HUN 2201 Chapter 14

A genetically modified tomato is a tomato that __________.

contains one or more genes that originated in a different species

A genetically modified tomato is a tomato that contains one or more genes that originated in a different species. The gene(s) may confer any of a variety of traits to the tomato, including improved shelf life, nutrient density, or flavor, increased resistance to pesticides or plant diseases, or greater adaptability to environmental stressors.

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U.S. households with an inability to satisfy basic food needs and a reduced food intake by one or more household members are classified as having ________.

very low food security

Households with multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns, in which one or more household members had to reduce the amount of food they were able to eat, are classified as having very low food security. A household is food insecure when any of its members do not have the resources they need to satisfy their basic food needs. Household members may be at risk for undernutrition.

Households that are food secure have the money or other resources to provide sufficient nutritious foods for all members year round.

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Which of the following lunches is lowest in nutrient density and highest in terms of its cost to the environment?

a beef burger with fries

A beef burger with fries is lowest in nutrient density and highest in terms of its cost to the environment. The burger is high in protein, but beef is the form of protein that results in the greatest depletion of natural resources and the highest emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. This lunch is also high in energy (kilocalories).

The other choices derive their nutrients from plant-based foods, eggs, and a small amount of cheese. These lunches are high in protein and micronutrients as well as fiber. As compared to the beef burger and fries, they have a much lower environmental cost and are lower in kilocalories.

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A key characteristic of sustainable agriculture is that it __________.

meets a population's needs and can be sustained for a long time without negatively impacting the environment for future generations

A key characteristic of sustainable agriculture is that it meets a population's needs while preserving the environment for future generations. Sustainably produced food enhances environmental quality and natural resources and makes the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources. It also sustains the economic viability of farm workers and enhances their quality of life.

Farming practices that deplete natural resources can nevertheless sustain an individual's life, can be financially sustainable, or can be sustained by a family.

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Which statement about food advertising and marketing is true?

Advertising for fruits and vegetables is almost nonexistent.

Advertising for fruits and vegetables is almost nonexistent is a true statement. Every year, food manufacturers spend more than $10 billion to promote their products, but much of the promotion is for sugary drinks, snack foods, and other nutritionally poor, processed foods. Very few advertising dollars are spent on marketing fruits and vegetables.

Food advertising is effective in increasing purchases of the advertised foods. Millions of food ads appear on television and social media sites targeting children and teens.

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By law, foods that are labeled or advertised with the USDA Organic seal must contain at least ____ percent organic ingredients.

95

By law, foods that are labeled or advertised with the USDA Organic seal must contain at least 95 percent organic ingredients.

Foods that are labeled "100% Organic" must be composed entirely of organic ingredients and may also display the USDA Organic seal.

If a product is made with at least 70 percent organic ingredients, the statement "Made with Organic Ingredients" can be made, but the USDA organic seal cannot be displayed.

If a product has no organic statement or USDA Organic label, then the food likely contains less than 70 percent organic ingredients.

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Poverty, discrimination, armed conflict, and natural disasters are all acknowledged to contribute to ______.

food insecurity

Poverty, discrimination, armed conflict, and natural disasters are all acknowledged to contribute to food insecurity. Other contributors include overpopulation, wasteful or ineffective agricultural practices, use of arable land for cash crops instead of food crops, and lack of essential infrastructure such as irrigation technologies and reliable roads to transport food.

Although armed conflict and natural disasters can contribute to rising food prices, this would occur locally, not globally.

Although obesity does occur among people living in poverty, the effects of discrimination, armed conflict, and natural disasters are not likely to include obesity.

Overpopulation can contribute to food insecurity, but food insecurity does not contribute to overpopulation.

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Which of the following are among the top food crops grown in the United States?

corn, soybeans, and wheat

Corn, soybeans, and wheat are among the top food crops grown in the United States. The United States is the largest producer of corn in the world and produces about 50 percent of the world's soybeans. Wheat is also among the top U.S. food crops. Fruits and green leafy vegetables account for only a small percentage of U.S. food production. Cotton and tobacco are not food crops.

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Consumption of which of the following types of foods is strongly associated with both increased nutrition and reduced harm to the natural environment?

Plant-based foods

Consumption of plant-based foods is strongly associated with both increased nutrition and reduced harm to the natural environment. As compared with animal-based foods, especially beef, plant-based foods use far fewer natural resources and result in the emission of a far lower level of greenhouse gases.

Although imported foods increase the variety of foods available in your supermarket, especially in winter months, they are no more nutritious than locally grown foods, and their food miles require significant energy use and generate higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions.

Organic foods tend to have lower levels of pesticides and antibiotics, and their cultivation typically uses less energy and emits lower levels of greenhouse gases. They have not been found to be nutritionally superior to foods conventionally grown.

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What is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?

iron deficiency

The most common nutritional deficiency worldwide is iron deficiency. Iron deficiency affects over 30 percent of the world population. Half of pregnant women in developing countries are estimated to be anemic. Micronutrient deficiencies are referred to as "hidden hunger."

Iodine-deficiency disorder is a serious public health threat for 2 billion people worldwide.

Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children in developing countries.

Folic acid deficiency is common among women of reproductive age, individuals with limited diets and reduced vegetable consumption, individuals who abuse alcohol, and obese individuals.

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Which of the following statements concerning genetically modified (GM) foods is false?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires prominent labeling of GM foods.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires prominent labeling of GM foods is a false statement. Although the FDA, USDA, and EPA regulate GMOs, the labeling of GMO foods is not mandated by the FDA, and so the consumer CANNOT clearly identify GMO foods.

It is true that GM foods are created using recombinant DNA technology, in which one or more genes (which are segments of DNA) that code for a desierable trait are extracted from an organism and cultivated, then they are inserted into the genetic material of a different species.

It is also true that the proposed benefits of GM foods include enhancing the taste and quality of food, and helping to increase the global food supply.

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What are "food miles"?

the number of miles the food travels from where it was grown to the location where the consumer purchases it

"Food miles" are the number of miles the food travels from where it was grown to the location where the consumer purchases it. Fuel and environmental costs depend on the type of food and the type of transportation used. Foods purchased at a supermarket—unlesss they are from local farms—tend to have higher food miles than foods from community supported agriculture or a farmers market or farm stand.

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The food industry influences Americans' food choices by ______.

All options are correct.

funding lobbyists to influence members of state legislatures and the U.S. Congress

spending billions of dollars to advertise its products

opposing taxes on sugary drinks and other unhealthful products

All options are correct.

The U.S. food industry influences Americans' food choices by spending billions of dollars on advertising, lobbying, and efforts to defeat ballot measures that would tax or otherwise reduce purchases of unhealthful foods and beverages.

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Substances that are used to kill and control weeds are called ________.

herbicides

Substances that are used to kill and control weeds are called herbicides. Herbicides are a type of pesticide, the general term for substances that kill or repel pests such as insects, weeds, microorganisms, rodents, or fungi. Biopesticides are derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Fungicides are used to destroy fungi (mold) that can diminish or destroy crop yields. Organophosphates are a type of pesticide that destroys pests such as insects by attacking their nervous system.

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What is the term for an arrangement whereby people pay a fee to a local farm in exchange for a regular supply of fresh products from the farm?

community-supported agriculture

Community-supported agriculture is an arrangement whereby people pay a fee to a local farm in exchange for a regular supply of fresh products from the farm. Many Americans are turning to community-supported agriculture (CSA) to obtain fresh produce.

Agribusiness is the combination of agricultural and business entities that are associated with production, processing, distribution, and purchasing of food and other agricultural products.

A sustainable food system conserves natural resources and can be maintained indefinitely. CSAs contribute to creating a sustainable food system, because they provide nutritious foods to consumers while helping to support local farms.

Biodiversity refers to the presence of a wide variety of plants and animals within an environment.

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A box of cereal that bears the USDA Organic seal is made with ________.

at least 95 percent organic ingredients

A box of cereal that bears the USDA Organic seal is made with at least 95 percent organic ingredients.

If a product is made with at least 70 percent organic ingredients, an organic statement can be made, but the seal cannot be displayed.

If the label says nothing about organic claims, then the food likely contains less than 70 percent organic ingredients.

