HSC 3537 UCF – Chapter 7-10 Terms

dermatology

The study of the skin. Medical specialty related to the integumentary system.

integumentary system

Body system related to dermatology.

epithelial

Pertaining to upon a cellular layer.

epidermis

Thin, outermost layer of skin.

keratin

A substance of hard, fibrous protein.

exfoliation

Process of skin cells moving away from the body like a leaf falling off a tree.

melanin

Black pigment that gives color to the skin and hair.

dermis

Layer of skin under the epidermis.

sebaceous gland

Gland that secretes sebum (oil).

sebum

Oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands.

sudoriferous gland

Gland of the skin that secretes sweat. Also known as sweat gland.

perspiration

Process of through the skin breathing. Also known as sweat or sweating.

subcutaneous

Pertaining to underneath the skin.

lunula

Small thing shaped like a moon.

cuticle (cuti/cle)

Small rim of dead skin at the base of the nail. (small thing of skin)

allergy

Activity produced in response to strange allergens.

hypersensitivity (hyper/sensitiv/ity)

Condition of being more than normally sensitive to.

allergen

That which produces strange activity in the body.

histamine

Substance released from basophils.

anaphylactic shock

Another name for anaphylaxis.

anaphylaxis

Condition of guarding or protecting excessively against an allergen. Also known as anaphylactic shock.

urticaria

Condition of raised, itchy areas of skin caused by an allergic reaction. Also known as hives.

hypotension

Condition of below normal blood pressure

The sudoriferous glands make sweat.

True

The entire epidermis is composed of dead cells.

False

Melanin protects the skin from sunlight’s ultraviolet rays.

True

The skin around the edge of a nail is the lunula.

false

Sebaceous glands make sebum.

true

Hair cells that are visible are filled with keratin.

true

Adipose tissue makes new epidermal cells.

false

dermatitis

Inflammation or infection of the skin.

edema

Excessive amounts of fluid in the skin with swelling

pruritus

itching

lesion

Any visible damage or variation from normal of the skin from disease or injury.

petechiae

Latin plural noun. Singular form is petechia.

ecchymosis

Abnormal condition of blood in the tissues (a flat area of hemorrhage).

contusion (contus/ion)

Condition of bruising

hematoma

Localized, mass collection of blood

neoplasm

growth that is new

benign

Not cancerous

malignant

Pertaining to intentionally causing harm; cancer.

xeroderma

Skin that is very dry.

albinism

Disease from a specific cause of a genetic mutation of melanocytes that makes the skin white.

vitiligo

Autoimmune disorder with white, depigmented patches where melanocytes are destroyed.

cyanosis

Abnormal condition of the skin being blue.

erythema

Reddish discoloration of the skin.

jaundice

State of yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes.

pallor

Unnatural paleness of the skin due to a lack of blood.

necrosis

Abnormal condition of dead cells and tissues

gangrene

Necrosis of the tissue with subsequent bacterial invasion and decay.

abrasion

Condition of the skin being scraped off.

laceration

Being or having a tearing in the skin.

blister

Repetitive rubbing injury that separates the epidermis from the dermis and causes a fluid-filled sac.

callus

Thickened epidermis with a wide, elevated pad because of repetitive rubbing.

keloid

Scar that becomes larger until it resembles a tumor.

decubitus ulcer

Ulcer at pressure points (hip, heels) from lying on the back preventing blood flow to the tissues. Also known as a pressure sore or bed sore.

bulla

Larger blister from a second-degree burn.

anesthesia

Condition of being without sensation or feeling.

eschar

Thick, crusty scar of necrotic tissue on a third-degree burn.

abscess

Localized, pus-containing pocket under the skin caused by a bacterial infection.

cellulitis

Inflammation and infection of the cells and tissues.

herpes simplex virus type 1

Herpes virus infection that occurs on the lips. Also known as cold sores or fever blisters.

genital herpes

Another name for herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.

herpes varicella-zoster

Causes the skin rash of chickenpox during childhood. The virus remains dormant in the body until it is activated in later life by illness or emotional stress and causes shingles.

shingles

Infection with herpes varicella-zoster later in life.

tinea cruris

Fungal infection (ringworm) of the groin and genital areas.

tinea pedis

Fungal infection (ringworm) of the feet. Also known as athlete’s foot.

verruca

A wart caused by human papilloma virus.

pediculosis

Condition of having lice.

scabies

Infestation of parasitic mites that tunnel under the skin.

wheal

Type of lesion that is elevated with a pale top and filled with clear fluid. Caused by an allergic skin reaction.

hemangioma

Tumor of blood and blood vessels.

basal cell carcinoma

Tumor that is cancer of the deepest (base) layer of the epidermis of the skin

metastasis

Condition of a cell that is normally staying in one place but undergoes change, becomes cancerous, and moves to other parts of the body.

squamous cell carcinoma

Tumor (cancer) of the scalelike superficial cells of the skin

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Cancer of connective tissue seen in AIDS patients.

