Developmental science is a field of study devoted to |
Understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan |
While great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of developmental scientists, they are a single goal: to identify |
Those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death |
Developmental science is ________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study |
Interdisciplinary |
Theories are vital tools for developmental researches because they |
Provide organizing framework for our observations of people |
The continuous view of development holds that |
Infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do |
Within the ______ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times. |
Discontinuous |
Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the ______ perspective. |
Discontinuous |
Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing preschoolers. Kim is most likely interested in _______ that shpae development |
The contexts |
Tammy's father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy's father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by |
Nature |
Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of _____ in development |
Nurture |
Theorists who point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior emphasize |
Stability |
Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that |
Change in response to influential experiences is possible |
The increase in the number of healthier, more active older adults suggests that human development is a |
Dynamic system |
The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is |
Multidimensional and multidirectional |
According to the lifespan perspective, __________ is supreme in its impact on the life course. |
No single age period |
Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that |
Development is plastic at all ages |
Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as |
Resilience |
Research on resilience shows that |
Interventions must attend to both the person and the environment to strengthen a child's capacity while also reducing hazardous experiences |
Which of the following is an example of age-graded influence? |
Frank got his driver's license at 16 |
History-graded influences explain why _______ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times |
Cohorts |
The splurge of births from 1946 to 1964 yielded a unique generation that today comprises nearly ________ percent of the U.S. population |
30 |
As a generation, baby boomers are |
Healthier, better educated, and financially better off than any previous midlife cohort |
Nonnormative influences |
Do not follow a predictable timetable |
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized ____________ and ___________ |
Natural selection; survival of the fittest |
G. Stanley Hall regarded development as a ___________ process |
Maturational |
G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, |
Launched the normative approach |
Arnold Gessell |
Was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents by writing child-rearing books |
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon addressed practical educational concerns by |
Constructing the first intelligence test |
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was originally constructed to |
Identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes |
According to the ___________ perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations |
Psychoanalytic |
Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory |
On the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events |
Accord to Sigmund Freud, the |
ID is the source of basic biological neds and desires |
Freud's psychosexual theory was eventually criticized because |
It overemphasized the influence of sexual feelings in the development |
In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson |
Pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation |
One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development is because |
Its theorists were so strongly committed to the clinical approach that they failed to consider other methods |
Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events-stimuli and responses-are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the ___________ perspective of development. |
Behaviorism |
Ivan Pavlov discovered |
Classical conditioning |
In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that |
Children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neural stiumulus |
According to ____________ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforces |
Operant conditioning |
According to B.F. Skinner, _________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and ___________ will decrease the frequency of a behavior. |
Reinforcement; punishment |
According to ___________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling. |
Social learning |
Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of |
Cognition |
According to Bandura's revised social-cognitive theory, as children grow older they |
Become more selective in what they imitate |
Behavior modification eliminates undesirable behaviors by |
Combining condition and modeling |
Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory |
Offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences |
According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, |
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world |
Piaget's view of development was greatly influence by his early training in |
Biology |
According to Jean Piaget, ____________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds |
Equilibrium |
Jamar understands that a certain amount of liquid or clay remains the same even after its appearance changes and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. According to Piaget, Jamar is in the _________ stage of cognitive development |
Concrete operational |
Sydney, when faced with a problem, starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget's ___________ stage of development |
Formal operational |
Research on Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory indicates that |
Children's performance on Piagetian tasks can be improved with training |
The information-processing approach views the mind as a |
Symbol-manipulating system though which information flows |
Lillian uses flowchart to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) _______________ theorist. |
Information-processing |
Unlike Piaget's cognitive-development theory, the information-processing approach |
