Human Anatomy & Physiology- Chapter 1

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anatomy

the branch of science that studies the structure of body parts

physiology

the branch of science that studies what body parts do and how they function

subatomic particles

particles that make up atoms (protons, neutrons, & electrons); first structure in the levels of organization in the body

atoms

the basic unit of matter; second structure in the levels of organization in the body

molecules

atoms that bind together form this; third structure in the levels of organization in the body

macromolecules

small molecules that combine to form larger molecules are called this; fourth structure in the levels of organization in the body

organelles

cell structures that are composed of macromolecules; fifth structure in the levels of organization in the body

cell

the basic unit of structure and function of life, composed of organelles & organic molecules; sixth structure in the levels of organization in the body

tissues

specialized group of cells that are organized into layers or masses that have specific functions; seventh structure in the levels of organization in the body

organs

complex structures with specialized functions that are composed of groups of different tissues; eighth structure in the levels of organization in the body

organ systems

groups of organs that function closely together; ninth structure in the levels of organization in the body

organism

what interacting organ systems make up; tenth structure in the levels of organization in the body

metabolism

physical and chemical processes that occur in the body that release and utilize energy; necessary for life

movement

a change in position of the body or of a body part, the motion of an internal organ; a characteristic of life

responsiveness

a reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body; a characteristic of life

growth

the increase in body size without change in shape; a characteristic of life

reproduction

the production of new organisms and new cells; a characteristic of life

respiration

obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods; a characteristic of life

digestion

the breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used; a characteristic of life

absorption

passage of substance through membranes and into body fluids; a characteristic of life

circulation

the movement of substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life

assimilation

the changing of absorbed substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life

excretion

the removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions; a characteristic of life

water

the most abundant substance in the body that is essential for metabolic process; a requirement for an organism

food

substances that provide organisms with nutrients for building new living matter; a requirement for an organism

oxygen

gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air that is necessary for the release of energy; a requirement for an organism

heat

a form of energy that is present in our environment that governs the rate of chemical reactions; a requirement for an organism

temperature

a measure of the amount of heat present

pressure

an application of force on an object or substance; a requirement for an organism

atmospheric pressure

the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air

hydrostatic pressure

a pressure exerted by a liquid due to the weight of water above them

extracellular fluid

fluid present outside the cells

intracellular fluid

fluid presents inside the cells

internal environment

conditions within the fluids surrounding the body cells

homeostasis

the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite the changes occuring in the external environment

homeostatic mechanisms

self-regulating control systems in the body that maintains homeostasis

receptors

provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment; stimulus – when a change occurs in the internal environment; component of homeostatic mechanisms

control center

includes a set point and tells what a particular value should be, change is compared to the set point; component of homeostatic mechanisms

effectors

elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment and change is corrected; component of homeostatic mechanisms

hypothalamus

the control center of the brain

negative feedback

mechanism in which a change in the body is recognized and compared against the accepted homeostatic value (set point), if the change is too far away from the set point value the body creates a response to return the internal environment to homeostasis

positive feedback

mechanism in which a change in the body occurs that requires a temporary but immediate response, that response involves allowing the body to deviate from the set point value in order to correct an error somewhere; once the error is corrected, the body quickly returns to homeostasis

axial

portion of the body that includes the head & trunk

appendicular

portion of the body that includes the upper & lower limbs

cranial cavity

cavity that contains the brain

spinal cavity

aka the vertebral canal; cavity that contains the spinal cord and surrounded by vertebrae

thoracic cavity

the cavity in the body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and contains the lungs and heart

abdominal cavity

the cavity below the chest that contains organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines

pelvic cavity

the cavity bounded by the bones of the pelvis and contains the pelvic viscera such as the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine

abdominopelvic cavity

both abdominal and pelvic cavities that contains the organs of digestion, reproduction, & exocrine

diaphragm

a broad, thin muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

mediastinum

the part of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs that separates them; contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

oral cavity

cavity that contains the teeth and tongue

nasal cavity

cavity located within the nose and divided into right & left portions by a nasal septum, contains the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses

orbital cavities

cavities that contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

middle ear cavities

cavities that contain the middle ear bones

parietal serous membranes

line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes

visceral serous membranes

cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes

serous fluid

fluid secreted by serous membrane that lubricates tissues and allows visceral organs to slide without friction

pleural membranes

parietal and visceral membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs

pericardial membranes

parietal and visceral membranes that surround the heart and cover its surface

pleural cavity

the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura

pericardial cavity

the potential space between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

peritoneal membranes

membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside

peritoneal cavity

the potential space between these membranes

integumentary system

[1] system that covers the body [2] includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, & sebaceous glands [3] protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, & synthesizes substances

skeletal system

[1] system that is composed of bones and the ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together [2] provides framework, protective shields, and attachments for muscles [3] produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts

muscular system

[1] system that includes all the muscles of the body [2] moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat

nervous system

[1] system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs [2] receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them, stimulating muscles or glands to respond

endocrine system

[1] system that consists of glands that secrete hormones [2] hormones help regulate metabolism by stimulating target tissues [3] includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, & thymus

digestive system

[1] system that receives foods, breaks down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed [2] includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, & large intestine

respiratory system

[1] system that takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and the air [2] includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs

cardiovascular system

[1] system that includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts [2] blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & wastes

lymphatic system

[1] system that is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, & spleen [2] transports lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs [3] lymphocytes defend the body against disease-causing agents

urinary system

[1] system that includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra [2] filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

reproductive system

[1] system that enables an organism to reproduce [2] male: includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vsicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis, which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells [3] femal: includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells

anatomical position

position where you are standing erect, with the face forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides, with the palms forward

superior

means a part above another part, or closer to the head

inferior

means a part below another part, or toward the feet

anterior

(or ventral) means toward the front

posterior

(or dorsal) means toward the back

medial

relates to an imaginary midline that divides the body into equal right & left halves; a part is _____ if it is closer to the midline that another part

lateral

means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline

ipsilateral

refers to the same side

contralateral

refers to the opposite side

proximal

describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part

distal

describes a part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part

superficial

means situated near the surface

peripheral

means outward or near the surface

deep

describes parts that are more internal

sagittal

refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body intro right & left portions

midsagittal

term that refers to the midline, the line that divides the body into equal parts

transverse

horizontal, refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

coronal

frontal, refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

cross section

a cut across the structure

oblique section

an angular cut of a structure

longitudinal section

a lengthwise cut of a structure

acromial

point of the shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

space in front of the elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

celiac

abdomen

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

costal

ribs

coxal

hip

crural

leg

cubital

elbow

digital

finger or toe

dorsum

back

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

genitals

reproductive organs

gluteal

buttocks

inguinal

depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)

lumbar

region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin)

mammary

breast

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

lower posterior region of the head

oral

mouth

orbital

eye cavity

otic

ear

palmar

palm of the hand

patellar

front of the knee

pectoral

chest

pedal

foot

pelvic

pelvis

perineal

region between the anus and the external reproductive organs

plantar

sole of the foot

popliteal

area behind the knee

sacral

posterior region between the hipbones

sternal

middle of the thorax, anteriorly

sural

calf

tarsal

instep of the foot (ankle)

umbilical

navel

vertebral

spinal column

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