Least dangerous skin cancer.

basal cell carcinoma

Unnatural paleness due to a lack of oxygen to the tissues

pallor

Pinpoint hemorrhages

petechiae

Small fatty skin extension

lipoma

Tangle of dilated blood vessels

hemangioma

Loss of skin due to sliding over a surface

abrasion

Condition caused by a lack of skin pigment

albinism

Painful condition caused by the chickenpox virus

shingles

psoriasis

State of itching and silvery scales and plaques on the skin. An autoimmune disorder.

scleroderma

Skin that is hard (with deposits of collagen). An autoimmune disorder.

lupus erythematosus

Autoimmune disorder with deterioration of the collagen in the skin and connective tissues.

comedo

Blackhead seen in acne vulgaris.

acne vulgaris

During puberty, the sebaceous glands produce large amounts of sebum with papules and pustules on the skin.

acne rosacea

During middle age, the sebaceous glands produce large amounts of sebum with papules, blotchy erythema, and dilated superficial blood vessels. Also known as rosacea.

eczema

Another name for seborrhea in children.

exudate

Composed of oozing fluid.

anhidrosis

Abnormal condition of being without sweat.

diaphoresis

Abnormal condition of excessive sweating.

alopecia

Condition of being bald.

hirsutism

Disease from a specific cause of being hairy.

follicle

Small thing in the dermis where a hair is formed

fistula

Abnormal passageway

pilonidal sinus

Abnormal passageway (sinus or fistula) that begins as an enlarged, abnormal follicle that contains a hair that is never shed.

onychomycosis

Abnormal condition of the nail having a fungus.

paronychia

Condition infection of the cuticle beside the nail.

Anhidrosis is a condition of excessive perspiration.

false

Systemic lupus erythematosus affects connective tissues, especially joints.

true

Eczema is a type of seborrhea.

true

Clubbing of the fingers and nails is a sign of nail infection.

false

A pilonidal cyst is found in the sacral area.

true

Hirsutism is the name of alopecia in women.

false

Psoriasis has characteristic silver scales as part of a rash.

true

Onychomycosis is spelled correctly.

true

Alopecia is loss of hair, notably on the scalp.

true

Acne rosacea is the adolescent form of acne.

false

intradermal

Pertaining to within the skin.

antigen

Combination of the word antibody and the suffix -gen (that which produces).

culture and sensitivity

Test to identify the cause of an infection and its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs.

curettage

Procedure that uses a curet to scrape

nevus

Benign skin lesion present at birth in a variety of colors and shapes. Also known as a mole.

cryosurgery

Process of using cold during an operative procedure to destroy tissue.

electrosurgery

Process of using electricity during an operative procedure on the skin.

dermabrasion (derm/abras/ion)

Action on skin to scrape it off. A type of skin resurfacing procedure.

incision

Action of to cut into.

debridement

Procedure to remove necrotic tissue from a burn, wound, or ulcer.

biopsy

Process of removing and then viewing living tissue removed from the body.

dermatoplasty

Process of reshaping by surgery on the skin.

liposuction

Action to suck fat (adipose tissue) from under the skin.

rhytidectomy

Surgical removal of wrinkles. Also known as a facelift.

blepharoplasty

Process of reshaping the eyelids by surgery.

autograft

Tissue for implant or transplant that is taken from one’s own self.

allograft

Tissue (skin) for implant (graft) from another person (cadaver).

xenograft

Tissue for implant or transplant that is from a foreign source such as an animal

The removal of dead tissue and scabs from burns is

debridement

Using a — from a pig protects a burn from infection.

xenograft

— is plastic surgery for drooping eyelids.

blepharoplasty

— removes skin cancer tissue a bit at a time.

Mohs’ surgery

Removal of tissue using extreme cold is

cyrosurgery

A — determines the organism causing an infection and drug to treat it.

C&S

A — places antigens into lightly cut skin

scratch test

Removing fluid from a cyst requires

needle aspiration

topical drug

Drug that acts in a specific (local) area.

transdermal drug

Drug, in the form of a patch, that travels through the skin.

hypodermic

Pertaining to below the skin.

anesthetic drug

Drug that causes the skin to be without sensation or feeling.

antibiotic drug

Drug that is against living organisms (bacteria).

antifungal drug

Drug pertaining to against fungus.

antiviral drug

Drug that is used against viruses.

antipruritic drug

Drug pertaining to being against itching.

corticosteroid drug

Drug that is anti-inflammatory like corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex.

treats ringworm

antifungal drug

Treats herpes simplex infections

antiviral drugs

Incision made to drain pus or other fluid

I&D

Testing a tissue sample with antibiotic drugs

C&S

One type of treatment for psoriasis

coal tar drugs

Referring to below the dermis

subcutaneous

Used to reduce itching

antipruritic drugs

Treats scabies and pediculosis

drugs for infestations

Systemic form of lupus

SLE

Treatment using light and a special drug

PDT

dermatologist

One who specializes in the skin and the study of it.