Does not divide development into stages |
The information-processing perspective views the development as |
Continuous |
A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is it commitment to |
Rigorous research methods |
The information-processing approach |
Is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory |
Dr. Singh studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. This approach to development is known as |
Developmental cognitive neuroscience |
Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for |
Ethology |
A(n) _____________ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge |
Sensitive |
John Bowlby argued that |
Behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants |
Evolutionary development psychology |
Seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age |
Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on |
How culture is transmitted to the next generation |
Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a ________ process |
Socially mediated |
Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that |
Children in every culture develop unique strengths |
Ecological systems theory views the person as |
Developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding enviornment |
Because a child's biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces to mold development, Urie Bronfenbrenner characterized his perspective as a(n) ____________ model |
Bioecological |
According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the |
Microsystem |
Family chaos is linked to |
Economic disadvantage |
_________ can help prevent escalating demands on families that give way to chaos. |
High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable |
Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem consists of |
Cultural values, laws, customs, and resources |
Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby's |
Chronosystem |
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress |
Changes in thinking |
A ___________ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a _____________ |
Hypothesis;theory |
Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a |
Hypothesis |
Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of |
Research methods |
Which of the following statements about learning research strategies is true? |
It is important in separating dependable information from misleading results |
Ethology, evolutionary developmental psychology, sociocultural theory, and the lifespan perspective all view development as |
Both continuous and discontinuous |
Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by wathcing them play in a park. This is a(n) example |
Naturalistic observation |
In a naturalistic observation, the investigator |
Goes into the field and records the behavior of interest |
A major limitation of systematic observation is that it |
Tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors |
____________ ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings |
Self-reports |
A major strength of the clinical interview is that |
Permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life |
Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of |
Structured interview |
A researcher using a structured interview would typically ask |
The same set of questions in the same way to each research participant |
Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory? |
The clinical method |
Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research? |
Case study |
One major limitation of the clinical, or case study, method is |
That researchers' theoretical preferences may bias their observations and interpretations |
Which of the following methods is best suited for studying whether American parents are warmer than Japanese parents? |
Ethnography |
Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation |
Participant |
Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the ____________ research method. |
Ethnographic |
Compared to their agemates, adolescents form immigrant families are __________ likely to ________________. |
Less; commit delinquent or violent acts |
In the United States, adolescents from immigrant families |
View school success as both their own and their parents' success |
One limitation of the ethnographic method is that |
Investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see |
Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are _________ and _________ |
Correlational; experimental |
In a(n) __________ design, researches look at the relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development |
Correlational |
Dr. Dias' research shows the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study? |
The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health |
One limitation of correlation studies is |
Investigators cannot infer cause and effect |
Dr Andodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drugs use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is _______________ and ____________. |
Moderate; positive |
Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) _____________ design. |
Experimental |
A dependent variable is the |
One the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable |
In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be |
The type of lessons (music versus acting) |
In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the |
Child's reading level in third grade |
In experimental studies, |
Investigators must take special precautions to control for participants' characteristics that could reduce the accuracy of their findings. |
By using ________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups. |
Random |
Professor Martinez wants to know if children who receive one-on-one instruction at school feel more self-confident than children who receive group instruction. To identify a casual relationship between type of instruction and self-confidence, Professor Martinez should |
Randomly assign half of the participants to group instruction and the other half one-on-one instruction and compare measures of self-confidence for each group |
In ____________ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings. |
Field |
Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of |
Field experiment |
In a longitudinal design, researchers study |
The same group of participants repeatedly at different ages |
Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator |
Tracks the performance of each person over time |
A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can |
