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Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra. Transverse process |
Body Correct. The disk shaped bodies of vertebrae are stable and stackable. Most weight is distributed in this region. |
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Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane. Inferior articular process |
Spinous process The spinous process extends posteriorly in a median plane. It serves as a site of muscle and ligament attachment. |
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Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it. Transverse processes |
Inferior articular processes Correct. The inferior articular processes contact the superior articular process of the vertebra below it, forming a moveable synovial joint. |
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Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen? Spinal cord |
Intervertebral discs The intervertebral discs are located in between the vertebral bodies. They form a symphysis with the bodies and act as a shock absorber. |
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Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra. Lamina |
Transverse process Correct. The transverse processes of a vertebra project laterally from the junction of the lamina and pedicle. |
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What is the name of the first cervical vertebra? Occipital condyles |
Atlas Correct. The atlas is essentially a ring of bone. Its structure is highly specialized to articulate with the skull. |
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What is the name of the second cervical vertebra? Axis |
Axis Correct. C2 is known as the axis. It has a bony projection called the odontoid process that articulates with C1. C1 can pivot around C2, allowing us to rotate our head/shake head "no". |
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Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes". Atlas – axis |
Occipital bone – atlas Correct. The padlike occipital condyles found on both sides of foramen magnum sit on top of the plate like superior articular processes of the atlas, forming the atlanto-occipital joint. The articular surfaces permit nodding of the head in a "yes" motion (flexion and extension). |
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Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no". Axis – C3 |
Atlas – axis Correct. The prominent projection known as dens on the axis forms a pivot joint with the atlas, allowing the atlas to rotate around the axis. The axis is a very sensible name for C2 since it serves as a central axis for rotation of the atlas. |
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Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas. Foramen magnum |
Occipital condyles Correct. The occipital condyles found on both sides of foramen magnum sit on top of the atlas, forming the atlanto-occipital joint. |
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Which of the following landmarks is found on the posterior surface of the scapula? Spine |
Spine Correct. The spine of the scapula is on the back of the bone and can easily be palpated. |
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Identify the socket of the shoulder joint. Coracoid process |
Glenoid cavity Correct. The glenoid cavity is a round flat surface that serves as the socket of the shoulder joint. Because of its flat nature, the joint is highly moveable. It is stabilized by the rotator cuff muscles. |
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Identify the region of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle. Acromion process |
Acromion process Correct. The acromion process is the knoblike ending at the lateral end of the scapular spine. It articulates with the clavicle forming the acromioclavicular joint. |
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Which region of the scapula does articulate with another bone? Suprascapular notch |
Acromion process The acromium articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle, forming the acromioclavicular joint. |
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The scapula is the site of origin of a group of muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Identify this muscle group. |
Rotator cuff Correct. The 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff originate on the scapula and insert on the proximal humerus. These muscles work to stabilize the shoulder joint, working to prevent the head of the humerus from dislocating out of the glenoid fossa. |
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Identify the process on the scapula that does not articulate with another bone. Acromion process |
Correct. The coracoid process of the scapula is found on the lateral side of the bone projecting anteriorly and laterally. Pectoralis minor inserts on the coracoid process. |
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The adult hip bone consists of _____ regions. 1 |
3 Correct. In childhood, the hip bone consists of 3 separate bones. The bones fuse together to become the adult hip bone. |
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Which region of the hip bone articulates with the sacrum? Ischium |
Ilium |
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Which landmark of the hip bone can be felt on a hard chair? Pubic rami |
Ischial tuberosity Correct. The ischial tuberosity is the thickened inferior surface of the ischium. When we sit our weight is distributed to the chair through the ischial tuberosities. |
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What regions of the hip bones articulate to form a symphysis? Right and left Iliac fossa |
Right and left pubic bodies Correct. The pubic bodies of the right and left hip bones articulate to form the pubic symphysis. |
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Which of the following is the largest region of the hip bone? Ileum |
Ilium Correct. The ilium makes up the biggest region of the hip bone. |
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Identify the articulation site for the femur. Fovea capitis |
… |
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Identify the large hole found in this bone. Greater sciatic notch |