pigment-containing cells

melanocytes

Fatty tissue layer below the dermis

subcutaneous

Firm, white protein

collagen

Fat-storing cells

lipocytes

Elastic, yellow protein

elastin

Secrete sebum

sebaceous glands

Hard, fibrous protein

keratin

Outermost layer of skin

epidermis

Contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

dermis

Sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

exocrine (exo/crine)

formed substance (that is) secreted outward

anaphylactic (ana/phylact/ic)

pertaining to excessive protecting

epidermal (epi/derm/al)

pertaining to upon (the) skin

vesicular (vesicul/ar)

pertaining to (a) fluid-filled sac

extravasation (extra/vas/ation)

a process (of being) outside (a) blood vessel

exfoliation (ex/foli/ation)

a process (of taking) away from (the body cells that are like a) leaf

stretching

elast/o-

life

bi/o-

fungus

myc/o-

itching

psor/o-

small thing

-cle

resembling

-oid

sweating

diaphor/o-

hairy

hirsut/o-

bald

alopec/o-

within

intra-

skeletomuscular system (skeleto/muscul/ar)

Combined body system of the skeleton and muscles. Also known as the musculoskeletal system.

musculoskeletal system

Another name for the skeletomuscular system.

cartilage

Smooth, firm, but flexible connective tissue.

ligament

Fibrous band that holds two bone ends together in a synovial joint.

axial skeleton

Bones of the head, chest, and spine (back) around which other bones move.

parietal bones (pariet/al)

Bones that form the right and left sides of the top and back of the cranium.

occipital bone

Bone that forms the posterior base of the cranium.

temporal bones

Bones that form the right and left sides of the cranium.

mastoid process

Bony projection of the temporal bone behind the ear that is rounded and downward pointing (thought to resemble a breast).

maxilla

Upper jaw bone. It contains two maxillary bones fused together.

mandible

lower jaw bone

palatine bones

Facial bones that form the posterior part of the hard palate.

hyoid bone

U-shaped bone in the anterior neck.

fontanel

Soft spot on a baby’s head where the cranial sutures are still open. Also known as the soft spot.

The — is part of the temporal bone.

mastoid process

The cheeks are primarily the –.

maxilla

The — bone is located in the throat, not the head.

hyoid

In the newborn, the space between the cranial bones is a –.

frontanel

The — bones form the top and sides of the posterior skull.

parietal

The lower jawbone is called the –.

mandible

The — bone forms the forehead.

frontal

The jagged lines where skull bones fuse together are known as –.

sutures

The hard palate is made up of the — bones.

palatine

The bone with the foramen magnum is the — bone.

occipital

thoracic cavity

Hollow space that is surrounded by the bony thorax

sternum

Vertical bone of the anterior thorax to which the clavicle and ribs are attached. Also known as the breast bone.

xiphoid

Resembling a sword

vertebrae

Latin plural noun. Singular form is vertebra.

costal cartilage

Connective tissue that joins the ribs to the sternum.

cervical

pertaining to the neck

thoracic

Pertaining to the thorax (chest).

lumbar vertebrae

Five vertebrae in the lower back (L1-L5).

sacrum

Five fused vertebrae below the lumbar vertebrae.

coccyx

Group of several small, fused vertebrae below the sacrum. Also known as the tailbone.

atlas

First cervical vertebra (C1).

foramen

Hole in a bone through which something passes.

spinous process

Long, bony projection of a vertebra in the midline of a person’s back.

intervertebral disk

Circular structure between two vertebrae. It contains an inner gelatinous substance (nucleus pulposus).

nucleus pulposus

Inner (nucleus is the central part of a structure) part of an intervertebral disk that contains a gelatinous (pulpy) center.

clavicle

Horizontal bone in each shoulder that joins with the manubrium. Also known as the collar bone.

scapula

Latin singular noun. Plural form is scapulae.

scapulae

Latin plural noun. Singular form is scapula.

Gel-filled "pillow" between unfused vertebrae

nucleus pulposus

Alternately known as the collar bone

clavicle

Bone that has the xiphoid process

sternum

Name of the large, lower back bones

lumbar

Structure that attaches a rib to the sternum

costal cartilage

First cervical vertebra

atlas

Lateral bony projections from a vertebra

transverse processes

None of its three to five bones are numbered

coccyx

The 11th and 12th ribs

floating ribs

Also known as the shoulder blade

scapula

humerus

Bone of the upper arm.

radius

Forearm bone on the thumb side of the lower arm.

ulna

Forearm bone along the little finger side of the lower arm.

olecranon

Large, square, bony projection on the proximal ulna (point of the elbow).

carpal bones

Eight small bones of the wrist.

metacarpal bones

Five long bones of the hand, one corresponding to each finger.

phalanges

Greek plural noun. Singular form is phalanx.