Examine relationships between early and late behaviors |
To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of participants from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a ___________ design. |
Longitudinal |
Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as |
Practice effects |
In a longitudinal study, _____________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions |
Cohort |
In a cross-sectional design, researchers study |
Groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time |
Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a ___________ research design. |
Cross-sectional |
A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that |
Factors affecting individual development cannot be explored |
Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by |
Cohort effects |
In sequential designs, researchers study |
Participants over the same ages but in different years |
A sequential design |
Permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operation |
Research that combines __________ and __________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences |
Experimental; developmental |
The critical principle of ____________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities |
Informed consent |
Dr. Ramorey 90-year-old Mr. Higgins to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Higgins is incapable of consenting. Which of the following would best state you advice regarding Mr. Higgin's participation in the study? |
He should only be allowed to participate in the study if it is likely to benefit him directly |
One limitation of debriefing is |
Young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures |
Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if |
The benefits to society justify the risks to the participants. |
Christine is 5'7" and has blue eyes. Such directly observable circumstances are called |
Phenotypes |
Phenotypes depend in part on a individual's |
Genotypes |
A _____________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics. |
Genotypes |
Within every cell (except red blood cells) is a control center, or |
Nucleus |
Rodlike structures called _______________ store and transmit genetic information |
Chromosomes |
Generally, human ________ come in 23 matching pairs |
Chromosomes |
A _______________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome. |
Gene |
Research shows that ___________ genes lie along the human chromosomes. |
20,000 to 25,000 |
Zookeeper Ross knows that he shares some of his genetic makeup with the chimpanzee, Chumley. You could tell Ross that between _____________ percent of their DNA is identical. |
98 and 99 |
Lynn, a Canadian, and Sasha, a Russian, are probably about _________ percent genetically identical |
99.1 |
A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called |
Mitosis |
During mitosis, |
The chromosomes copy themselves |
The area surrounding the cell nucleus is calld them |
Cytoplasm |
_______________ are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built |
Proteins |
The sperm and the ovum are sex cells, or |
Gametes |
A gamete |
Contains 23 chromosomes |
______________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells |
Meiosis |
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) _____________ results |
Zygote |
The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in |
Incredible variability among siblings |
The genetic variability produced by meiosis is |
Adaptive |
In the male, |
The cells from which sperm arise are produced continuously throughout life |
A healthy man can father a child |
At any age after sexual maturity |
In the female, meiosis results in |
Just one ovum |
Of matching pairs of chromosomes, 22 of 23 are called ________ and one pair consists of ____________ chromosomes. |
Autosomes; sex |
Taylor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY. Taylor is a |
Male |
The sex of a new organism is determined by whether |
An X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum |
Patsy and Terry are fraternal twins. This type of twinning results from |
The release and fertilization of two ova |
Dizygotic twins |
Are no more alike than ordinary siblings |
Twins occur more often among _____________ women than _________ woman |
Tall; short |
A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces |
Identical twins |
Candace and Cassidy, like all monozygotic twins, |
Have the same genetic makeup |
If the alleles from both parents __________, the child is _________ |
Differ; heterozygous |
In dominant-recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called |
Dominant |
Which of the following is a recessive characteristics? |
Red hair |
Which of the following is supported by research on dominant and recessive diseases? |
Only rarely are serious diseases due to dominant alleles |
North Americans with sickle cell anemia have an average life expectancy of ___________ years. |
55 |
Carriers of sickle cell gene |
Are more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two alleles for normal red blood cells |
Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because |
The Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those carried on the X chromosome |
Studies of sex differences show that |
The proportion of male birthdays has declined in many industrialized countries in recent decades. |
Children with diabetes tend to have fathers, not mothers, with the illness. The pattern of inheritance is best explained by |
Genomic imprinting |
In which of the following disorders does genomic imprinting operate on the sex chromosomes? |
Fragile X syndrome |
___________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can lead to _____________ |
Mutation; genetic abnormality |
Studies of mutation demonstrate that |
Some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance |
Gilles has had frequent and high exposure to radiation in his occupation for the past ten years. Gilles's offspring are at greater risk for ___________ than children whose fathers were not exposed to radiation. |
Childhood cancer |
Characteristics that vary on continuum among people, such as height, weight, or intelligence, are most likely determined by _____________ inheritance. |
Polygenic |
Most chromosomal defects result from |
Mistakes occurring during meiosis |
There was a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, so Azizi received three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two. Aziz has ______________ syndrome. |
Down |
The risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome rises dramatically with |
