A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. This best illustrates |
D. stimulus generalization. |
A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by |
B. feelings of personal worthlessness. |
Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by |
B. increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses. |
The best outcome studies for evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy typically use |
D. randomized clinical trials. |
David Rosenham and his fellow researchers were admitted as patients into various hospitals after they falsely complained of auditory hallucinations. After hospital clinicians analyzed these patients’ quite normal life histories, the |
B. clinicians identified patient life history dynamics that contributed to a psychological disorder. |
In one treatment for bed-wetting, the child sleeps on a liquid-sensitive pad that when wet, triggers an alarm and awakens the child. This treatment is a form of |
C. behavior therapy. |
Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of |
C. behavior therapy. |
MRI-guided precision surgery is occasionally done to cut the brain circuits involved in severe cases of |
B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
Psychologists with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. who specialize in the practice of psychotherapy are typically |
D. clinical psychologists. |
Which of the following best illustrates a form of psychotherapy? |
B. systematic desensitization |
We can more easily extinguish a fear of driving a car than a fear of holding snakes. This is best explained from a ________ perspective. |
D. biological |
After discontinuing heavy use of an antianxiety drug, Angela experienced increased anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Angela was experiencing symptoms of |
D. withdrawal. |
Which drugs appear to produce therapeutic effects by blocking receptor sites for dopamine? |
C. antipsychotic drugs |
Carl Rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of therapy. |
B. genuinely express their own true feelings |
Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was part of a procedure known as |
B. a lobotomy. |
Meta-analysis refers to |
D. a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies. |
In comparison to generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder is characterized by periods of distress that are |
C. more intense and less prolonged. |
Benny’s mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother’s strategy best illustrates |
A. counterconditioning. |
Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear are most indicative of |
B. an anxiety disorder. |
Decreasing negative thoughts by engaging in a pleasant activity is a cognitive therapy technique designed to |
C. reduce anxiety. |
The DSM-IV-TR is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders. |
A. classify |
Mrs. Coleman is a withdrawn schizophrenia patient. To help her become more socially active, institutional staff members give her small plastic cards whenever she talks to someone. She is allowed to exchange these cards for candy and cigarettes. Staff members are making use of |
D. a token economy. |
An integrative therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions is known as |
B. cognitive-behavioral therapy. |
A token economy represents an application of the principles of |
D. operant conditioning. |
Psychological disorders that researchers believe are learned, such as phobias, are most likely to be treated with |
B. psychotherapy. |
Relaxing one muscle group after another until one achieves a completely relaxed state of comfort is called ________ relaxation. |
D. progressive |
Clients often stay in touch with their psychotherapists only if satisfied with the treatment they received. This helps us understand why therapists |
D. tend to overestimate the effectiveness of psychotherapy. |
A natural return to a state of psychological health following an extended period of depression illustrates |
D. spontaneous recovery. |
Which form of therapy most directly encourages clients to question their interpretations, decatastrophize their thinking, and reattribute responsibility for past outcomes? |
A. cognitive therapy |
Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist’s suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective. |
D. learning |
Unusual ESP subjects who defy chance when first tested nearly always lose their "psychic powers" when retested. This decline is best explained in terms of |
D. regression toward the mean. |
A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of ________ in the development of phobias. |
D. genetic predispositions |
The approach that has helped children with autism learn to function successfully in school involves |
C. operant conditioning. |
Restating and clarifying what another person says is central to |
D. active listening. |
D-cycloserine helps relieve the symptoms of |
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for |
A. enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own. |
DSM-IV-TR focuses on clinicians’ reports of observable behavior in order to |
A. facilitate the reliability of diagnoses. |
Proponents of behavior modification have suggested that institutionalized patients can be weaned from ________ by shifting them to other rewards common to life outside an institution. |
C. a token economy |
Dr. Genscher believes that most psychological disorders result from chemical imbalances. In her work as a therapist, Dr. Genscher is most likely to make use of |
D. drug therapies. |
One group of ocean voyagers is given a new but untested pill for seasickness and a second group is given an inactive pill. Neither the voyagers nor the experimental researchers know which group has received the new pill. In this experiment, the investigators are making use of |
A. the double-blind procedure. |
Behavioral conditioning therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of |