Name for the wrist bones

carpals

Arm bone that has the elbow.

ulna

Medical name for finger bones

phalanges

Upper arm bone

humerus

Hand bones

metacarpals

Name for the elbow

olecranon process

Lower arm bone that is lateral

radius

Part of the head of the humerus

shoulder joint

pubic

Pertaining to the pubis (hip bone).

symphysis pubis

State of growing together (of a joint) in the pubic bone.

ilium

Most superior hip bone

acetabulum

Deep socket of the hip joint where the head of the femur joins the ilium.

femur

Bone of the upper leg. Also known as the thigh bone.

ischium

Most inferior hip bone

tibia

Larger of the two bones of the lower leg, located on the great toe side. Also known as the shin bone.

patella

Latin singular noun. Plural form is patellae.

fibula

Thinner of the two bones in the lower leg, located on the little toe side.

tarsal bones

Seven small bones in the ankle joint.

calcaneus

Largest of the ankle bones. Also known as the heel bone.

metatarsal bones

Five long bones of the midfoot, one corresponding to each toe.

skull

occipital temporal maxilla zygomatic bones parietal mastoid process

chest/shoulder

clavicle costal cartilage xiphoid process

arms/legs

carpals calcaneus ulna tibia humerus radius tarsals patella

spine/hip

coccyx pubic symphysis cervical ilium nucleus pulposus ischium

articulation

Being or having a joint.

synovial joint

Joint that is fully movable, lined with synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid, and has cartilage at the ends of the bones.

meniscus

Crescent-shaped cartilage pad found in some synovial joints like the knee.

diaphysis

The straight shaft of a long bone (humerus or femur).

epiphysis

One of the two widened ends of a long bone.

periosteum

Thick, fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone.

medullary (medull/ary)

Pertaining to the medulla. (inner region)

ossification

Action of changing into bone (from cartilaginous tissue).

osteocyte

Cell that maintains the mineral content of bone.

osteoclast

Cell that breaks down substances like bone.

osteoblast

Cell that forms new bone.

What type of joint is encased in a capsule and surrounded by fluid?

a synovial joint

What is the bone shaft called?

diaphysis

What is a cartilage pad in a joint called?

meniscus

What is the name of a band that holds two bones together?

ligament

Hallux valgus is often associated with a bunion.

true

Ewing’s sarcoma occurs mostly in young boys and men.

true

Osteoarthritis is an autoimmune disease that disfigures the joints.

false

A torn meniscus occurs in the knee joint.

true

Gout is due to a deficiency of vitamin D.

false

A compound fracture can result in osteomyelitis.

true

Colles’ fracture occurs right above the ankle

false

Lordosis can also be called swayback.

true

A person with bowlegs has knees that rotate outward.

true

A sprain is an overstretched muscle.

false

fracture

result of a breakup of bone.

osteoma

tumor of the bone

osteosarcoma

Tumor of the bone and connective tissue. Also known as osteogenic sarcoma.

osteoporosis

Abnormal condition of bone having small openings.

osteomyelitis

Inflammation or infection of the bone and the bone marrow.

osteomalacia

Condition of bone softening

kyphosis

Abnormal condition of an excessive posterior bent to the thoracic spine. Also known as humpback or hunchback.

lordosis

Abnormal condition of excessive, anterior curvature of the lumbar spine. Also known as swayback.

scoliosis

Abnormal condition of a curved (C-shaped or S-shaped) lateral curvature of the spine.

arthropathy

disease of a joint

arthralgia

condition of joint pain

osteoarthritis (osteo/arthr/itis)

Inflammation of the bone and joint. Also known as degenerative joint disease.

rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune disorder with the patient’s own antibodies attacking cartilage and connective tissue in the joints.

dislocation

Action of moving a bone away from its normal place within the joint.

gout

Metabolic disorder with an increased level of uric acid in the blood that produces crystals in the soft tissues and joints.

genu valgum

Congenital deformity of the position of the knees. Also known as knock-knee.

genu varum

Congenital deformity of the position of the knees. Also known as bowleg.

talipes equinovarus

Congenital deformity with one or both feet turned inward in a fixed position. Also known as clubfoot.

hallux valgus

Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes.

fractures

colles’ comminuted compound transverse compression greenstick hairline

bone diseases

osteoporosis osteomyelitis osteosarcoma ewing’s sarcoma lyme disease arthropathy osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis

skeleton/bone deformities

lordosis scoliosis clubfoot kyphosis bunion bowleg knock-knee

joint diseases

arthralgia sprain torn meniscus

arthrography

Process of recording the joint using contrast dye and x-rays.

densitometry

Process of measuring bone density. Also known as a DEXA scan, quantitative computerized tomography, or bone density testing.

reduction

Surgery to bring back the bone ends of a fracture and put them in place.

amputation

Action to surgically cut off part of an extremity.

prosthesis

Orthopedic device such as an artificial leg.

traction

Action of pulling

arthrocentesis

Procedure to puncture a joint and remove fluid.

arthroscopy

Process of using an instrument to examine a joint.

arthrodesis

Procedure to fuse together the bones in an unstable joint.

bunionectomy

Surgical removal of a bunion.

external fixation

Surgical procedure using an external orthopedic device to make a complicated fracture stable.

arthroplasty

Process of reshaping by surgery on a joint. Also known as joint replacement surgery.