Maternal age |
The most common sex chromosome disorders involve |
The presence of an extra chromosome (either X or Y) or the absence of one X in females |
Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that |
Females who are missing an X chromosome often have trouble with spatial relationships |
The communication process of ___________ can help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals |
Genetic counseling |
Mr. and Mrs. Hopewell are concerned because they have been trying without success to have a baby for over a year. Which of the following procedures would you recommend to them? |
Genetic counseling |
If a family of mental retardation, psychological disorders, physical defects, or inherited diseases exist, a genetic counselor prepares a _____________m which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree |
Pedigree |
Donor insemination |
Permits women without a male partner to become pregnant |
With ____________, a woman is given hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova. These are removed surgically and placed in a dish of nutrients, to which sperm are added |
In vitro fertilization |
Children conceived through in vitro fertilization |
May be genetically unrelated to both of their parents |
Which of the following is an ethical concern regarding the use of reproductive technologies? |
The in vitro "sex sorter" method could lead to parental sex selection |
Hoda, an economically disadvantaged mother of four, is considering becoming a surrogate. What is one realistic concern that Hoda might have about surrogate motherhood? |
Knowledge that their mother would give away a baby might cause insecurities in Hoda's children |
To detect developmental problems before birth, doctors use |
Prenatal diagnostic methods |
To inspect Jasmine;s fetus for defects of the limbs and face, as well as to allow a sampke of fetal blood to be obtained, permitting diagnosis of hemophilia and sickle cell anemia, her doctor should use |
Fetoscopy |
Except for ____________, prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because these methods have some chance of injuring the developing organism |
Maternal blood analysis |
Gene therapy corrects genetic abnormalities by |
Delivering DNA carrying to a functional gene to the cells |
Mr. and Mrs. Hale plan to have a baby. Physical and genetic examination revealed healthy reproductive systems and no family history of genetic disease. What additional steps would you recommend they rake to increase their chances of having a healthy baby? |
Reducing or elimination toxins under their control, taking prenatal vitamin-mineral supplements, and ensuring proper nutrition |
Most adopted children |
Become well adjusted adults |
Contemporary researchers view the family as a(n) |
Network of interdependent relationships |
When Erin and Brooke willingly comply, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. This is an example of a(n) ______________ influence between parents and their children/ |
Direct |
Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children, they mutually support each other's parenting behaviors. Amelia and Andrew engage in effective |
Coparenting |
Grandparents are an example of ______________ that can promote children's development |
Third parites |
Higher-SES parents tend to emphasize the importance of ___________ for their children, whereas lower-SES parents tend to emphasize __________ |
Psychological traits; external characteristscs |
Today, about _________ million Americans are affected by poverty |
46 |
In the United States, the poverty rate for single mothers with preschool children is nearly ________ percent. |
50 |
Of all Western nations, _____________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children |
The United States |
Most homeless families consist of |
Women with children under age 5 |
In several studies, affluent teenagers were _________ likely than low-SES youths to _____________ |
More; report high levels of anxiety and depression |
For both affluent and low-SES youths, what simple routine is associated with a reduction in adjustment difficulties |
Eating dinner with parents |
Neighborhoods have a(n) ____________ impact on economically disadvantaged than well-to-do young people |
Greater |
Research on effects of neighborhoods suggests that |
Neighborhoods affect the well-being of children and adults |
Mr. and Mrs. Parsons feel that an important factor in promoting their children academic success is frequent contact between teachers and parents. The Parsons would most likely find this offering in a(n) |
Small town |
Compared to those in large urban areas, adults in small towns are __________ likely to__________. |
More; occupy positions of leadership |
Compared to elders in large cities, elders in small towns are ______________ likely to __________. |
More; remain actively involved in the community |
One reason that the American people have been reluctant to accept the idea of publicly supported child care is that |
American values emphasized independence and self-reliance |
In _______________, people hold different beliefs and customs from those held by the larger culture |
Subcultures |
Which of the following statements about extended families in the United States is true? |
More black than white adults have relatives other than their own children living in the same household |
Among African Americans, living within an extended family tends to produce |
Improved child rearing and reduced stress |
Compared with nuclear-family households, extended-family arrangements |
Place more emphasis on cooperation and on moral and religious views |
In collectivist societies, people |
Define themselves as part of a group |
The United States is strongly _____________, whereas most Western European countries lean toward ______________. |
Individualistic; collectivism |
When reports indicate that many children are not achieving well in school, the state government grants more tax money to school districts. This is an example of a(n) ____________ policy. |
Public |
In the United States, public policies safeguarding _________ lag behind policies for _____________. |
Children and youths; the elderly |
The United States |
Does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well-being |
Which of the following countries has a higher childhood poverty rate? |
Canada |
The United States |
Has a higher infant death rate than canada |
Which of the following countries has the highest teenage birth rate? |
United States |
Approximately _______ percent of U.S. children have no health insurance |