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Food lobbyists work for _____.

food companies or organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of food policy

While it would be nice to think that food lobbyists work for the interests of all food consumers, in reality lobbyists work for food companies or organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of food policy. A lobbyist's job is to persuade government officials to vote in a direction favorable to the companies or organizations the lobbyist represents.

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Surplus, unsold foods that are grown and raised on U.S. farms and purchased by the government to be given to schools and other food assistance programs are called ________.

commodity foods

Commodity foods are the surplus, unsold foods that are grown and raised on U.S. farms and purchased by the government to be given to schools and other food assistance programs. These commodity foods include such staple foods as poultry, eggs, fruits, vegetables, peanut butter, and dairy products.

A "Certified" label on a meat or poultry product indicates that the USDA has evaluated the product for class, grade, or other quality characteristics.

Staple foods are foods such as fish or rice that are eaten routinely in a household and make a significant contribution to household members' energy consumption.

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Within the next decade, the global population is expected to reach __________.

8 billion

Within the next decade, the global population is expected to reach 8 billion. The global population reached 6 billion in the year 2000. By 2011, another 1 billion people had been added. Some estimates suggest that, by the year 2050, the global population will reach 12 billion people.

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When children do not receive the nutrients necessary to develop properly, they are likely to experience which of the following?

All options are correct.

impaired brain development

lowered resistance to infection

growth stunting

All options are correct.

When children don't get adequate nutrition, they may develop physical and mental problems. Some problems likely to occur include lowered resistance to infection, growth stunting, brain development, insufficient weight gain, and poor muscle development. Additionally, children from food-insecure homes are at higher risk for behavioral, emotional, and academic problems than children from families who are more food secure.

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To reduce "food miles" a person could ________.

All options are correct.

buy foods from local farmers

avoid purchasing imported fruits and vegetables

plant a garden

All options are correct.

To reduce food miles, a person could buy foods from local farmers, avoid purchasing imported fruits and vegetables, and plant a garden. Home gardening can greatly reduce food miles to mere food "steps." Such strategies could help reduce the substantial carbon emissions associated with the transport of food from farm to supermarket to table.

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The process of applying biological techniques to a living cell to alter its DNA and create a desired trait is called _____.

biotechnology

The process of applying biological techniques to a living cell to alter its DNA and create a desired trait is called biotechnology. Plant breeding and genetic engineering are both types of biotechnology that create genetically modified products.

Biodiversity refers to the presence of a wide variety of plant and animal species within an environment.

Biomagnification is a process in which a substance such as a water or soil pollutant increases in concentration in animals as it moves up the food chain.

One of the environmental effects of food production is the production of nitrates from the nitrogen in manure, which can pollute surface water and groundwater.

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All of the following groups are at greater risk of experiencing food insecurity EXCEPT ________.

households headed by a married couple

Households headed by a married couple are NOT at greater risk of experiencing food insecurity. Households with incomes below 185 percent of the poverty threshold are at the greatest risk of food insecurity, followed by households with headed by a single mother; black, non-Hispanic households; and Hispanic households. Lower wages for women and minorities contribute to these risks.

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What government agency is responsible for overseeing food-processing plants and for approval and surveillance of food-animal drugs, feed additives, and all food additives?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for overseeing food-processing plants and for the approval and surveillance of food-animal drugs, feed additives, and all food additives. These are just some of the ways that the agency polices the safety of the domestic food supply.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) monitors agriculture and food production and ensures that meat, poultry, and eggs are safe and accurately labeled.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for water quality and the safe use of pesticides, fertilizers, and a variety of other chemicals in foods and in the environment.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) exists to protect the health and safety of Americans .

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Which food assistance program serves at-risk, low-income pregnant and lactating women?

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) serves at-risk, low-income pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children younger than 5 years old. In 2013, WIC provided nutritious, culturally appropriate food for 8.6 million women, infants, and children per month. The program also emphasizes nutrition education and offers referrals to health care professionals.

The Summer Food Service Program combines a meal or feeding program with a summer activity program for children.

The Child and Adult Care Food Program provides nutritious meals to low-income children and senior adults who receive day care or adult care outside the home.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides low-income individuals and families with a debit card to purchase specified foods at their local authorized supermarket.

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Optimal nutrition is important even before conception in order to __________.

develop healthy sperm and egg cells

A pregnancy is most vulnerable to maternal alcohol intake during __________.

the first trimester

Which of the following should women consume in abundance throughout pregnancy?

protein

Women younger than 20 and older than 35 are both vulnerable to __________ during pregnancy.

hypertension

Breast-fed newborns need supplemental _____.

vitamin D

Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy depend on a woman's weight status before conception and how many babies she is carrying. Risks are involved when a woman gains too little or too much weight during her pregnancy.

Choose the statement below that correctly describes recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman carrying one baby.

An underweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb.
An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb.
A normal weight woman should gain 28 to 40 lb.
An obese woman should gain 25 to 35 lb.

An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb. (Remember that women who are overweight or obese prior to pregnancy have lower recommendations for gaining weight than women of normal weight. Conversely, underweight women are recommended to gain more weight.)

A balanced diet throughout pregnancy is necessary to support both the developing fetus and the health of the mother.
Choose the statement below that correctly describes the relationship between a pregnant woman's nutrient requirements and fetal development.

The fetus is at greatest risk for birth defects from nutrient deficiencies in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Beginning in the second trimester, when fetal bone mineralization occurs, the pregnant woman's calcium requirements increase above prepregnancy levels.

Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother.

Because the fetus undergoes dramatic growth in the third month of gestation, the pregnant woman's energy needs are highest at this time.

Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother. (Proper nutrition is essential throughout pregnancy. In the early stages of pregnancy, the embryo is most susceptible to damage from harmful substances and inadequate nutrients. In the last trimester, adequate calories and nutrients are important for rapid growth of the fetus.)

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs in previously nondiabetic women during pregnancy. When this occurs, a pregnant woman is unable to produce sufficient insulin or becomes insulin resistant, leading to elevated levels of blood glucose.
Choose all the correct statements about gestational diabetes.

Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal birth.

Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery.

Treatment for gestational diabetes focuses on diet and/or medication with little emphasis on physical activity since exercise can be dangerous during pregnancy.

Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life.

Gestational diabetes is rare, affecting less than 1% of all pregnancies in the United States.

Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal birth. Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery. Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life. (Proper screening, well-controlled blood sugar during pregnancy, and healthy habits after pregnancy can reduce risks of gestational diabetes for both mom and baby.)

Breastfeeding can be a rewarding experience for both mother and baby. However, inadequate nutrition and hydration can interfere with lactation or lead to health problems for the mother.
From the list below, choose all the correct statements about nutrient recommendations for breastfeeding women.

Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day.

Requirements for iron are greater during lactation than during pregnancy.

Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy.

Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy.
Energy needs are lower for breastfeeding women than for pregnant women.

Select all that apply. Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day. Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy. Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy. (To support breastfeeding, lactating women should consume a nutrient-dense diet with adequate calories and fluid.)

Breastfeeding is considered the ideal method of infant feeding. While the practice can be challenging (and, in rare cases, contraindicated), it can offer many advantages over formula feeding.
Choose all the statements below that describe the advantages of breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding reduces the likelihood of uterine contractions.
Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly.

Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity.

Women who breastfeed resume ovulation sooner.

Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money.

Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly. Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity. Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money. (Breastfeeding can offer distinct advantages for infants, mothers, families, society, and the environment.)

Infants may be small, but they grow rapidly and have high nutrient needs. Proper nutrition is important to help support their unique needs for growth and development.

Complete the sentence about an infant's nutrient needs.

Recommendations for the infant diet ____________.

state that protein intake should make up at least 50% of energy requirements

state that no more than 35% of energy intake should come from fat

are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk

include advice to begin a liquid iron supplement no later than 3 months of age

include a recommendation for 1 oz of fluid per pound of body weight

are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk (Breast milk and commercial formulas (which are modeled after breast milk) provide the proper quantity and balance of nutrients for growing infants. Complementary foods given at appropriate stages of development can provide additional calories and important nutrients.)

Introducing solid food to an infant is an important process, but should not be done before an infant is ready. There are also a variety of recommendations in place to help reduce the risk of food allergies and keep children safe from choking, digestive problems, bacterial infections, and nutritional deficiencies.