Measuring the degree to which a joint can move

goniometry

Total replacement of the knee or hip joints

arthroplasty

X-ray procedure to determine bone density

DEXA

Procedure that can remove bone spurs

ESWT

Surgery is not done to align a fracture in this procedure

closed reduction

Example is a back brace

orthosis

X-ray, CT, or MRI follows injection of contrast dye into a joint

arthrography

Blood test to diagnose gout

uric acid

Using a needle to remove fluid from around a joint

arthrocentesis

Removal of part of the first metatarsal

bunionectomy

analgesic drug

Drug pertaining to being without the sensation of pain.

physical therapist

Allied health professional who develops treatment and rehabilitation plans using exercises and assistive devices (crutches, canes, wheelchairs).

orthopedist

One who specializes in producing straightness of the bones and muscles in a child or adult.

Nonsteroid drug that reduces inflammation

NSAID

Physician that works with patients who have degenerative joints

rheumatologist

Abbreviation for the disease of joint inflammation

OA

Abbreviation for an amputation of the knee and leg

AKA

Drug that can be injected directly into an inflamed joint

corticosteroid

Abbreviation for the lowest group of separate (nonfused) vertebrae

L1-L5

Abbreviation for a broken bone

Fx

Drug category for a drug that reduces pain

analgesic

upper jaw

maxilla

collar bone

clavicle

hand bone

metacarpal (meta/carp/al)

thigh bone

femur

cheek bone

zygoma

lower jaw

mandible

foot bone

metatarsal

tailbone

coccyx

lower leg bone

fibula

breast bone

sternum

softening

malac/o-

vertebra

spondyl/o-

straight

orth/o-

sieve

ethm/o-

across

trans-

rib

cost/o-

shin bone

tibi/o-

bone

osse/o-

limb

appendicul/o-

bad; inadequate

mal-

extracorporeal (extra/corpor/eal)

pertaining to outside of the body

spondylitis (spondyl/itis)

inflammation of vertebra

pathologic (patho/log/ic)

pertaining to disease by the study of

symphysis (sym/physis)

state of growing together

transverse (trans/verse)

to travel across

striated muscle

– Showing bands of color (actin and myosin) under a microscope – skeletal muscles

tendon

– connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone – Cordlike, nonelastic, white band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

fascia

Thin connective tissue that wraps around each muscle and joins with the tendon.

aponeurosis

Wide, white sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to a bone or other structure.

bursa

– pocket that contains synovial fluid – Latin singular noun. Plural form is bursae.

insertion

– Action of to put in. Endpoint of a muscle on a bone that moves as the muscle contracts – where the tendon of a muscle terminates

– Where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone
– where a skeletal muscle begins

origin

Type of muscle that lets the heart pump

cardiac

Sheet of fibrous material that attaches muscles to muscles

aponeurosis

Where a muscle attaches to a movable bone

insertion

Involuntary muscle found in blood vessels and organs

smooth

– Fibrous tissue that covers a muscle or group of muscles
– thin connective tissue sheet that wraps around each muscle

fascia

Cord-like fibrous tissue that attaches muscles to bones

tendon

Voluntary, striated muscle that moves bony parts

skeletal

extension

Action of straightening or extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or two body parts.

abduction

Action of moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

pronation

Action of turning the palm of the hand or the body face down.

adduction

Action of moving a body part toward the midline of the body.

supination (supinat/ion)

Action of lying on the back (of the hand).

flexion

Action of bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or two body parts.

inversion

Action to turn in; turning a body part inward.

eversion

Action of turning a body part outward.

rotation

Action of rotating (moving a body part around on its axis).

frontalis muscle

Muscle in the forehead that moves the forehead skin and eyebrows.

temporalis muscle

Muscle on the side of the head (temporal bone) that moves the mandible upward and backward.

orbicularis oculi muscle

Muscle around the eye that closes the eyelids.

orbicularis oris muscle

Muscle around the mouth that closes the lips.

sternocleidomastoid muscle

Muscle in the neck that goes from the sternum to the clavicle and mastoid process. It bends the head toward the sternum (flexion) and turns the head to either side (rotation).

deltoid muscle

Triangular-shaped muscle in the shoulder that raises and lowers the arm and moves the arm away from the body.

pectoralis major muscle

Muscle of the chest that moves the arm anteriorly and medially across the chest.

intercostal muscle

Two pairs of muscles between the ribs. One contracts to spread the ribs apart during inspiration; the other contracts to pull the ribs together during coughing or sneezing.

trapezius muscle

Trapezius-shaped muscle of the shoulder that raises the shoulder, pulls the shoulder blades together, elevates the clavicle, turns the head from side to side (rotation), and moves the head posteriorly.

latissimus dorsi muscle

Muscle of the back that moves the arm posteriorly and medially toward the vertebral column.

biceps brachii muscle

Muscle of the anterior upper arm. One end divides into two parts or heads. It bends the upper arm toward the shoulder and bends the lower arm toward the upper arm.

triceps brachii muscle

Muscle in the posterior upper arm. One end divides into three parts or heads. It straightens the lower arm

brachioradialis muscle

Muscle of the lower arm that bends the lower arm toward the upper arm (flexion).

