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What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? |
Catabolic pathways |
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The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction |
Loses electrons and loses potential energy. |
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Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the |
Entropy of the universe |
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The mechanism in which the end product of ametabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described as |
Feedback inhibition. |
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Which of the following statements describes NAD+? |
NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. |
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Which of the following statements describes NADH? |
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ at the electron transport chain and in the fermentation. |
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Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells? |
Cytosol |
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The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by |
Substrate-level phosphorylation. |
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Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? |
They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. |
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The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to |
Act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. |
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Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? |
Citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen |
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Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells? |
Mitochondrial intermembrane space |
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Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? |
Glycolysis and fermentation |
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In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP? |
Energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase |
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Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during |
H2O-NADPH-Calvin Cycle |
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If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the 18O label. That one is |
O2. |
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Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? |
ATP and NADPH |
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In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules? |
Harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll |
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When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by -product of |
Splitting water molecules. |
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P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Why? |
This molecule has a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygen, to obtain electrons from water. |
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