Read each of the examples below, and choose those that describe an acceptable and/or recommended infant feeding method

When Ethan was 8 months old, his parents added honey to his cereal to make it more palatable.

At 7 months old Jenny loved to eat, so her parents gave her a new food each day to make sure her diet contained a wide variety of foods.

After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric's parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric.

Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day.

Brian was small for his age, so his parents began adding rice cereal to his bottle for extra calories when he was 2 months old.

After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric's parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric. Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day. (By following these recommendations for infant feeding, parents and caregivers can provide important nutrients while helping keep infants safe and healthy.)

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus?

folate

The point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is

conception.

The inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the

blastocyst.

What is the average weight for a healthy newborn in the United States (with an average height of 18 to 22 inches long)?

7-1/2 lbs

In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens?

first

Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

mother's weight before becoming pregnant.

Which pregnancy-specific structure is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products?

placenta

Which of the following is NOT true for a pregnant woman who was obese prior to her pregnancy?

She should gain 0.5 lb/week during the second and third trimesters.

The recommended daily intake of calcium for a woman during pregnancy __________.

stays the same

For a woman with a prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 20.0, the recommended weight gain during pregnancy is __________ pounds.

25 to 35

Frequent or binge alcohol drinking during pregnancy can result in __________.

fetal alcohol syndrome

Malnutrition contributes to abnormalities in sperm.

False

Gestation is the event in which the ovum and sperm unite to create a fertilized egg.

False

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the woman's energy needs increase by how many kilocalories per day?

350 to 450

Which of the following fatty acids is thought to support fetal brain and eye development?

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ((And ARA)

During pregnancy, protein needs

increase to 1.1 g/kg of body weight.

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate MOST important?

during the first four weeks after conception

During pregnancy, excessive consumption of which of the following micronutrients is MOST significantly associated with birth defects?

Vitamin A

Milk production in lactating women requires about __________ per day.

700 to 800 kcal

Studies indicate that breastfeeding for at least 3 to 6 months __________.

helps a mother regain her prepregnancy weight

The first milk released after birth, rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is called __________.

colostrum

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of preeclampsia?

unexplained and rapid weight loss

During pregnancy, what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe?

none

During pregnancy women should not consume fish or fish products.

false

Colostrum, which is rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is replaced by mature milk in about

4 to 6 days.

Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?

shortens the intervals between pregnancies

Because breastfeeding suppresses ovulation, it can be a reliable form of contraception.

false

Why are newborns given an injection of vitamin K?

The newborn does not yet have a population of GI flora able to synthesize adequate vitamin K.

Which of the following statements about food allergies is TRUE?

breastfeeding helps reduce the risk of food allergies

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is TRUE?

Breastfed newborns typically require more frequent feedings than formula-fed infants.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants up to six months old be given what kind of supplement?

vitamin D

Population studies have reported a link between high birth weight and this risk later in life.

?breast cancer?

Which of the following hormones is referred to as the "let down" hormone?

oxytocin

Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes?

a hard-boiled egg

Inconsolable crying for hours at a time is a characteristic of

colic.

The primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is

relaxation of the smooth muscles.

A breastfeeding woman has __________needs for __________ than she had during pregnancy.

higher; protein

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.

true

Low vitamin D status in pregnant women increases the risk of low bone density in their children.

true

Over-reliance on breast milk or formula by older infants can limit iron intake and lead to

iron-deficiency anemia.

A maternal low vitamin D status is associated with this risk for offspring.

reduced bone density

At birth, baby Ramon weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would you expect Ramon to weigh at his first birthday?

24 pounds

Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes?

increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

true

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is dangerous only during the first trimester.

false

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what condition in adulthood?

metabolic syndrome

The neural tube is an embryonic structure that develops into the fetal skeleton.

false

A word of caution about breastfeeding is that __________.

drugs and other substances in breast milk can cause symptoms in babies

An increased risk of cardiovascular disease is associated with high maternal intake of

trans fats.

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called fetal

adaptation.

Before 4 to 5 months of age, attempts to feed an infant solid foods are unlikely to succeed because the extrusion reflex will cause the infant to vomit.

false

Never leaving an infant alone with a bottle and teaching an older infant to use a cup are useful tips to prevent

nursing bottle syndrome.

Breast milk is very low in cholesterol.

false

Morning sickness can begin at any time of day and can last all day.

true

The hormone responsible for the synthesis of breast milk is called

prolactin

About 80% of American women follow the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of their infant's life.

false

Milk that is low in fat and produced first in a breastfeeding session is known as

foremilk

Even before she attempts to become pregnant, a woman should ________.

consume adequate folic acid

attain a healthy weight

All options are correct.

avoid smoking

All options are correct.

Even before she attempts to become pregnant, a woman should attain a healthy weight, consume adequate folic acid, and avoid smoking. A woman who is underweight or overweight may have a harder time getting pregnant. Consuming adequate folic acid reduces the risk of birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect. A woman who wishes to become pregnant should strictly avoid smoking, a habit which increases her risk for infertility and, if she does conceive, harms the developing fetus.

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Which of the following foods will increase a pregnant woman's intake of folate (folic acid)?

Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and breakfast cereals

Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and breakfast cereals will increase a pregnant woman's folate intake. Folic acid, the synthetic version of folate, is added to all enriched breads, cereals, pasta, and other grain products. Adequate folate/folic acid from these foods reduces the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus.

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A woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain ______ pounds during pregnancy.

25 to 35 pounds

A woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. A woman who enters pregnancy underweight is encouraged to gain 28 to 40 pounds during pregnancy. Women who are overweight before they become pregnant should gain 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy. Obese women should gain 11 to 20 pounds during pregnancy.

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Infants should never be fed _____.

honey

Infants should never be fed honey. Both corn syrup and honey may contain spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Whereas a toddler's GI tract is mature enough to destroy these spores, an infant's is not. C. botulinum spores can secrete the botulism toxin, which can be harmful or even fatal to an infant.

Cereals fortified with iron can be nutritious choices for infants who have reached six months of age, a point at which iron stores may have become depleted. As long as it is properly prepared, homemade baby food can be a nutritious option for infants. Foods that "melt in the mouth" are entirely appropriate for infants; in contrast, hard foods such as raw carrots or hot dog rounds are dangerous, as these can cause choking.

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Which of the following is a foodborne bacterium associated with fetal infection that can prompt miscarriage or premature birth?

Listeria monocytogenes

Infection during pregnancy with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can trigger miscarriage or premature birth. Listeria infection is also one of the top causes of death overall from foodborne illness. Meat and dairy foods are most likely to be contaminated, including deli-style luncheon meats as well as soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk. Pregnant women should avoid foods associated with Listeria infection.

Staphylococcus aureus causes severe nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.

The bacterium Clostridium botulinum can lead to a fatal disease called botulism.

Giardia is a parasite. Infection causes nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

...

Nutrients are passed from the mother to the fetus through the ________.

placenta and umbilical cord

Nutrients are passed from the mother to the fetus through the placenta and umbilical cord. The placenta is the organ of common tissue between the mother and the growing fetus. It develops within the mother's uterus. The placenta is attached to the growing fetus via the umbilical cord, which allows the transfer of nutrients to the fetus and waste products to the mother.

The ovaries and fallopian tubes are reproductive structures involved in fertilization.

The stomach is an organ in which food is partially digested and stored.

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Why are newborns given a single injection of vitamin K?

Newborns lack the intestinal bacteria needed to synthesize vitamin K.

Newborns are given a single injection of vitamin K because newborns lack the intestinal bacteria needed to synthesize vitamin K. Bacteria in the GI tract produce vitamin K, but birth the GI tract is sterile and not yet colonized. Giving vitamin K at birth provides the infant with the vitamin K needed until the GI tract becomes populated with sufficient bacteria to synthesize vitamin K. Vitamin K is required for the clotting of blood.

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Breastfeeding can _____.

help women reduce their risk of breast cancer and possibly ovarian cancer

All options are correct.

help women shed their pregnancy weight gain

decrease the risk of the baby developing allergies and infections

All options are correct.