Muscle that turns head to the side

sternocleidomastoid

Muscle used to wrinkle your brow

frontalis

Muscle that goes around your mouth

orbicularis oris

Sheet of tendon that joins frontalis to other muscles

aponeurosis

Muscle that closes the eyelids

orbicularis oculi

Muscle used to straighten the elbow

triceps brachii

Muscle that brings shoulders up to shrug

trapezius

Muscle that brings shoulders forward for a hug

pectoralis major

Muscle used to bring the lower arm up to the upper arm

brachioradialis

Girdle muscle of the lower back

latissimus dorsi

rectus abdominis muscle

Muscle of the abdomen that is straight up and down. It bends the upper body forward and compresses the anterior abdominal wall.

rectus femoris muscle

Muscle of the anterior upper leg. It bends the upper leg toward the abdomen and straightens the lower leg.

quadriceps femoris muscles

Group of four muscles in the anterior upper leg (the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis)

sartorius muscle

Muscle of the anterior upper leg. It bends the upper leg toward the abdomen and rotates it laterally.

gluteus maximus muscle

Muscle in the buttocks that is large. It moves the upper leg posteriorly and rotates it laterally

intramuscular

Pertaining to within a muscle.

gastrocnemius muscle (gastro/cnemius)

Muscle in the posterior lower leg that looks like a little stomach. It bends the foot downward.

The internal and external oblique muscles are on the abdominal surface.

false

The sartorius muscle is a wide, flat muscle on the posterior thigh.

false

The rectus abdominis is useful if you want to bow to an audience.

true

The gluteus maximus is the smallest posterior leg muscle.

false

The gastrocnemius muscle is the calf muscle.

true

The group of four anterior thigh muscles make up the quadriceps femoris.

true

The vastus lateralis and vastus medialis are on opposite sides of a leg.

true

The oblique muscles cross the thigh from inner to outer sides.

false

The hamstrings are a group of three posterior thigh muscles.

true

The rectus femoris helps to extend the knee.

true

fascicle

– Small bundle or cluster wrapped in fascia. A group of many muscle fibers – several muscle fibers that are grouped together

myofibril

Element of a muscle fiber that contains thin strands of actin and thick strands of myosin.

contraction

Action of a muscle to pull together

neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger that produces an effect in a nerve to send across to a muscle.

neuromuscular junction

Area (junction) where a nerve connects to a muscle fiber.

myopathy

Disease of the muscles

myalgia

Condition of muscle pain

myositis

Inflammation of a muscle

spasm

Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.

torticollis

Condition of the neck being in a twisted position. Also known as wryneck.

contracture

Result of a muscle being pulled together permanently.

hyperflexion (hyper/flex/ion)

Action of more than normal bending (flexion).

hyperextension

Action of more than normal straightening

atrophy

Process of development of loss of muscle bulk.

avulsion (a/vuls/ion)

Condition of the muscle or tendon tearing away from the bone.

fibromyalgia

Condition in which fibers in the muscles cause pain.

rhabdomyoma

Benign tumor with cells that are rod-shaped and occur in a muscle

rhabdomyosarcoma

Tumor (cancer with cells) that are rod-shaped and occur in muscle and connective tissue

muscular dystrophy

Genetic inherited disease due to a mutation of the gene that makes the muscle protein dystrophin. Without dystrophin, the muscles weaken and then atrophy. Symptoms appear in early childhood as weakness first in the lower extremities and then in the upper extremities.

myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune disorder with abnormal and rapid fatigue of the muscles, particularly the muscles of the face and eyelids.

Term for a muscle torn from the tendon or bone

avulsion

When a muscle receiving constant nerve stimulation can’t relax

contracture

Commonly known as a pulled muscle

strain

Injury to the muscles surrounding the head of the humerus

rotator cuff tear

Injury caused by rapid hyperflexion and hyperextension

whiplash

Muscle decreases in size and strength due to lack of movement

atrophy

General term for muscle disease

myopathy

Malignant tumor of a muscle

rhabdomyosarcoma

bradykinesia (brady/kines/ia)

Condition of slow movement.

dyskinesia

Condition of abnormal movement.

hyperkinesis

Abnormal condition of more than normal movement.

ataxia

Condition of being without coordination.

tremor

Small, involuntary, sometimes jerky, back-and-forth muscle movements.

bursitis

Inflammation or infection of a bursa.

tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon

ganglion

Greek singular noun. Plural form is ganglia.

dupuytren’s contracture

Result of a pulling together of the fascia in the palm of the hand into a permanent flexion deformity of the fingers.