C. phobias. |
Cognitive therapists would be most likely to encourage depressed clients to |
A. stop blaming themselves for negative circumstances beyond their control. |
Therapists practice ________ by using positive reinforcers to reward closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior. |
A. behavior modification |
Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because they are unrealistic in their belief that they should never experience rejection. |
C. rational-emotive behavior therapy |
"For you to think you are worthless because your boyfriend sometimes criticizes you is absurd! I know a lot of highly worthy people who often receive criticisms." This statement would most likely be made to a patient by a |
D. rational-emotive behavior therapist. |
During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as |
B. resistance. |
A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by |
B. a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal. |
Clinicians diagnose the presence of a personality disorder using ________ of the DSM-IV-TR. |
C. axis II |
Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis. |
C. briefer |
Mr. Choi’s therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist’s goal best reflects a primary aim of |
D. psychoanalysis. |
Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of |
B. depression. |
Irrational beliefs and hypervigilance to any possible threats can sometimes contribute to anxiety disorders. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders can be affected by |
C. cognitive influences. |
The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle-scarred war veterans best illustrate symptoms of |
C. PTSD. |
A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often |
D. bias our perceptions of the labeled person. |
Psychologists with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. who specialize in the practice of psychotherapy are typically |
D. clinical psychologists. |
Fears can be blunted by giving people ________ as they recall a traumatic experience. |
B. propranolol |
The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients’ complex symptoms is most clearly facilitated by the use of |
C. diagnostic labels. |
Identifying and eliminating the socially stressful conditions that contribute to psychological disorders is of most central interest to the advocates of |
D. preventive mental health. |
Brain scans of PTSD patients suffering memory flashbacks reveal an aberrant and persistent activation of the |
C. right temporal lobe. |
To help Claire quit smoking, a therapist delivers an electric shock to her arm each time she smokes a cigarette. The therapist is using |
B. aversive conditioning. |
According to the ________ perspective, anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses. |
D. psychoanalytic |
Xanax and Ativan are ________ drugs. |
A. antianxiety |
Compared with placebos, antidepressant drugs provide ________ benefits to patients with severe symptoms of depression and ________ benefits to patients with mild symptoms of depression. |
C. substantial; minimal |
Neuroscientists have found decreased axonal white matter in the brains of people with |
C. bipolar disorder. |
Of those who commit suicide, about ________ have tried to kill themselves before and ________ discussed suicide beforehand. |
C. one-third; most |
Which treatment procedure involves the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain? |
A. rTMS |
Which form of therapy is most likely to emphasize the importance of examining a person’s role within a social system? |
A. family therapy |
Which of the following is a type of exposure therapy? |
B. systematic desensitization |
Sluggishness and inactivity are most likely to be associated with |
B. major depressive disorder. |
Many professionals outside the field of psychology are prepared to offer psychotherapy in the process of completing a graduate program in |
C. social work. |
Most combat-stressed veterans do not later exhibit post-traumatic stress disorder. This best illustrates |
B. resilience. |
Which form of therapy would most likely help depressed patients by teaching them how to resolve disagreements with their friends? |
A. interpersonal psychotherapy |
Two counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are |
B. aversive conditioning and exposure therapy. |
A natural return to a state of psychological health following an extended period of depression illustrates |
B. spontaneous recovery. |
Larry has difficulty organizing his daily schedule of work responsibilities. He often makes careless mistakes or fails to complete his work because he is easily distracted. Larry’s behavior is most characteristic of |
A. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. |
Decreasing negative thoughts by engaging in a pleasant activity is a cognitive therapy technique designed to |
D. reduce anxiety. |
Deep-brain stimulation involves the implantation of ________ into the brain. |
C. electrodes |
Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n) |
D. increased expectation of negative outcomes. |
Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa’s symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ________ drugs. |
A. antipsychotic |
Ongoing patterns of behavior that are different from those of most other people in your culture are best characterized as |
C. deviant. |
A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of ________ in the development of phobias. |
D. genetic predispositions |
The anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with |
B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by |
C. a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal. |
Gaining relief from negative thoughts through the distraction of pain is one of the motives for |
C. non-suicidal self-injury. |
Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by |
A. the biopsychosocial approach. |