Breastfeeding can help women reduce their pregnancy weight gain. It also appears to reduce a woman's risk of breast cancer and possibly ovarian cancer. Research suggests that the longer a woman breastfeeds, the lower her risk. Breastfeeding also decreases the risk of the baby developing allergies and infections, and breast milk provides the infant with a disease-fighting boost as his or her immune system matures.

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Which of the following milestones indicate an infant is ready to accept solid foods?

The infant can sit up with or without support.

When the infant can sit up with or without support, he or she is ready to accept solid foods.

The tongue-thrust (extrusion) reflex, which causes the baby to push food out of the mouth, also must be fading.

Infants are ready for, and begin to need, solid foods by about six—not nine—months of age. Introducing solid foods around six months of age will help to meet the infant's nutrient needs and will help them develop feeding skills.

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Pregnant women who don't eat animal-based foods may not get enough of which of the following micronutrients?

Copper and zinc

All options are correct.

Calcium and vitamin D

Iron and vitamin B12

I

All options are correct.

A woman's needs for many micronutrients, including copper, zinc, iron, and calcium, increase up to 50 percent during pregnancy. Animal-based foods, including meat, poultry, and fish, are rich in the trace minerals copper, zinc, and iron. Although calcium is available from leafy green vegetables and many other plant-based foods, eliminating milk, cheese, and yogurt from the diet increases the challenge of maintaining an adequate calcium intake. Fatty fish and fortified dairy products are also excellent surces of vitamin D. Finally, recall that vitamin B12 is available only from animal-based foods and fortified foods and supplements.

...

Which of the following increases a woman's risk for gestational diabetes?

Obesity

Obesity increases a woman's risk for gestational diabetes. Among many other factors that increase a woman's risk for gestational diabetes are increased maternal age and being of Hispanic/Latina, African-American, or Native American descent.

...

A woman who enters pregnancy underweight (a body mass index less than 18.5) is encouraged to gain ________ pounds during pregnancy.

28 to 40

A woman who enters pregnancy underweight (a body mass index less than 18.5) is encouraged to gain 28 to 40 pounds during pregnancy. The amount of weight a woman gains should be enough to ensure healthy fetal development but not so much that she increases her risk for complications.

Women who begin their pregnancies at a healthy weight (BMI of 18.5-24.9) are generally advised to gain 25 to 35 pounds. Women who are overweight (BMI of 25.0-29.9) should gain 15 to 25 pounds. Obese women (BMI >30.0) should gain 11 to 20 pounds.

...

A full-term pregnancy is approximately ______ weeks long.

40

A full-term pregnancy is approximately 40 weeks long and is divided into three trimesters. The moment of conception marks the beginning of the 13-week first trimester.

...

At birth baby Peyton weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would Peyton be expected to weigh at his first birthday?

24 pounds

If Peyton's growth and development are normal, he should weigh 24 pounds by his first birthday. Infants grow at a dramatic rate during the first year of life. They typically double their birth weight by the age of 6 months and triple their birth weight by the age of 12 months.

...

During pregnancy, the requirement for which mineral is unlikely to be met through diet alone?

iron

During pregnancy, the requirement for iron is unlikely to be met through diet alone. Because a pregnant woman's increased iron needs cannot be easily met through the diet, she will likely need a supplement. She can get the potassium, sodium, and calcium she needs through a well-balanced diet.

...

Six-month-old Lauren is ready to eat solid foods. Which of the following foods is/are nutritious and safe options to introduce in her diet?

All options are correct.

Pureed meat

Pureed butternut squash

Cooked rice cereal

All options are correct.

Solid foods should initially be served puréed. Rice cereal, pureed butternut squash, and pureed meat are all nutritious and safe foods that could be introduced in six-month-old Lauren's diet.

...

All of the following are signs and symptoms of preeclampsia EXCEPT ________.

low blood pressure

Low blood pressure is NOT a sign of preeclampsia. Hypertension, severe edema, and protein loss in the urine are characteristic signs and symptoms. Preeclampsia increases the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and stillbirth. If left untreated, it can lead to eclampsia, which can cause seizures in the mother and is a major cause of death of women during pregnancy.

...

The production and function of sperm may decrease if the male _____.

abuses alcohol and smokes

All options are correct.

is obese

consumes a diet deficient in zinc, folate, and/or antioxidants

All options are correct.

The production and function of sperm may decrease if the male is obese or abuses alcohol. Smoking and the use of illicit drugs negatively affect sperm health, too. Antioxidants such as, vitamin C, as well as folate, zinc, and other micronutrients help support healthy sperm.

...

Ryan is a healthy 3-month-old baby boy who is exclusively breast-fed. Which of the following nutrients should be added to his diet?

vitamin D

Vitamin D should be added to Ryan's diet. Although breast milk is an ideal food for babies, it doesn't contain enough vitamin D, so Ryan should receive daily drops. Infant formulas are fortified with many nutrients, including vitamin D. Therefore, formula-fed infants do not need vitamin D supplements.

Breast milk contains enough vitamin C and potassium, so supplements are not needed.

...

The abnormal craving for nonfood items, such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking soda, is known as ________.

pica

The abnormal craving for nonfood items, such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking soda, is known as pica. Pica may signal a nutrient deficiency and women with these cravings should consult their doctor.

Morning sickness is the common nausea or vomiting that occurs during pregnancy.

Preeclampsia is a type of pregnancy-induced hypertension that causes severe edema and protein loss.

Macrosomia is a term referring to a larger-than-average baby.

...

A low-birthweight baby is defined as a baby who is born weighing less than _____.

5½ pounds

A baby born weighing less than 5½ pounds is considered a low-birthweight baby. Maternal underweight, smoking, use of illicit drugs, hypertension, and Listeria infection can increase a woman's risk of having a low-birthweight baby. Teenage mothers are also more likely to give birth to low-birthweight babies. Twins and other multiples are also at greater risk for low birth weight.

...

It is recommended that breastfeeding women who began pregnancy at a healthy weight consume how many kilocalories (kcal) a day above their pre-pregnancy intake during the first six months of lactation?

330 kcal

It is recommended that breastfeeding women who began pregnancy at a healthy weight consume 330 kcal a day above their pre-pregnancy intake during the first six months of lactation. This intake will not meet the energy expended in lactation. Therefore, the deficit will help the woman burn some of the fat stored during pregnancy, allowing for a gradual, healthful weight loss. During the second six months of breastfeeding, when fewer kcal (theoretically) are available from stored body fat, a lactating woman at a healthy weight prior to pregnancy may need to consume about 400 extra kcal daily to meet her needs. Overweight and obese women may not need to consume any extra kcal for breastfeeding, but they should continue to eat a healthy diet.

...

To reduce the risk for birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect, at what stage of pregnancy should a woman begin to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid?"

prior to conception

To reduce the risk for birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect, women who are capable of becoming pregnant should begin to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily prior to conception. Because folate is critical for proper cell division of brain and nervous system during the first six weeks of pregnancy, waiting until pregnancy is confirmed may be too late. Once pregnancy is confirmed, the RDA for folate increases to 600 micrograms per day. Thus, the mother must continue to make sure that her folate intake is adequate throughout her pregnancy.

...

An inadequate intake of ________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the fetus.

folate

An inadequate intake of ________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the fetus.

...

Two potential complications of pregnancy that must be closely monitored by a health care provider are _____.

gestational diabetes and hypertension

Two potential complications of pregnancy that must be closely monitored by a health care provider are gestational diabetes and hypertension. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of the baby being larger than normal and of birth trauma. If left untreated, maternal hypertension can progress to preeclampsia, which increases the risk of low-birth-weight babies, premature birth, and stillbirth. Moreover, preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, which can cause seizures in the mother and is a major cause of death of women during pregnancy.

Cravings, morning sickness, constipation, and heartburn can all occur during pregnancy, but these symptoms are not considered serious unless they are severe. Weight gain and exercise are not complications of pregnancy.

...

The hormone that triggers the let-down response that causes milk to be released from the mother's breast to feed the baby is ________.

oxytocin

The hormone that triggers the let-down response that causes milk to be released from the mother's breast to feed the baby is oxytocin.

Prolactin causes milk to be produced in the breast. Colostrum is not a hormone. It is the fluid that is expressed from the mother's breast after the birth of the newborn, and before the production of breast milk. Choline is not a hormone. It is an essential nutrient that supports infant growth.

...

