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The number of cells produced by meiosis is ______ the number of cells produced by mitosis. |
twice |
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The number of chromosomes in daughter cells produced by meiosis is ____ the number of chromosomes in daughter cells produced by mitosis. |
half |
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________ is unique to meiosis |
Crossing over |
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Daughter cells produced in meiosis are identical |
False |
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Chromosome duplication occurs prior to both mitosis and meiosis. |
True |
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Which of the following events occur during prophase I? |
A, B, and C breakdown of nuclear envelope, condensation of chromosomes, movement of centrosomes |
|
How many bivalents are formed in a cell with 20 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis I? |
10 |
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Which of the following events occur during anaphase I? |
separation of homologous chromosomes |
|
At the end of meiosis I, there are two haploid cells, each with two sister chromatids per chromosome. |
True |
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The period between meiosis I and II is termed interkinesis. |
True |
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The spindle apparatus is fully formed by the end of… |
prometaphase II. |
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Separation of ________ occurs in anaphase II of meiosis. |
sister chromatids |
|
At the end of meiosis II, there are… |
four haploid cells, with each chromosome consisting of a single chromatid. |
|
Replication of chromosomes occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II. |
False |
|
In animal cells, cell division is accomplished by the formation of a cleavage furrow. |
True |
|
Cohesin complexes… |
hold a chromosome’s sister chromatids together. |
|
The arms of the sister chromatids dissociate from each other during ________ of mitosis. |
prophase |
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The sister chromatids of a chromosome fully separate during ________ of mitosis. |
anaphase |
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Cohesin complexes associate with the chromosomes after chromosome condensation has taken place. |
False |
|
The cohesin complexes of the centromeric region are the last ones to be degraded. |
True |
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Gamete |
A haploid reproductive cell |
|
somatic cell |
Any of the cells of a multicellular organism except those that are destined to form gametes. |
|
zygote |
The diploid (2n) cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes |
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diploid |
(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent |
|
Meiosis |
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
|
DNA Replication |
the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule. Occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. |
|
Chromatids |
each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. |
|
Centromere |
the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. |
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Ascus |
a sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop |
|
Ascospore |
a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus, specific to fungi, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores. |
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Perithecium |
a round or flask shaped fruiting body with a pore through which the spores are discharged. |
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Hyphae |
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus. |
|
Mycelium |
the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments |
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Crossing Over |
the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristic in offspring. |
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Chiasmata |
a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands. |
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Gametes |
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
|
Monad |
a single celled organism, especially a flagellate protozoan, or single cell. |
|
Synapse |
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter |
|
Map units |
the relative distance of the spore color gene from the centromere |
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Homologous |
pairing at meiosis and having the same structural features and pattern of genes. |
|
Centromeres divide in… |
mitosis and meiosis II. |
|
Which of the following describes meiosis II in humans? |
1N -> 1N |
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Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during meiosis I. 1 = Separation of homologous chromosomes |
2, 3, 4, 1 |
|
Germ-line cells are haploid but gametes are diploid. |
False |
|
Independent assortment occurs in prophase I. |
False |
|
Synapsis is the side-by-side alignment of |
homologous chromosomes. |
|
At the end of meiosis I, each daughter cell is |
haploid, and each chromosome consists of two chromatids. |
|
During anaphase I of meiosis, ____I____ move towards opposite cell poles, whereas during anaphase II of meiosis, ____II____ are separated. |
I = homologous chromosomes ; II = sister chromatids |
|
Crossing-over occurs in metaphase I. |
False |
|
Telophase II of meiosis is basically prophase II in reverse. |
True |
|
Which of the following features are unique to meiosis? |
A, B and C synapsis, homologous recombination, reduction division |
|
A crossover in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between |
non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. |
|
The four daughter cells produced in meiosis |
have one of each pair of chromosomes found in the parent cell. |
|
Crossing-over occurs in meiosis I and meiosis II. |
False |
|
Chromosome duplication occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II. |
False |
|
Transformation |
the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s). |
|
Transformation efficiency |
the efficiency by which cells can take up extracellular DNA and express genes encoded by it. |
|
Escherichia coli |
a bacterium that is commonly found in the gut of endotherms (warm blooded organisms). |
|
Prokaryotic chromosome |
their DNA is not organized into chromosomes. |
|
Plasmid |
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes. |
|
Antibiotic resistance |
The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive. |
|
Ambicillin |
A semisynthetic penicillin having a broader antibacterial spectrum of action than that of penicillin G. It is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and used to treat gonorrhea and infections of the intestinal, urinary, and respiratory tracts |
|
Agar |
a gelatinous substance used in biological culture media (what the colonies grew on) |
|
Luria Broth |
a nutritionally rich medium, is primarily used for the growth of bacteria. |
|
Heat Shock |
the effect of subjecting a cell to a higher temperature than that of the ideal body temperature of the organism from which the cell line was derived. |
|
Wild type |
the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature. Originally, the wild type was conceptualized as a product of the standard, "normal" allele at a locus, in contrast to that produced by a non-standard, "mutant" allele. |
|
Positive Control |
w/ plasmi |
|
Negative Control |
w/out plasmid |
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Bacterial Lawn |
the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a petri-dish agar plate merge to form a field or mat of bacteria. |
|
Bacterial Colony |
a visible cluster of bacteria growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, presumably cultured from a single cell. |
|
Vertical gene transfer… |
is the transfer of DNA during normal cell division. |
|
Horizontal gene transfer… |
is the transfer of DNA between different genomes. |
|
The method used in horizontal gene transfer is… |
nonhomologous recombination. |
|
Horizontal gene transfer is common and well understood. |
False |
|
Horizontal gene transfer occurs frequently between the nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes of some eukaryotes. |
True |
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If crossing over does not occur, these genes segregate during ______ to produce what ratio sequence? |
Meosis I and 4:4 |
|
If crossing over does occur, the genes do not segregate until ____ and produce what ratio sequence? |
Meosis II and 2:2:2:2 and 2:4:2 |
|
LB/amp + |
colonies formed, bacteria has been transformed |
|
LB/amp – |
no growth, because bacteria is antibody resistant |
|
Which plates test for viability |
LB – and LB/amp + |
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If X2 is large, the hypothesis is ____ |
rejected |
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If X2 is small, the hypothesis has been _____ |
accepted |
|
Wild type produces |
black ascospores |
|
Mutants produce |
tan ascospores |
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If you found 56% of the acsi are of the recombnant type, then the gene for spore color is ____ map units from the centromere |
28 |
|
Question…. |
….number of transformed/micrograms of plasmid DNA |
|
30 colonies on a plate, how many bacteria were transformed? |
30 |
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Subject to high mutation rate |
Hypervariable |
|
PCR is based on |
replication |
|
resistant to heat, found in bacteria that thrives in high temperatures |
taqpolymerase |
|
_______ are key to procedure |
Primers |
|
440 bp fragments all the same, what is different? |
Sequencing |
|
Artifact of PCR reaction |
Primer Dimer |
|
to monitor process of DNA & liquids being pipetted? |
Cresol Red – doesn’t interfere with reaction |
|
What is a DNA fragment? |
A little bit of DNA visualized in gel |
|
Presence of primer dimer signifies that… |
PCR reaction went well, but something was missing. |
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