What are slight, jerky muscle movements that are uncontrolled?

tremors

What are aching and tingling in the calves that occur during the night?

restless leg syndrome

What is a deforming contracture of the fingers?

Dupuytren’s contracture

What is the disorder of abnormally slow movements?

bradykinesia

What is a cyst that develops on a tendon?

ganglion

acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter between a nerve and a muscle.

antibody

Immunoglobulin produced by plasma cells.

creatine phosphokinase

Test to measure an enzyme that is released into the blood when muscle cells die

electromyography (EMG)

Process of recording the electricity in a muscle.

electromyogram (electro/myo/gram)

Record or picture of the electrical activity of a muscle.

reflex

Rapid, involuntary muscle reaction controlled by the spinal cord.

ganglionectomy

Surgical removal of a ganglion.

fasciectomy

Surgical removal of the fascia.

myorrhaphy

Procedure of suturing a muscle

tenorrhaphy

Procedure of suturing a tendon.

thymectomy

Surgical removal of the thymus.

Blood Tests

CPK-MM acetylcholine

Muscle Tests

electromyography

Medical Procedures or Devices

adaptive devices braces rehab exercises trigger point injections muscle strength test DTRs

Surgical Procedures

fasciectomy tenorrhaphy myorrhaphy muscle biopsy thymectomy ganglionectomy tenorrhaphy

nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)

Drugs that are not a corticosteroid but are against inflammation.

Use rest, ice, compression, and elevation to treat an injury

RICE

Nonsteroidal drug to reduce pain and inflammation

NSAID

Injury caused by repetition of movement over a period of time

RSI

Amount of movement that a joint can move

ROM

Genetic disorder resulting in muscles that weaken and atrophy

MD

Treatment for restless legs syndrome

dopamine stimulant drugs

Physicians order for a patient to be out of bed

OOB

Drugs used during abdominal surgery to relax muscles

neuromuscular blocking drugs

Abbreviation for the things that people do during the day

ADLs

Test to see how tendons respond when hit with a rubber hammer

DTR

osteopath

Person involved with disease of the bone.

osteopathy

Medical specialty related to disease of the bone.

chiropractor

Person who does manipulation and alignment of the body by using the hands to perform medical practice.

podiatrist

One who specializes in the foot’s medical treatment.

physiatrist

One who specializes in physical function medical treatment.

Treats foot disorders medically or surgically

podiatrist

Physician who treats disorders with nutrition, drugs, and surgery

osteopath

Specialist who uses vertebral column manipulation

chiropractor

Medical specialist in physical and rehab medicine

physiatrist

Allied health provider who uses pressure and muscle manipulation

massage therapist

nonstriated muscle

smooth muscle

center part where muscle mass is greatest

belly

bending

flex/o-

twisted position

tort/i-

lack of strength

asthen/o-

triangle

delt/o-

straightening

extens/o-

thumb

then/o-

forearm bone

radi/o-

coordination

tax/o-

rod shaped

rhabd/o-

masseter (masset/er)

thing that produces chewing

dermatomyositis (dermato/myos/itis)

inflammation of the skin and muscle

atrophic (a/troph/ic)

pertaining to without development

tenosynovitis (teno/synov/itis)

inflammation of the tendon and synovium

central nervous system (CNS)

Division of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Division of the nervous system that includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. It can be divided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

Brain

Largest organ of the central nervous system. It is located in the cranial cavity.

cranial cavity

Hollow space surrounded by the cranium (skull)

cranium

Domelike part of the skull.

cerebrum

Largest and most obvious part of the brain.

neuron

Structure of a single nerve cell

hemisphere

One half of the cerebrum, either the right or left side.

gyri

Latin plural noun. Singular form is gyrus.

sulci

Latin plural noun. Singular form is sulcus.

lobe

Large division of a structure, visible on its outer surface

frontal lobe

Lobe of the cerebrum that predicts future events and consequences. Exerts conscious control over the skeletal muscles. It contains the speech center. It contains the gustatory cortex for the sense of taste.

parietal lobe

Lobe of the cerebrum that receives sensory information about temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain from the skin and internal organs.

somatosensory

Having the function of body sensation.

temporal lobe

Lobe in the cerebrum that contains the auditory cortex and the olfactory cortex.

auditory cortex

Area in the temporal lobe of the brain that analyzes sensory information from the ears

olfactory cortex

Area in the temporal lobe that analyzes sensory information from the nose.

occipital lobe

Lobe of the cerebrum that analyzes sensory information from the eyes. Contains the visual cortex for the sense of sight.

visual cortex

Area in each occipital lobe. It merges images from both eyes to create a single image.