HUN 2201 Chapter 14 - Subjecto.com

HUN 2201 Chapter 14

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A genetically modified tomato is a tomato that __________.

contains one or more genes that originated in a different species

A genetically modified tomato is a tomato that contains one or more genes that originated in a different species. The gene(s) may confer any of a variety of traits to the tomato, including improved shelf life, nutrient density, or flavor, increased resistance to pesticides or plant diseases, or greater adaptability to environmental stressors.

U.S. households with an inability to satisfy basic food needs and a reduced food intake by one or more household members are classified as having ________.

very low food security

Households with multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns, in which one or more household members had to reduce the amount of food they were able to eat, are classified as having very low food security. A household is food insecure when any of its members do not have the resources they need to satisfy their basic food needs. Household members may be at risk for undernutrition.

Households that are food secure have the money or other resources to provide sufficient nutritious foods for all members year round.

Which of the following lunches is lowest in nutrient density and highest in terms of its cost to the environment?

a beef burger with fries

A beef burger with fries is lowest in nutrient density and highest in terms of its cost to the environment. The burger is high in protein, but beef is the form of protein that results in the greatest depletion of natural resources and the highest emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. This lunch is also high in energy (kilocalories).

The other choices derive their nutrients from plant-based foods, eggs, and a small amount of cheese. These lunches are high in protein and micronutrients as well as fiber. As compared to the beef burger and fries, they have a much lower environmental cost and are lower in kilocalories.

A key characteristic of sustainable agriculture is that it __________.

meets a population’s needs and can be sustained for a long time without negatively impacting the environment for future generations

A key characteristic of sustainable agriculture is that it meets a population’s needs while preserving the environment for future generations. Sustainably produced food enhances environmental quality and natural resources and makes the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources. It also sustains the economic viability of farm workers and enhances their quality of life.

Farming practices that deplete natural resources can nevertheless sustain an individual’s life, can be financially sustainable, or can be sustained by a family.

Which statement about food advertising and marketing is true?

Advertising for fruits and vegetables is almost nonexistent.

Advertising for fruits and vegetables is almost nonexistent is a true statement. Every year, food manufacturers spend more than $10 billion to promote their products, but much of the promotion is for sugary drinks, snack foods, and other nutritionally poor, processed foods. Very few advertising dollars are spent on marketing fruits and vegetables.

Food advertising is effective in increasing purchases of the advertised foods. Millions of food ads appear on television and social media sites targeting children and teens.

By law, foods that are labeled or advertised with the USDA Organic seal must contain at least ____ percent organic ingredients.

95

By law, foods that are labeled or advertised with the USDA Organic seal must contain at least 95 percent organic ingredients.

Foods that are labeled "100% Organic" must be composed entirely of organic ingredients and may also display the USDA Organic seal.

If a product is made with at least 70 percent organic ingredients, the statement "Made with Organic Ingredients" can be made, but the USDA organic seal cannot be displayed.

If a product has no organic statement or USDA Organic label, then the food likely contains less than 70 percent organic ingredients.

Poverty, discrimination, armed conflict, and natural disasters are all acknowledged to contribute to ______.

food insecurity

Poverty, discrimination, armed conflict, and natural disasters are all acknowledged to contribute to food insecurity. Other contributors include overpopulation, wasteful or ineffective agricultural practices, use of arable land for cash crops instead of food crops, and lack of essential infrastructure such as irrigation technologies and reliable roads to transport food.

Although armed conflict and natural disasters can contribute to rising food prices, this would occur locally, not globally.

Although obesity does occur among people living in poverty, the effects of discrimination, armed conflict, and natural disasters are not likely to include obesity.

Overpopulation can contribute to food insecurity, but food insecurity does not contribute to overpopulation.

Which of the following are among the top food crops grown in the United States?

corn, soybeans, and wheat

Corn, soybeans, and wheat are among the top food crops grown in the United States. The United States is the largest producer of corn in the world and produces about 50 percent of the world’s soybeans. Wheat is also among the top U.S. food crops. Fruits and green leafy vegetables account for only a small percentage of U.S. food production. Cotton and tobacco are not food crops.

Consumption of which of the following types of foods is strongly associated with both increased nutrition and reduced harm to the natural environment?

Plant-based foods

Consumption of plant-based foods is strongly associated with both increased nutrition and reduced harm to the natural environment. As compared with animal-based foods, especially beef, plant-based foods use far fewer natural resources and result in the emission of a far lower level of greenhouse gases.

Although imported foods increase the variety of foods available in your supermarket, especially in winter months, they are no more nutritious than locally grown foods, and their food miles require significant energy use and generate higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions.

Organic foods tend to have lower levels of pesticides and antibiotics, and their cultivation typically uses less energy and emits lower levels of greenhouse gases. They have not been found to be nutritionally superior to foods conventionally grown.

What is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?

iron deficiency

The most common nutritional deficiency worldwide is iron deficiency. Iron deficiency affects over 30 percent of the world population. Half of pregnant women in developing countries are estimated to be anemic. Micronutrient deficiencies are referred to as "hidden hunger."

Iodine-deficiency disorder is a serious public health threat for 2 billion people worldwide.

Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children in developing countries.

Folic acid deficiency is common among women of reproductive age, individuals with limited diets and reduced vegetable consumption, individuals who abuse alcohol, and obese individuals.

Which of the following statements concerning genetically modified (GM) foods is false?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires prominent labeling of GM foods.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires prominent labeling of GM foods is a false statement. Although the FDA, USDA, and EPA regulate GMOs, the labeling of GMO foods is not mandated by the FDA, and so the consumer CANNOT clearly identify GMO foods.

It is true that GM foods are created using recombinant DNA technology, in which one or more genes (which are segments of DNA) that code for a desierable trait are extracted from an organism and cultivated, then they are inserted into the genetic material of a different species.

It is also true that the proposed benefits of GM foods include enhancing the taste and quality of food, and helping to increase the global food supply.

What are "food miles"?

the number of miles the food travels from where it was grown to the location where the consumer purchases it

"Food miles" are the number of miles the food travels from where it was grown to the location where the consumer purchases it. Fuel and environmental costs depend on the type of food and the type of transportation used. Foods purchased at a supermarket—unlesss they are from local farms—tend to have higher food miles than foods from community supported agriculture or a farmers market or farm stand.

The food industry influences Americans’ food choices by ______.

All options are correct.

funding lobbyists to influence members of state legislatures and the U.S. Congress

spending billions of dollars to advertise its products

opposing taxes on sugary drinks and other unhealthful products

All options are correct.

The U.S. food industry influences Americans’ food choices by spending billions of dollars on advertising, lobbying, and efforts to defeat ballot measures that would tax or otherwise reduce purchases of unhealthful foods and beverages.

Substances that are used to kill and control weeds are called ________.

herbicides

Substances that are used to kill and control weeds are called herbicides. Herbicides are a type of pesticide, the general term for substances that kill or repel pests such as insects, weeds, microorganisms, rodents, or fungi. Biopesticides are derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Fungicides are used to destroy fungi (mold) that can diminish or destroy crop yields. Organophosphates are a type of pesticide that destroys pests such as insects by attacking their nervous system.

What is the term for an arrangement whereby people pay a fee to a local farm in exchange for a regular supply of fresh products from the farm?

community-supported agriculture

Community-supported agriculture is an arrangement whereby people pay a fee to a local farm in exchange for a regular supply of fresh products from the farm. Many Americans are turning to community-supported agriculture (CSA) to obtain fresh produce.

Agribusiness is the combination of agricultural and business entities that are associated with production, processing, distribution, and purchasing of food and other agricultural products.

A sustainable food system conserves natural resources and can be maintained indefinitely. CSAs contribute to creating a sustainable food system, because they provide nutritious foods to consumers while helping to support local farms.

Biodiversity refers to the presence of a wide variety of plants and animals within an environment.

A box of cereal that bears the USDA Organic seal is made with ________.

at least 95 percent organic ingredients

A box of cereal that bears the USDA Organic seal is made with at least 95 percent organic ingredients.

If a product is made with at least 70 percent organic ingredients, an organic statement can be made, but the seal cannot be displayed.

If the label says nothing about organic claims, then the food likely contains less than 70 percent organic ingredients.