Mr. Choi’s therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist’s goal best reflects a primary aim of |
D. psychoanalysis. |
ECT studies that include a control condition in which people receive simulated ECT without the shock indicate that the effectiveness of ECT is partially due to |
D. a placebo effect. |
Treating our mind and body as independent entities seems especially inappropriate to those who take a ________ approach to therapy. |
A. biopsychosocial |
The DSM-IV-TR is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders. |
B. classify |
Kammy vividly imagines being abused by her own mother while her therapist triggers eye movements by waving a finger in front of Kammy’s eyes. The therapist is apparently using a technique known as |
B. EMDR. |
Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for |
A. enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own. |
Cognitive therapy works, top-down, by changing thought processes. Antidepressant drugs work, bottom-up, on the emotion-forming |
D. limbic system. |
Most political dissidents who survive dozens of episodes of torture do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor |
B. resiliency. |
Gender differences in depression are least noticeable among |
C. preadolescent children. |
During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as |
C. resistance. |
Deep-brain stimulation has been reported to provide relief from |
D. depression. |
Which therapeutic approach relies most heavily on patients’ discovering their own ways of effectively dealing with their difficulties? |
B. client-centered therapy |
Therapists’ perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are more likely to be overly positive because |
C. clients justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their psychological well-being. |
Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ECT without triggering seizures or memory loss? |
D. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women. |
C. higher; higher |
In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement? |
D. bipolar disorder |
Helping people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder is a central aim of |
B. psychoanalysis. |
Gina is so fearful of taking tests for college courses that she experiences mild anxiety when registering for a course, intense anxiety when studying for a test, and extreme anxiety when answering actual test questions. Her greatest fear, however, is experienced while waiting for a professor to hand out tests. During the process of systematically desensitizing her test anxiety, the therapist is likely to ask Gina first to imagine |
B. registering for a college course. |
Dr. Judd is convinced that psychological disorders result largely from stressful social situations rather than from disturbances within the individual personality. Dr. Judd’s belief is most consistent with the assumptions that underlie |
A. preventive mental health. |
The major problem associated with explanations of psychological disorders in terms of demon possession is that these explanations |
C. led to some harsh and ineffective remedial treatments. |
In treating alcohol dependence, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. This technique is known as |
B. aversive conditioning. |
Carl Rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of therapy. |
B. genuinely express their own true feelings |
It would be most difficult to use the ________ to explain why anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in Western cultures. |
A. medical model |
Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by |
B. the biopsychosocial |
To help Mr. Eberstadt overcome his addiction to alcohol, his therapist first attempted to discover whether the substance dependence was somehow a reaction to his wife’s behavior. The therapist’s concern is most likely to be characteristic of a |
B. family therapist. |
Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are attributable to |
A. the placebo effect. |
The first psychological therapy was introduced by |
B. Sigmund Freud. |
Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist’s suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective. |
B. learning |
Therapists’ perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are more likely to be overly positive because |
A. clients justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their psychological well-being. |
Irrational beliefs and hypervigilance to any possible threats can sometimes contribute to anxiety disorders. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders can be affected by |
C. cognitive influences. |
Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa’s symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ________ drugs. |
D. antipsychotic |
Which drugs appear to produce therapeutic effects by blocking receptor sites for dopamine? |
C. antipsychotic drugs |
Which form of therapy has most directly contributed to the sharp reduction in the number of residents in U.S. mental hospitals? |
C. drug therapy |
Decreasing negative thoughts by engaging in a pleasant activity is a cognitive therapy technique designed to |
A. reduce anxiety. |
Two years after being brutally beaten and raped, Brianna still experiences jumpy anxiety and has trouble sleeping and vivid flashbacks of her assault. Brianna is most clearly showing signs of |
D. post-traumatic stress disorder. |
The placebo effect refers to |
C. the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective. |
The anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with |
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
Mrs. Coleman is a withdrawn schizophrenia patient. To help her become more socially active, institutional staff members give her small plastic cards whenever she talks to someone. She is allowed to exchange these cards for candy and cigarettes. Staff members are making use of |
D. a token economy. |
Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for |
A. enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own. |
Which of the following is a type of exposure therapy? |
C. systematic desensitization |
Sluggishness and inactivity are most likely to be associated with |
C. major depressive disorder. |
The best outcome studies for evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy typically use |
B. randomized clinical trials. |
The healing power of insight and self-awareness is LEAST likely to be emphasized by ________ therapists. |
D. behavior |
Lynn has begun to buy small gifts for her therapist, and she feels extremely jealous of the time he spends with his other patients. To a psychoanalyst, this is most indicative of |
D. transference. |
To help Claire quit smoking, a therapist delivers an electric shock to her arm each time she smokes a cigarette. The therapist is using |
B. aversive conditioning. |
Lithium is often an effective ________ drug. |
A. mood-stabilizing |
Which of the following procedures is most likely to result in a loss of memory? |
D. electroconvulsive therapy |
To break the vicious cycle of depression, the social-cognitive perspective suggests that people should be encouraged to explain their failures in terms that are both |
B. external and temporary. |
One group of ocean voyagers is given a new but untested pill for seasickness and a second group is given an inactive pill. Neither the voyagers nor the experimental researchers know which group has received the new pill. In this experiment, the investigators are making use of |
A. the double-blind procedure. |
Neuroscientists have found decreased axonal white matter in the brains of people with |
D. bipolar disorder. |
"For you to think you are worthless because your boyfriend sometimes criticizes you is absurd! I know a lot of highly worthy people who often receive criticisms." This statement would most likely be made to a patient by a |
A. rational-emotive behavior therapist. |
David Rosenham and his fellow researchers were admitted as patients into various hospitals after they falsely complained of auditory hallucinations. After hospital clinicians analyzed these patients’ quite normal life histories, the |
B. clinicians identified patient life history dynamics that contributed to a psychological disorder. |
The treatment of serious psychological disorders with prescribed medications or medical procedures that directly influence the nervous system is called |
D. biomedical therapy. |
Instead of focusing on unconscious and repressed thoughts and impulses, ________ therapies focus on conscious thoughts and self-perceptions. |
C. humanistic |
Compared with placebos, antidepressant drugs provide ________ benefits to patients with severe symptoms of depression and ________ benefits to patients with mild symptoms of depression. |
C. substantial; minimal |
Restating and clarifying what another person says is central to |
C. active listening. |
Systematic desensitization is based on the idea that ________ facilitates the elimination of fear. |
B. relaxation |
Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from |
C. a phobia. |
According to the medical model, psychological disorders are |
D. sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and in most cases cured. |
Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by |
B. increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses. |
Which of the following disorders most often coexists with a learning disorder or with defiant and temper-prone behavior? |
A. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
Systematic desensitization involves |
C. associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli. |
In one massive experiment, potentially delinquent boys were assigned to a 5-year treatment program that included professional counseling and family assistance. Many years later, Joan McCord’s investigation of this program’s effectiveness revealed that |
D. clients’ accounts of the program’s effectiveness were often misleading and overly positive. |
When Murli told his therapist, "I came to see what you could do for me," the therapist responded, "It sounds like you’re feeling you need some help. Am I right?" The therapist’s response illustrates the technique of |
A. active listening. |
Depression is more likely to be a shared tendency between identical twins than between fraternal twins. This most clearly supports explanations of this mood disorder from a ________ perspective. |
A. biological |
Which form of therapy is most likely to emphasize the importance of examining a person’s role within a social system? |
B. family therapy |
The highest rates of depression occur in ________ countries among ________. |
B. developed; young adults |
There is little or no scientific support for the therapeutic effectiveness of |
A. rebirthing therapies. |
In one experiment, Asian-American clients were more likely to perceive counselor empathy if their counselor |
C. shared the clients’ cultural values. |
A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is |
B. free association. |
Which form of therapy most directly encourages clients to question their interpretations, decatastrophize their thinking, and reattribute responsibility for past outcomes? |
D. cognitive therapy |
Professor Pott emphasizes that normal depression serves an adaptive function by slowing people down and preventing them from engaging in life-threatening behaviors. The professor’s emphasis best illustrates the ________ perspective. |
C. evolutionary |
The incidence of OCD is greatest among |
B. teens and young adults. |
Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help |
C. Jerome overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax. |
The value of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is in part due to the effectiveness of |
B. exposure therapy. |
Compared with the general population, those who have suffered ________ have at least five times greater risk of suicide. |