Obturator foramen Correct. The obturator foramen is the large circular hole in the hip bone. A few blood vessels and nerves pass through the part of the obturator foramen that isn’t sealed off by a fibrous membrane. |
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The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the _____. Anterior superior iliac spine |
Iliac crest Correct. The iliac crest forms the large flaring superior border of the ilium that ends at the anterior superior iliac spine in the front of the hip bone and the posterior superior iliac spine in the back. |
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What region of the vertebral column does the hip bone articulate with? Lumbar region |
Sacral region Correct. The hip bones articulate with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint. |
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Which bone articulates in the acetabulum? Calcaneus |
Femur Correct. The head of the femur articulates in the acetabulum of the hip bone, forming one of the largest ball and socket joints in the body. |
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The palpable hip bone projections in the front of the body felt when you put your hands on your hips are the posterior inferior iliac spines. True |
False The anterior superior iliac spines can be palpable with hands on the hips. |
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The projection at the inferior end of the greater sciatic notch is the ischial spine. True |
True The inferior portion of the greater sciatic notch is just superior to the ischial spine. |
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The hip bone is part of the axial skeleton. True |
False The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. |
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Identify the bone that articulates with the distal end of the femur. Tibia |
Tibia The tibia articulates with the distal end of the femur, distributing the weight of the body to the foot. |
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Identify the region of the femur that forms part of the hip joint. Fovea capitis |
Head The head of the femur is the ball portion of the hip joint, which articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone which forms the socket. |
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The condition known as a "fractured hip" is most often a break in the femur. Where is the femur particularly susceptible to a fracture? Acetabulum |
Neck Many times the phrase "fractured hip" refers to a break in the neck of the femur. This type of fracture detaches the head of the femur leaving it in the socket (the acetabulum of the hip joint). |
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Identify the landmark that is unique to the femur. Head |
Trochanter The greater and lesser trochanters are unique to the femur. |
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Identify the landmark found on the diaphysis of the femur. Fovea capitis |
Linea aspera The linea aspera is an elevated ridge found on the diaphysis of the femur. It serves as a site of muscle attachment. |
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Identify the best description for the location of the head of the femur. Posterior and proximal |
Medial and proximal In order for the head of the femur to articulate with the hip bones, it must make contact with the pelvic girdle (medial) at the top (proximal) portion of the femur. |
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The flat surface of the tibia that articulates with the femur is the superior surface of which landmark? Medial malleolus |
Medial and lateral condyles The flat articular surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia form the knee joint with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur. |
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Identify the bone found lateral to the tibia. Fibula |
Fibula The tibia and fibula lie parallel to one another between the knee and ankle. |
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Identify the anatomical landmark resulting in a noticeable bump found on the medial surface of the ankle. Medial condyle |
Medial malleolus The medial malleolus of the tibia forms the easily visible and palpable bump inside the ankle. |
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Name the bone that articulates with the distal end of the femur. Calcaneus |
Tibia The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with landmarks of the same name on the femur. |
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Identify the blunt elevation found on the anterior surface of the tibia between the lateral and medial condyles. Tibial tuberosity |
Tibial tuberosity The tibial tuberosity is found on the anterior surface of the proximal part of the tibia. The patellar ligament attaches to the tibial tuberosity. |
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Which of the following landmarks can be found on both the tibia and fibula? Malleoli |
Malleoli Both the tibia and the fibula have malleoli, which form the palpable bumps found on the inside and outside of the ankle. |
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Since mastoid infections may spread to the brain, surgical removal of the mastoid process was once considered to be the best way to prevent brain inflammation. Unfortunately, this also had the side-effect of causing ____________. deafness in the adjacent ear |
Impaired head and neck movements This region of the temporal bone is the origin for the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which, unilaterally, draws the head toward the ipsilateral shoulder and rotates head to the opposite side and, bilaterally, flexes the neck. |
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Fetal vertebrae develop through endochondral ossification from a preexisting __________ model. Fracture repair of these same bones involves the formation of __________ callus. dense irregular connective tissue; a fibrocartilage |
Hyaline cartilage; a fibrocartilage |
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A cleft palate arises when the right and left _____________ bones fail to fuse medially during fetal development. maxillae |
Maxillae The palatine processes of the maxillae form the anterior two-thirds of the hard palate. |
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