Food lobbyists work for _____.

food companies or organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of food policy

While it would be nice to think that food lobbyists work for the interests of all food consumers, in reality lobbyists work for food companies or organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of food policy. A lobbyist’s job is to persuade government officials to vote in a direction favorable to the companies or organizations the lobbyist represents.

Surplus, unsold foods that are grown and raised on U.S. farms and purchased by the government to be given to schools and other food assistance programs are called ________.

commodity foods

Commodity foods are the surplus, unsold foods that are grown and raised on U.S. farms and purchased by the government to be given to schools and other food assistance programs. These commodity foods include such staple foods as poultry, eggs, fruits, vegetables, peanut butter, and dairy products.

A "Certified" label on a meat or poultry product indicates that the USDA has evaluated the product for class, grade, or other quality characteristics.

Staple foods are foods such as fish or rice that are eaten routinely in a household and make a significant contribution to household members’ energy consumption.

Within the next decade, the global population is expected to reach __________.

8 billion

Within the next decade, the global population is expected to reach 8 billion. The global population reached 6 billion in the year 2000. By 2011, another 1 billion people had been added. Some estimates suggest that, by the year 2050, the global population will reach 12 billion people.

When children do not receive the nutrients necessary to develop properly, they are likely to experience which of the following?

All options are correct.

impaired brain development

lowered resistance to infection

growth stunting

All options are correct.

When children don’t get adequate nutrition, they may develop physical and mental problems. Some problems likely to occur include lowered resistance to infection, growth stunting, brain development, insufficient weight gain, and poor muscle development. Additionally, children from food-insecure homes are at higher risk for behavioral, emotional, and academic problems than children from families who are more food secure.

To reduce "food miles" a person could ________.

All options are correct.

buy foods from local farmers

avoid purchasing imported fruits and vegetables

plant a garden

All options are correct.

To reduce food miles, a person could buy foods from local farmers, avoid purchasing imported fruits and vegetables, and plant a garden. Home gardening can greatly reduce food miles to mere food "steps." Such strategies could help reduce the substantial carbon emissions associated with the transport of food from farm to supermarket to table.

The process of applying biological techniques to a living cell to alter its DNA and create a desired trait is called _____.

biotechnology

The process of applying biological techniques to a living cell to alter its DNA and create a desired trait is called biotechnology. Plant breeding and genetic engineering are both types of biotechnology that create genetically modified products.

Biodiversity refers to the presence of a wide variety of plant and animal species within an environment.

Biomagnification is a process in which a substance such as a water or soil pollutant increases in concentration in animals as it moves up the food chain.

One of the environmental effects of food production is the production of nitrates from the nitrogen in manure, which can pollute surface water and groundwater.

All of the following groups are at greater risk of experiencing food insecurity EXCEPT ________.

households headed by a married couple

Households headed by a married couple are NOT at greater risk of experiencing food insecurity. Households with incomes below 185 percent of the poverty threshold are at the greatest risk of food insecurity, followed by households with headed by a single mother; black, non-Hispanic households; and Hispanic households. Lower wages for women and minorities contribute to these risks.

What government agency is responsible for overseeing food-processing plants and for approval and surveillance of food-animal drugs, feed additives, and all food additives?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for overseeing food-processing plants and for the approval and surveillance of food-animal drugs, feed additives, and all food additives. These are just some of the ways that the agency polices the safety of the domestic food supply.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) monitors agriculture and food production and ensures that meat, poultry, and eggs are safe and accurately labeled.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for water quality and the safe use of pesticides, fertilizers, and a variety of other chemicals in foods and in the environment.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) exists to protect the health and safety of Americans .

Which food assistance program serves at-risk, low-income pregnant and lactating women?

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) serves at-risk, low-income pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children younger than 5 years old. In 2013, WIC provided nutritious, culturally appropriate food for 8.6 million women, infants, and children per month. The program also emphasizes nutrition education and offers referrals to health care professionals.

The Summer Food Service Program combines a meal or feeding program with a summer activity program for children.

The Child and Adult Care Food Program provides nutritious meals to low-income children and senior adults who receive day care or adult care outside the home.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides low-income individuals and families with a debit card to purchase specified foods at their local authorized supermarket.

Optimal nutrition is important even before conception in order to __________.

develop healthy sperm and egg cells

A pregnancy is most vulnerable to maternal alcohol intake during __________.

the first trimester

Which of the following should women consume in abundance throughout pregnancy?

protein

Women younger than 20 and older than 35 are both vulnerable to __________ during pregnancy.

hypertension

Breast-fed newborns need supplemental _____.

vitamin D

Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy depend on a woman’s weight status before conception and how many babies she is carrying. Risks are involved when a woman gains too little or too much weight during her pregnancy.

Choose the statement below that correctly describes recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman carrying one baby.

An underweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb.
An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb.
A normal weight woman should gain 28 to 40 lb.
An obese woman should gain 25 to 35 lb.

An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb. (Remember that women who are overweight or obese prior to pregnancy have lower recommendations for gaining weight than women of normal weight. Conversely, underweight women are recommended to gain more weight.)

A balanced diet throughout pregnancy is necessary to support both the developing fetus and the health of the mother.
Choose the statement below that correctly describes the relationship between a pregnant woman’s nutrient requirements and fetal development.

The fetus is at greatest risk for birth defects from nutrient deficiencies in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Beginning in the second trimester, when fetal bone mineralization occurs, the pregnant woman’s calcium requirements increase above prepregnancy levels.

Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother.

Because the fetus undergoes dramatic growth in the third month of gestation, the pregnant woman’s energy needs are highest at this time.

Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother. (Proper nutrition is essential throughout pregnancy. In the early stages of pregnancy, the embryo is most susceptible to damage from harmful substances and inadequate nutrients. In the last trimester, adequate calories and nutrients are important for rapid growth of the fetus.)

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs in previously nondiabetic women during pregnancy. When this occurs, a pregnant woman is unable to produce sufficient insulin or becomes insulin resistant, leading to elevated levels of blood glucose.
Choose all the correct statements about gestational diabetes.

Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal birth.

Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery.

Treatment for gestational diabetes focuses on diet and/or medication with little emphasis on physical activity since exercise can be dangerous during pregnancy.

Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life.

Gestational diabetes is rare, affecting less than 1% of all pregnancies in the United States.

Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal birth. Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery. Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life. (Proper screening, well-controlled blood sugar during pregnancy, and healthy habits after pregnancy can reduce risks of gestational diabetes for both mom and baby.)

Breastfeeding can be a rewarding experience for both mother and baby. However, inadequate nutrition and hydration can interfere with lactation or lead to health problems for the mother.
From the list below, choose all the correct statements about nutrient recommendations for breastfeeding women.

Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day.

Requirements for iron are greater during lactation than during pregnancy.

Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy.

Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy.
Energy needs are lower for breastfeeding women than for pregnant women.

Select all that apply. Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day. Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy. Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy. (To support breastfeeding, lactating women should consume a nutrient-dense diet with adequate calories and fluid.)

Breastfeeding is considered the ideal method of infant feeding. While the practice can be challenging (and, in rare cases, contraindicated), it can offer many advantages over formula feeding.
Choose all the statements below that describe the advantages of breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding reduces the likelihood of uterine contractions.
Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly.

Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity.

Women who breastfeed resume ovulation sooner.

Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money.

Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly. Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity. Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money. (Breastfeeding can offer distinct advantages for infants, mothers, families, society, and the environment.)

Infants may be small, but they grow rapidly and have high nutrient needs. Proper nutrition is important to help support their unique needs for growth and development.

Complete the sentence about an infant’s nutrient needs.

Recommendations for the infant diet ____________.

state that protein intake should make up at least 50% of energy requirements

state that no more than 35% of energy intake should come from fat

are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk

include advice to begin a liquid iron supplement no later than 3 months of age

include a recommendation for 1 oz of fluid per pound of body weight

are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk (Breast milk and commercial formulas (which are modeled after breast milk) provide the proper quantity and balance of nutrients for growing infants. Complementary foods given at appropriate stages of development can provide additional calories and important nutrients.)

Introducing solid food to an infant is an important process, but should not be done before an infant is ready. There are also a variety of recommendations in place to help reduce the risk of food allergies and keep children safe from choking, digestive problems, bacterial infections, and nutritional deficiencies.

