic nervous system
– only for the sympathetic nervous system

for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system

Which of these organs does not receive dual innervation?
– salivary gland
– heart
– sweat glands
– eye

sweat glands