10 |
One reason that public policies safeguarding children are slow to emerge in the United States is because |
Children cannot vote or speak out to protect their own insurance |
Social Security and Medicare consume __________ percent of the U.S. federal budget for the elderly |
96 |
The minimum income guaranteed to Americans age 65 and older from Social Security is |
Just above the poverty line |
Senior citizens in the United States today are |
More likely than other age groups to be among the "near poor" |
The Children's Defense Fund |
Engages in public education, legal action, drafting of legislation, congressional testimony, and community organizing |
___________ is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities |
Behavioral genetics |
A growing number of researchers regard the question of how much heredity and environment contribute to differences among people as |
Unanswerable |
Dr. Rudy wants to compare the characteristics of family members. What kind of research method would you recommend that Dr. Rudy use? |
A kinship study |
Research on heritability suggests that |
Heritability of personality does not increase over the lifespan |
Twin studies of schizophrenia |
Consistently yield high heritabilities, around .80 |
Because the environments of most twin pairs are less diverse than those of the general population, it is often difficult to |
Generalize heritability findings to the whole population |
Heritability estimates |
Are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity |
According to the concept of gene-environment interactions |
People have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences |
If a behavior is strongly canalized, then |
Only powerful environmental forces can change it |
Which of the following is strongly canalized? |
Infant motor development |
___________ is a strongly canalized skill |
Walking |
According to the concept of __________, our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed |
Gene-environment correlation |
Bart and Nadia are gymnasts. Their son, 4-year-old Dylan, participates in children's gymnastics. This is an example of |
A passive correlation |
Angela, a cooperative and attentive child, receives more patient and sensitive interactions from her parents than Carlos, who is inattentive and hyper. This is an example of a(n) ___________ gene-environment correlation |
Evocative |
____________ gene-environment correlation becomes common at older ages |
Active |
Anthony, a well-coordinated and muscular boy, decides to play high school football. This is an example of a(n) _________ gene-environment correlation |
Active |
Emma, an intellectual curious child, is a familiar patron at her local library. This is an example of |
Niche-picking |
Which age group is likely to do more niche-picking? |
Adolescents |
The concept of ___________ helps explain why pairs of identical twins reared apart during childhood and later reunited may find that they have similar hobbies, food preferences, and vocaions |
Niche-picking |
Accumulating evidence reveals that the relationship between heredity and the environment is |
Bidirectional |
Which of the following concepts places the most emphasis on bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the environment |
Epigenesis |
According to the concept of epigenesis? |
Development results from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the environment |
Animal evidence suggests that one reason for an inconsistency in results from studies regarding the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHS) in individuals who are homozygous for a chromosome-5 gene (DD) may be that |
Environmental influences associated with ADHD modify the gene's activity |
A study of maternal smoking during pregnancy and the DD genotype revelaed that |
Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy scored higher that children of nonsmokers in impulsivity, overactivity, and oppositional behavior |
One reason that the majority of children prenatally exposed to nicotines are at high risk for learning and behavior problems is that the DD genotype is |
Widespread |
Development is best understood as |
A series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture |
An ovum bursts from on of a woman's two ______________ and is drawn into one of two ________________. |
Ovaries; fallopian tubes |
The ____________ secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum |
Corpus Luteum |
The male produces an average of ________ sperm a day, yet only _____________ reach the ovum |
300 million; 300 to 500 |
The male produces sperm in the ___________, two glands located in the _________. |
Testes; scrotum |
The outer ring of cells on a blastocyst, termed the trophoblast, will become the |
Structures that provide protective covering and nourishment |
The embryonic disc |
Becomes the new organism |
Following fertilization, a one-celled ________ multiplies and forms a __________ |
Zygote; blastocyst |
Which of the following statements about a blastocyst is true? |
Between the seventh and ninth day, it burrows deep into the uterine lining |
The amnion |
Encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid |
The amniotic fluid |
Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant |
As many as __________ percent of zygotes do not survive the first two weeks |
30 |
The placenta |
Delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism |
The umbilical cord |
Connects the placenta to the developing organism |
The most rapid prenatal changes take place the period of |
Embryo |
The ___________ eventually becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs |
Mesoderm |
During the period of the embryo, the ___________ becomes the ___________. |
Endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands |
At beginning of the embryonic period, the _____________ system develops fastest |
Nervous |
The _________ folds over to form the ___________, which will become the spinal cord and brain. |
Ectoderm; neural tube |
By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy, her embryo |
Is about 1/4 inch long |
During the __________ month of pregnancy, the embryo responds to touch |
Second |
By the ____________ week of pregnancy, Monica will be able to learn the sex of her fetus. |
Twelth |
Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope. You tell her that this should happen by the |
Third month |
By the middle of the second trimester, the |
New being has grown large enough that the mother can feel its movements |
Lanugo |
Is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body |