Read each of the examples below, and choose those that describe an acceptable and/or recommended infant feeding method

When Ethan was 8 months old, his parents added honey to his cereal to make it more palatable.

At 7 months old Jenny loved to eat, so her parents gave her a new food each day to make sure her diet contained a wide variety of foods.

After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric’s parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric.

Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day.

Brian was small for his age, so his parents began adding rice cereal to his bottle for extra calories when he was 2 months old.

After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric’s parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric. Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day. (By following these recommendations for infant feeding, parents and caregivers can provide important nutrients while helping keep infants safe and healthy.)

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus?

folate

The point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is

conception.

The inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the

blastocyst.

What is the average weight for a healthy newborn in the United States (with an average height of 18 to 22 inches long)?

7-1/2 lbs

In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens?

first

Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

mother’s weight before becoming pregnant.

Which pregnancy-specific structure is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products?

placenta

Which of the following is NOT true for a pregnant woman who was obese prior to her pregnancy?

She should gain 0.5 lb/week during the second and third trimesters.

The recommended daily intake of calcium for a woman during pregnancy __________.

stays the same

For a woman with a prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 20.0, the recommended weight gain during pregnancy is __________ pounds.

25 to 35

Frequent or binge alcohol drinking during pregnancy can result in __________.

fetal alcohol syndrome

Malnutrition contributes to abnormalities in sperm.

False

Gestation is the event in which the ovum and sperm unite to create a fertilized egg.

False

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the woman’s energy needs increase by how many kilocalories per day?

350 to 450

Which of the following fatty acids is thought to support fetal brain and eye development?

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ((And ARA)

During pregnancy, protein needs

increase to 1.1 g/kg of body weight.

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate MOST important?

during the first four weeks after conception

During pregnancy, excessive consumption of which of the following micronutrients is MOST significantly associated with birth defects?

Vitamin A

Milk production in lactating women requires about __________ per day.

700 to 800 kcal

Studies indicate that breastfeeding for at least 3 to 6 months __________.

helps a mother regain her prepregnancy weight

The first milk released after birth, rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is called __________.

colostrum

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of preeclampsia?

unexplained and rapid weight loss

During pregnancy, what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe?

none

During pregnancy women should not consume fish or fish products.

false

Colostrum, which is rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is replaced by mature milk in about

4 to 6 days.

Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?

shortens the intervals between pregnancies

Because breastfeeding suppresses ovulation, it can be a reliable form of contraception.

false

Why are newborns given an injection of vitamin K?

The newborn does not yet have a population of GI flora able to synthesize adequate vitamin K.

Which of the following statements about food allergies is TRUE?

breastfeeding helps reduce the risk of food allergies

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is TRUE?

Breastfed newborns typically require more frequent feedings than formula-fed infants.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants up to six months old be given what kind of supplement?

vitamin D

Population studies have reported a link between high birth weight and this risk later in life.

?breast cancer?

Which of the following hormones is referred to as the "let down" hormone?

oxytocin

Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes?

a hard-boiled egg

Inconsolable crying for hours at a time is a characteristic of

colic.

The primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is

relaxation of the smooth muscles.

A breastfeeding woman has __________needs for __________ than she had during pregnancy.

higher; protein

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.

true

Low vitamin D status in pregnant women increases the risk of low bone density in their children.

true

Over-reliance on breast milk or formula by older infants can limit iron intake and lead to

iron-deficiency anemia.

A maternal low vitamin D status is associated with this risk for offspring.

reduced bone density

At birth, baby Ramon weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would you expect Ramon to weigh at his first birthday?

24 pounds

Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes?

increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

true

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is dangerous only during the first trimester.

false

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what condition in adulthood?

metabolic syndrome

The neural tube is an embryonic structure that develops into the fetal skeleton.

false

A word of caution about breastfeeding is that __________.

drugs and other substances in breast milk can cause symptoms in babies

An increased risk of cardiovascular disease is associated with high maternal intake of

trans fats.

The process by which a fetus’s metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called fetal

adaptation.

Before 4 to 5 months of age, attempts to feed an infant solid foods are unlikely to succeed because the extrusion reflex will cause the infant to vomit.

false

Never leaving an infant alone with a bottle and teaching an older infant to use a cup are useful tips to prevent

nursing bottle syndrome.

Breast milk is very low in cholesterol.

false

Morning sickness can begin at any time of day and can last all day.

true

The hormone responsible for the synthesis of breast milk is called

prolactin

About 80% of American women follow the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of their infant’s life.

false

Milk that is low in fat and produced first in a breastfeeding session is known as

foremilk

Even before she attempts to become pregnant, a woman should ________.

consume adequate folic acid

attain a healthy weight

All options are correct.

avoid smoking

All options are correct.

Even before she attempts to become pregnant, a woman should attain a healthy weight, consume adequate folic acid, and avoid smoking. A woman who is underweight or overweight may have a harder time getting pregnant. Consuming adequate folic acid reduces the risk of birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect. A woman who wishes to become pregnant should strictly avoid smoking, a habit which increases her risk for infertility and, if she does conceive, harms the developing fetus.

Which of the following foods will increase a pregnant woman’s intake of folate (folic acid)?

Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and breakfast cereals

Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and breakfast cereals will increase a pregnant woman’s folate intake. Folic acid, the synthetic version of folate, is added to all enriched breads, cereals, pasta, and other grain products. Adequate folate/folic acid from these foods reduces the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus.

A woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain ______ pounds during pregnancy.

25 to 35 pounds

A woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. A woman who enters pregnancy underweight is encouraged to gain 28 to 40 pounds during pregnancy. Women who are overweight before they become pregnant should gain 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy. Obese women should gain 11 to 20 pounds during pregnancy.

Infants should never be fed _____.

honey

Infants should never be fed honey. Both corn syrup and honey may contain spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Whereas a toddler’s GI tract is mature enough to destroy these spores, an infant’s is not. C. botulinum spores can secrete the botulism toxin, which can be harmful or even fatal to an infant.

Cereals fortified with iron can be nutritious choices for infants who have reached six months of age, a point at which iron stores may have become depleted. As long as it is properly prepared, homemade baby food can be a nutritious option for infants. Foods that "melt in the mouth" are entirely appropriate for infants; in contrast, hard foods such as raw carrots or hot dog rounds are dangerous, as these can cause choking.

Which of the following is a foodborne bacterium associated with fetal infection that can prompt miscarriage or premature birth?

Listeria monocytogenes

Infection during pregnancy with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can trigger miscarriage or premature birth. Listeria infection is also one of the top causes of death overall from foodborne illness. Meat and dairy foods are most likely to be contaminated, including deli-style luncheon meats as well as soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk. Pregnant women should avoid foods associated with Listeria infection.

Staphylococcus aureus causes severe nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.

The bacterium Clostridium botulinum can lead to a fatal disease called botulism.

Giardia is a parasite. Infection causes nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Nutrients are passed from the mother to the fetus through the ________.

placenta and umbilical cord

Nutrients are passed from the mother to the fetus through the placenta and umbilical cord. The placenta is the organ of common tissue between the mother and the growing fetus. It develops within the mother’s uterus. The placenta is attached to the growing fetus via the umbilical cord, which allows the transfer of nutrients to the fetus and waste products to the mother.

The ovaries and fallopian tubes are reproductive structures involved in fertilization.

The stomach is an organ in which food is partially digested and stored.

Why are newborns given a single injection of vitamin K?

Newborns lack the intestinal bacteria needed to synthesize vitamin K.

Newborns are given a single injection of vitamin K because newborns lack the intestinal bacteria needed to synthesize vitamin K. Bacteria in the GI tract produce vitamin K, but birth the GI tract is sterile and not yet colonized. Giving vitamin K at birth provides the infant with the vitamin K needed until the GI tract becomes populated with sufficient bacteria to synthesize vitamin K. Vitamin K is required for the clotting of blood.

Breastfeeding can _____.

help women reduce their risk of breast cancer and possibly ovarian cancer

All options are correct.

help women shed their pregnancy weight gain

decrease the risk of the baby developing allergies and infections

All options are correct.