A. major depressive disorder |
Of those who commit suicide, about ________ have tried to kill themselves before and ________ discussed suicide beforehand. |
B. one-third; most |
Psychopharmacology involves the study of how |
B. drugs affect mind and behavior. |
Carl Rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of therapy. |
A. genuinely express their own true feelings |
According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to |
B. feel overwhelmed by all they have to do. |
Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide. |
A. schizophrenia |
D-cycloserine helps relieve the symptoms of |
D. obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
The placebo effect typically leads us to ________ the effectiveness of therapy, and regression toward the mean typically leads us to ________ the effectiveness of therapy. |
A. overestimate; overestimate |
According to the medical model, psychological disorders are |
C. sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and in most cases cured. |
While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from |
C. a panic attack. |
Generalized anxiety disorder is ________ common among men than women and ________ common among younger adults than older adults. |
C. less; more |
Virtual reality exposure therapy is a form of |
B. systematic desensitization. |
Stress inoculation training focuses on helping people to |
C. replace negative self-talk with more positive comments. |
Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are attributable to |
A. the placebo effect. |
The placebo effect refers to |
C. the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective. |
The DSM-IV-TR is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders. |
A. classify |
Behavioral conditioning therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of |
A. phobias. |
Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist’s suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective. |
D. learning |
During the manic phase of bipolar disorder, individuals are most likely to |
C. be overactive. |
Depressed people explain their failures in terms that are internal, stable, and global. Their explanations tend to be self-focused and |
B. overgeneralized. |
During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo that they each restate their spouse’s comments before making their own. The therapist was applying a technique most closely associated with |
A. client-centered therapy. |
An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of |
D. social phobia. |
Clients who are mindful of others’ expectations may have trouble relating to therapies that encourage them to think only of their own well-being. This would be especially true for ________ clients in North America who have come from ________ countries. |
D. female; Asian |
Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was part of a procedure known as |
D. a lobotomy. |
Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders may result from |
B. classical conditioning. |
In a therapeutic setting, a client who wants to lose weight eats some favorite foods laced with a nausea-producing drug. Yet, outside the therapist’s office the client knows he or she can eat those foods without fear of nausea. This awareness contributes to the limited effectiveness of |
C. aversive conditioning. |
As Jordan watches, his brother receives an electric shock from touching the frayed toaster cord. Jordan is now intensely afraid of toasters. This best illustrates that fear can be learned through |
A. observational learning. |
Prozac is an antidepressant drug that partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of ________ from synapses. |
B. serotonin |
Mental health workers label behavior as disordered when it is |
C. deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. |
For the last month, Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from |
A. major depressive disorder. |
Sluggishness and inactivity are most likely to be associated with |
B. major depressive disorder. |
In the United States, managed health care has limited the number of psychotherapy sessions that may be covered by insurance. This is particularly likely to discourage the widespread practice of |
C. psychoanalysis. |
Antidepressant drugs are increasingly being prescribed for the treatment of |
D. anxiety disorders. |
Treating our mind and body as independent entities seems especially inappropriate to those who take a ________ approach to therapy. |
B. biopsychosocial |
Lithium is often an effective ________ drug. |
A. mood-stabilizing |
Psychologists with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. who specialize in the practice of psychotherapy are typically |
C. clinical psychologists. |
Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa’s symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ________ drugs. |
A. antipsychotic |
A famous 12-step program is associated with |
C. AA. |
According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the |
D. blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy. |
Which of the following procedures is most likely to result in a loss of memory? |
B. electroconvulsive therapy |
Deep-brain stimulation involves the implantation of ________ into the brain. |
C. electrodes |
Which form of therapy has been criticized for offering interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven? |
B. psychoanalysis |
A World Health Organization study of 14 countries estimated that ________ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year. |
C. the United States |
Which perspective emphasizes the role of classical conditioning in the onset of anxiety disorders? |
A. learning perspective |
Transference refers to a client’s |
A. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships. |
Bolstering parents’ and teachers’ skills at nurturing children’s achievement and resulting self-esteem best illustrates |
B. preventive mental health. |
Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear are most indicative of |
C. an anxiety disorder. |
Psychosurgery involves |
C. removing or destroying brain tissue. |
Most political dissidents who survive dozens of episodes of torture do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor |
D. resiliency. |
A therapist suggests that Margaret is depressed because she attributes her failures to her own incompetence instead of blaming her parents and teachers for the unreasonable demands they place on her. The therapist’s interpretation most clearly reflects a ________ perspective. |
B. social-cognitive |
Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson’s disease are most likely to be associated with the excessive use of certain ________ drugs. |
A. antipsychotic |
Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ________. |
B. obsession; compulsion |
A famous 12-step program is associated with |
B. AA. |
Light exposure therapy sparks activity in a brain region that influences |
C. the body’s arousal. |
Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances. |
D. overthink |
Psychodynamic therapy has been found to be especially successful in the treatment of |
C. depression. |
Most combat-stressed veterans do not later exhibit post-traumatic stress disorder. This best illustrates |
D. resilience. |
Among women, the stresses and demoralization of poverty are especially likely to precipitate |
C. depression. |
The least used biomedical intervention for changing behavior is |
B. psychosurgery. |
Systematic desensitization involves |
C. associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli. |
Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie’s behavior is most characteristic of |
A. agoraphobia. |
When Molly told her therapist about her frightening car accident, the therapist instructed her to close her eyes and verbalize any further thoughts stimulated by this experience, even if they were scary or embarrassing. The therapist was making use of a technique known as |
D. free association. |
Lithium reduces bipolar patients’ vulnerability to future |
B. dementia. |
When children are told that certain classmates have learning disabilities, they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of those students in the classroom. This best illustrates the dangers of |
C. self-fulfilling prophecies. |
Brain scans of PTSD patients suffering memory flashbacks reveal an aberrant and persistent activation of the |
C. right temporal lobe. |
Adelle’s feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and hopelessness have become so extreme that she has attempted suicide. Which of the following treatments is likely to provide her with the quickest relief from her misery? |
A. electroconvulsive therapy |
Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adult’s psychological disorder by exploring that person’s childhood experiences? |
C. a psychoanalyst |
To help Mr. Eberstadt overcome his addiction to alcohol, his therapist first attempted to discover whether the substance dependence was somehow a reaction to his wife’s behavior. The therapist’s concern is most likely to be characteristic of a |
D. family therapist. |
Which of the following is a type of exposure therapy? |
B. systematic desensitization |
Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety-producing situations is most indicative of certain |
D. phobias. |
One difficulty with a purely attributional explanation of depression is that negative attributions |
D. may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression. |
Freud suggested that for those suffering a generalized anxiety disorder, the anxiety is |
A. free-floating. |
Professor McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. The professor’s emphasis best illustrates |
B. a biopsychosocial approach. |
Gaining relief from negative thoughts through the distraction of pain is one of the motives for |
C. non-suicidal self-injury. |
Which form of therapy most directly encourages clients to question their interpretations, decatastrophize their thinking, and reattribute responsibility for past outcomes? |
D. cognitive therapy |
Systematic desensitization is to classical conditioning as ________ is to operant conditioning. |
B. a token economy |
Meta-analysis refers to |
C. a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies. |
Mr. Choi’s therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist’s goal best reflects a primary aim of |
C. psychoanalysis. |
Hans Eysenck launched a spirited debate regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy because he found that it appeared to be |
D. no more beneficial than no treatment at all. |
Which perspective has emphasized the impact of learned helplessness on depression? |
B. social-cognitive |
Compulsive hand washing often increases in frequency because it relieves feelings of anxiety. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on compulsive behaviors. |
D. reinforcement |
The highest rates of depression occur in ________ countries among ________. |
B. developed; young adults |
A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by |
A. feelings of personal worthlessness. |
The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of |
B. social circumstances and psychological factors. |
Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women. |
C. higher; higher |
People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing |
A. social rejection. |
Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from Prozac? |
D. Shannon, who feels helpless and apathetic and thinks her life is meaningless and worthless |
Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events? |
A. cognitive therapy |
In treating alcohol dependence, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. This technique is known as |
A. aversive conditioning. |
Intro to Psychology Exam 4 (Final)
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