While the sense of _____________ have begun to emerge by 20 weeks, a fetus born at this time cannot survive because ____________. |
Sight and sound; its brain cannot yet control breathing and body temperature |
Viability occurs between ________ weeks |
22 and 26 |
A baby born between the seventh and eighth month of pregnancy |
Usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe |
In one study, more active fetuses during the third trimester became 2-year-olds who |
Were less fearful |
In the final month of pregnancy, |
A layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation |
In the last weeks of pregnancy, |
Most fetuses assume an upside-down position |
The term teratogen refers to |
Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period |
The effects of teratogens |
Vary with the age of the organism at the time of exposure |
Which of the following statements about the harm done by teratogens is true? |
The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role |
Which of the following statements about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens is true? |
In the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact |
Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is |
Accutane |
Willa gets regular headaches. While pregnant, Willa begins using aspirin to ease the pain because she is convinced that aspirin is harmless. Which of the following effects can Willa's regular aspirin use have on the developing organism? |
Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development |
Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a cocaine addict. Mateo's caregivers can expect that |
His cries might be abnormally shrill and piercing |
It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because |
Drug-using mothers often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from poverty and other stresses |
Victoria is a pregnant smoker. Victoria is among the estimated _________ percent of American women who smoke during their pregnancies |
14 |
The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is |
Low birth weight |
Adolescents prenatally exposed to smoking tend to have _________ than those born to mothers who did not smoke. |
Higher levels of disruptive, aggressive behavior |
Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking? |
Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses |
Which of the following statements about fetal alcohol syndrome is true? |
It is distinguished by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and brain injury. |
Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception |
Can alter gene expression |
The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy, the |
Poorer's the child's intelligence and achievement test scores during the school years |
About _________ percent of U.S. mothers report drinking at some time during their pregnancies |
25 |
Low-level radiation, resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays |
Can increase the risk of childhood cancer |
Regina eats a mostly vegetarian diet, but she eats a lot of fish. When she becomes pregnant, what should Regina know about environmental pollution in fish? |
Long-lived predatory fish, such as swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark, can be heavily contaminated with mercury. |
High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to |
Prematurity, low birth weight, and brain damage |
Men affected by even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father |
Nearly twice as many girls as boys |
Which of the following statements about prenatal rubella is true? |
The organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella can lead to lifelong health problems in adulthood |
Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism ____________ percent of the time |
20 to 30 |
To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to |
Change the litter box |
Frequent, vigorous exercise, especially late in pregnancy, results in |
Lower birth weight than in healthy, nonexercising controls |
Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she would gain during the pregnancy. You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of ______________ pounds. |
25 to 30 |
The poorer the mother's diet, the ______________, especially if malnutrition occurs during the last trimester. |
Greater the loss in brain weight |
Prenatally malnourished babies frequently |
Catch respiratory illness |
Taking a ____________ supplement around the time of conception greatly reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the neural tube. |
Folic acid |
The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the mother |
Has access to social support during stressful periods |
One of the goals of the Nurse-Family Partnership, currently implemented in hundreds of countries across 42 U.S. states, to |
Improve family conditions, thereby protecting children from lasting difficulties |
Twelve-year-old children of mothers who were home visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership _________ than comparison-group agemates. |
Reported less alcohol and drug use |
When the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, the most common cause of difficulties is |
Rh factor incompatibility |
Samantha is a first-time expectant mother at age 35. You can tell her that healthy women in their thirties have _____________ as those in their twenties. |
About the same rates of pregnancy complications |
If untreated, toxemia can cause |
Convulsions in the mother and fetal death |
Which of the following mothers is most likely to have had inadequate prenatal cca |
Rachel, who is single and 16 |
The longest stage of labor is the |
First, dilation and effacement of the cervix |
The second stage of labor lasts |
About 50 minutes for a first birth and 20 minutes with later births |
Ursula is in the second stage of labor. She can expect ______________ during this stage. |
Her baby to be born |
During the third stage of labor, |
The placenta is delivered |
The force of contractions during childbirth causes the infant to produce high levels of stress hormones that |
Help infants withstand oxygen deprivation during contractions by sending a rich supply of blood to the brain and heart |
Which of the following statements about the infant's production of stress hormones during childbirth is true? |
Stress hormones prepare the baby to breathe effectively by causing the lungs to absorb any remaining fluid and by expanding the bronchial tubes |