Breastfeeding can help women reduce their pregnancy weight gain. It also appears to reduce a woman’s risk of breast cancer and possibly ovarian cancer. Research suggests that the longer a woman breastfeeds, the lower her risk. Breastfeeding also decreases the risk of the baby developing allergies and infections, and breast milk provides the infant with a disease-fighting boost as his or her immune system matures.

Which of the following milestones indicate an infant is ready to accept solid foods?

The infant can sit up with or without support.

When the infant can sit up with or without support, he or she is ready to accept solid foods.

The tongue-thrust (extrusion) reflex, which causes the baby to push food out of the mouth, also must be fading.

Infants are ready for, and begin to need, solid foods by about six—not nine—months of age. Introducing solid foods around six months of age will help to meet the infant’s nutrient needs and will help them develop feeding skills.

Pregnant women who don’t eat animal-based foods may not get enough of which of the following micronutrients?

Copper and zinc

All options are correct.

Calcium and vitamin D

Iron and vitamin B12

I

All options are correct.

A woman’s needs for many micronutrients, including copper, zinc, iron, and calcium, increase up to 50 percent during pregnancy. Animal-based foods, including meat, poultry, and fish, are rich in the trace minerals copper, zinc, and iron. Although calcium is available from leafy green vegetables and many other plant-based foods, eliminating milk, cheese, and yogurt from the diet increases the challenge of maintaining an adequate calcium intake. Fatty fish and fortified dairy products are also excellent surces of vitamin D. Finally, recall that vitamin B12 is available only from animal-based foods and fortified foods and supplements.

Which of the following increases a woman’s risk for gestational diabetes?

Obesity

Obesity increases a woman’s risk for gestational diabetes. Among many other factors that increase a woman’s risk for gestational diabetes are increased maternal age and being of Hispanic/Latina, African-American, or Native American descent.

A woman who enters pregnancy underweight (a body mass index [BMI] less than 18.5) is encouraged to gain ________ pounds during pregnancy.

28 to 40

A woman who enters pregnancy underweight (a body mass index [BMI] less than 18.5) is encouraged to gain 28 to 40 pounds during pregnancy. The amount of weight a woman gains should be enough to ensure healthy fetal development but not so much that she increases her risk for complications.

Women who begin their pregnancies at a healthy weight (BMI of 18.5-24.9) are generally advised to gain 25 to 35 pounds. Women who are overweight (BMI of 25.0-29.9) should gain 15 to 25 pounds. Obese women (BMI >30.0) should gain 11 to 20 pounds.

A full-term pregnancy is approximately ______ weeks long.

40

A full-term pregnancy is approximately 40 weeks long and is divided into three trimesters. The moment of conception marks the beginning of the 13-week first trimester.

At birth baby Peyton weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would Peyton be expected to weigh at his first birthday?

24 pounds

If Peyton’s growth and development are normal, he should weigh 24 pounds by his first birthday. Infants grow at a dramatic rate during the first year of life. They typically double their birth weight by the age of 6 months and triple their birth weight by the age of 12 months.

During pregnancy, the requirement for which mineral is unlikely to be met through diet alone?

iron

During pregnancy, the requirement for iron is unlikely to be met through diet alone. Because a pregnant woman’s increased iron needs cannot be easily met through the diet, she will likely need a supplement. She can get the potassium, sodium, and calcium she needs through a well-balanced diet.

Six-month-old Lauren is ready to eat solid foods. Which of the following foods is/are nutritious and safe options to introduce in her diet?

All options are correct.

Pureed meat

Pureed butternut squash

Cooked rice cereal

All options are correct.

Solid foods should initially be served puréed. Rice cereal, pureed butternut squash, and pureed meat are all nutritious and safe foods that could be introduced in six-month-old Lauren’s diet.

All of the following are signs and symptoms of preeclampsia EXCEPT ________.

low blood pressure

Low blood pressure is NOT a sign of preeclampsia. Hypertension, severe edema, and protein loss in the urine are characteristic signs and symptoms. Preeclampsia increases the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and stillbirth. If left untreated, it can lead to eclampsia, which can cause seizures in the mother and is a major cause of death of women during pregnancy.

The production and function of sperm may decrease if the male _____.

abuses alcohol and smokes

All options are correct.

is obese

consumes a diet deficient in zinc, folate, and/or antioxidants

All options are correct.

The production and function of sperm may decrease if the male is obese or abuses alcohol. Smoking and the use of illicit drugs negatively affect sperm health, too. Antioxidants such as, vitamin C, as well as folate, zinc, and other micronutrients help support healthy sperm.

Ryan is a healthy 3-month-old baby boy who is exclusively breast-fed. Which of the following nutrients should be added to his diet?

vitamin D

Vitamin D should be added to Ryan’s diet. Although breast milk is an ideal food for babies, it doesn’t contain enough vitamin D, so Ryan should receive daily drops. Infant formulas are fortified with many nutrients, including vitamin D. Therefore, formula-fed infants do not need vitamin D supplements.

Breast milk contains enough vitamin C and potassium, so supplements are not needed.

The abnormal craving for nonfood items, such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking soda, is known as ________.

pica

The abnormal craving for nonfood items, such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking soda, is known as pica. Pica may signal a nutrient deficiency and women with these cravings should consult their doctor.

Morning sickness is the common nausea or vomiting that occurs during pregnancy.

Preeclampsia is a type of pregnancy-induced hypertension that causes severe edema and protein loss.

Macrosomia is a term referring to a larger-than-average baby.

A low-birthweight baby is defined as a baby who is born weighing less than _____.

5½ pounds

A baby born weighing less than 5½ pounds is considered a low-birthweight baby. Maternal underweight, smoking, use of illicit drugs, hypertension, and Listeria infection can increase a woman’s risk of having a low-birthweight baby. Teenage mothers are also more likely to give birth to low-birthweight babies. Twins and other multiples are also at greater risk for low birth weight.

It is recommended that breastfeeding women who began pregnancy at a healthy weight consume how many kilocalories (kcal) a day above their pre-pregnancy intake during the first six months of lactation?

330 kcal

It is recommended that breastfeeding women who began pregnancy at a healthy weight consume 330 kcal a day above their pre-pregnancy intake during the first six months of lactation. This intake will not meet the energy expended in lactation. Therefore, the deficit will help the woman burn some of the fat stored during pregnancy, allowing for a gradual, healthful weight loss. During the second six months of breastfeeding, when fewer kcal (theoretically) are available from stored body fat, a lactating woman at a healthy weight prior to pregnancy may need to consume about 400 extra kcal daily to meet her needs. Overweight and obese women may not need to consume any extra kcal for breastfeeding, but they should continue to eat a healthy diet.

To reduce the risk for birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect, at what stage of pregnancy should a woman begin to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid?"

prior to conception

To reduce the risk for birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect, women who are capable of becoming pregnant should begin to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily prior to conception. Because folate is critical for proper cell division of brain and nervous system during the first six weeks of pregnancy, waiting until pregnancy is confirmed may be too late. Once pregnancy is confirmed, the RDA for folate increases to 600 micrograms per day. Thus, the mother must continue to make sure that her folate intake is adequate throughout her pregnancy.

An inadequate intake of ________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the fetus.

folate

An inadequate intake of ________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the fetus.

Two potential complications of pregnancy that must be closely monitored by a health care provider are _____.

gestational diabetes and hypertension

Two potential complications of pregnancy that must be closely monitored by a health care provider are gestational diabetes and hypertension. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of the baby being larger than normal and of birth trauma. If left untreated, maternal hypertension can progress to preeclampsia, which increases the risk of low-birth-weight babies, premature birth, and stillbirth. Moreover, preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, which can cause seizures in the mother and is a major cause of death of women during pregnancy.

Cravings, morning sickness, constipation, and heartburn can all occur during pregnancy, but these symptoms are not considered serious unless they are severe. Weight gain and exercise are not complications of pregnancy.

The hormone that triggers the let-down response that causes milk to be released from the mother’s breast to feed the baby is ________.

oxytocin

The hormone that triggers the let-down response that causes milk to be released from the mother’s breast to feed the baby is oxytocin.

Prolactin causes milk to be produced in the breast. Colostrum is not a hormone. It is the fluid that is expressed from the mother’s breast after the birth of the newborn, and before the production of breast milk. Choline is not a hormone. It is an essential nutrient that supports infant growth.

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