Lily weighed 8 pounds and was 21 inches long at birth. Which of the following statements about her size is true? |
She was heavier and longer than the average baby |
Which of the following statements about the newborn baby's appearance is true? |
Their found faces, chubby cheeks, and big eyes make adults feel like picking them up |
The Apgar Scale |
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration |
Andrew received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means that Andrew |
Needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs |
Two Apgar ratings are given in the minutes following birth |
Because some babies have trouble adjusting immediately but do quite well after a few minutes |
Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place |
At home and was a family-centered event |
Most freestanding birth centers |
Permit a choice of delivery positions |
Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had |
Taught women to fear the birth experience |
Mothers who ______________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors |
Are supported by a trained companion during childbirth |
A certified nurse-midwife |
Has a degree in nursing and additional training in childbirth management |
About 10 percent of cases of cerebral palsy are the result of ___________ during labor and delivery. |
In adequate oxygen supply |
Fetal monitors |
Track the baby's heart rate during labor |
Critics worry that fetal monitoring |
Identifies babies as in danger who, in fact, are not |
Some form of medication is used in ____________ percent of U.S. births |
more than 80 |
During her labor, Renae asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax. Renae will probably be given a(n) |
Analgesic |
_____________, the stronger type of painkiller used in labor and delivery, block sensation |
Anesthetics |
Epidural analgesia |
Is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor |
Vaginal birth after a previous cesarean delivery is |
Associated with slightly increase rates of rupture of the uterus and infant death |
____________ is the best available predictor of infant survivor and healthy development |
Birth weight |
Preterm infants |
Are those born several weeks or more before their due date |
Tiffany is a small-for-date baby. This means she |
Was born below her expected weight considering length of the pregnancy |
Small-for-date infants _________ than preterm infants |
More often show evidence of brain damage |
Kangaroo care |
Involves placing the infant in a vertical position on the parent's chest, under the clothing, so the parent's body operates as a human incubator |
Interventions that support parents of preterm infants |
Generally teach them about the infant's characteristics and promote caregiving skills |
The United States has the most up-to-date health care technology in the world and is currently ranked _____________ i international infant mortality |
Twenty-eigtht |
In the United States, the second leading cause of mortality is ____________, which is largely preventable. |
Low birth weight |
Which of the following statements about the results of the Kauai study is true? |
The impact of early biological risks often wanes as children's personal characteristics and social experiences contribute increasingly to their functioning |
A _____________ is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stiumlation |
Reflec |
The ____________ reflex protects an infant from strong stimulation |
Eye blink |
In response to a stroke on her cheek near the corner of her mouth, newborn Azalea should |
Turn her head toward the source of stimulation |
When Baby Ian is held horizontally on his back, he sometimes makes an "embracing" motion by arching his back, extending his legs, throwing his arms outward, and then bringing his arms toward his body. Ian is demonstrating the |
Moro reflex |
Reflexes can help caregivers comfort a baby because they |
Permit infants to control distress and amount of stimulation |
Although newborns sleep more at night than during the day, their sleep-wake cycles are affected more by ______________ than by ___________ |
Fullness-hunger; darkness-light |
Baby Tyler's limb movements are gentle. He stirs occasionally and facial grimacing occurs. Although his eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Tyler is most likely in which of the following states? |
Irregular sleep |
Which of the following statements about REM sleep is true? |
REM sleep is vital for growth of the central nervous system |
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep? |
Cheryl, a preterm newborn |
Newborn infants who are brain damaged or who have experienced birth trauma often |
Display disturbed REM-NREM sleep cycles |
Early medical records of SIDS babies reveal |
Higher rates of prematurity and low birth weight, poor Apgar scores, and limp muscle tone |
___________ doubles the risk of SIDS |
Maternal cigarette smoking |
Healthy babies often cry |
At the sound of another baby crying |
The strategy most Western parents first try to soothe a crying baby is |
Lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking |
Swaddling newborns |
Reduces crying |
Which of the following statements is supported by research on colic? |
Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk for colic |
____________ helps stimulate early physical growth and is vital for emotional development as well |
Touch |
What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son's discomfort during circumcision? |
Offer a sugar solution while gently holding the baby |
Which of the following statements is supported by research on newborn taste preference? |
Not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water |
The smell of ____________ causes a relaxed, pleasant facial expression in newborns |
Chocolate |
At birth, newborns prefer __________ to ________ |
Complex sounds; pure tones |
Three month old Jefferson will probably listen longer to ___________ than to __________. |
Human speech; nonspeech sounds |
____________ is the last developed of a newborn baby's sense |
Vision |
It takes about __________ months for color vision to become adultlike |
Four |
T. Berry Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale evaluates |
The newborns' reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to stiumlation |
___________ provide the best estimate of a baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth |
Changes in neonatal assessment scores over the first week or two of life |
Around the time of birth, fathers who are in contact with the mother and baby often show |
Slight increases in estrogens |