Voluntary skeletal muscles and gustatory cortex

frontal lobe

Ridges seen on the outside of the brain

gyri

Division containing the brain and spinal cord

CNS

Contains the somatosensory area

parietal lobe

Cord that connects the two brain hemispheres

corpus callosum

Contains the visual cortex

occipital lobe

Grooves seen on the outside of the brain

sulcus

Contains the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex

temporal lobe

All of the body’s nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

PNS

largest part of the brain

cerebrum

thalamus

Area in the center of the cerebrum that is a relay station for sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain.

hypothalamus

Structure below the thalamus

ventricle

Lower heart chamber

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Clear, colorless fluid that circulates through the subarachnoid space, brain, ventricles, and spinal cavity. It contains glucose and other nutrients. It is produced by the ependymal cells.

meninges

Three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

brainstem

Most inferior part of the brain that joins with the spinal cord. It is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

pons

Area of the brainstem that relays nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain.

medulla oblongata

Most inferior part of the brainstem that controls the respiratory rate and heart rate.

cerebellum

Small, rounded section that is inferior and posterior to the cerebrum. It receives sensory information about muscle tone and position. It makes adjustments to motor commands to coordinate movement.

pia mater

Thin, delicate innermost layer of the meninges that covers the surface of the brain.

subarachnoid space

Space below the arachnoid layer of the meninges. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

dura mater

Tough, outermost layer of the meninges.

The — helps to coordinate your typing.

cerebellum

Fluid-filled spaces in the brain are the –

ventrilces

The — is the uppermost part of the brainstem.

midbrain

The thin "tissue paper" protective layer over the brain is the

pia mater

The — the brain to the spinal cord.

brainstem

Respiratory and heart rates are regulated by the –.

medulla oblongata

The — are a triple layer of protection over the brain.

meninges

The equivalent of bubble-wrap packaging for the brain is the

arachmoid

The — bathes the brain with nutrients and also cushions it

CSF

The nervous and endocrine systems are linked together by the –.

hypothalamus

spinal cord

Part of the central nervous system. It begins at the medulla oblongata and extends down the spinal cavity.

cauda equina

Group of nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord that look like the tail of a horse.

epidural space

Area above the dura mater but before the vertebral body.

olfactory nerve

Cranial nerve I. A sensory nerve that brings sensory information from the nose to the olfactory cortex for the sense of smell.

optic nerve

Cranial nerve II. A sensory nerve that brings sensory information from the retina of the eyes to the brain.

oculomotor nerve

Cranial nerve III. Motor nerve that sends motor commands to move the eyeball, eyelid, and pupil.

trochlear nerve

Cranial nerve IV. Motor nerve that sends motor commands to move the eyeball

trigeminal nerve

Cranial nerve V. Sensory nerve that receives sensory information from the face and mouth. Motor nerve that sends commands to move the muscles for chewing. Contains three nerve branches: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve.

abducens nerve

Cranial nerve VI. Motor nerve that sends motor commands for movement of the eyeball.

facial nerve

Cranial nerve VII. Sensory nerve that receives sensory information for the sense of taste. Motor nerve that sends motor commands to move the facial muscles and contract the salivary glands.

vestibulocochlear nerve

Cranial nerve VIII. Sensory nerve that receives sensory information from the cochlea (in the inner ear) and balance (from the semicircular canals near the vestibule of the inner ear). Also known as the auditory nerve.

glossopharyngeal nerve

Cranial nerve IX. Sensory nerve that receives sensory information from the tongue and palate. Motor nerve that sends motor commands to the swallowing muscles and contracts the salivary glands.

vagus nerve

Cranial nerve X. Sensory nerve that receives sensory information (taste) from the tongue and palate. Motor nerve that sends motor commands to the heart, bronchi, and intestines.

accessory nerve

Cranial nerve XI. Motor nerve that sends motor commands to the muscles for swallowing and for the neck and upper back.

hypoglossal nerve

Cranial nerve XII. Motor nerve that sends motor commands to the tongue.

afferent nerve

Nerve that carries sensory nerve impulses from the body to the brain or spinal cord.

efferent nerve

Nerve that carries motor commands from the brain or spinal cord to the body.

spinal nerves

Thirty-one pairs of nerves from the spinal cord. An individual spinal nerve consists of dorsal nerve roots and ventral nerve roots.

The lowest part of the spinal cord is the

cauda quina

The 10th cranial nerve, to the chest and abdomen, is the — nerve.

vagus

There are — cervical spinal nerves.

eight

The second cranial nerve, the — nerve, is responsible for vision.

optic

Motor nerves are called — nerves.

effenrent

There are 31 pairs of — nerves.

spinal

There are 12 pairs of — nerves.

cranial

The sensory nerves are called — nerves.

afferent

Cranial nerves in order

olfactory optic oculomotor trigeminal facial vestibulocochlear vagus hypoglossal

SOMATIC NERVOUS Sytstem

Division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles.

autonomic nervous system

Division of the peripheral nervous system that controls contractions of involuntary muscles (heart, smooth muscles).

symapathetic division

Division of the autonomic nervous system that is active when the body is active or exercising. It uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

Hormone from the adrenal gland and neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system. It causes the heart to beat much faster than normal.

epinephrine

norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

neuron

Structure of a single nerve cell

neuroglia

Cells that provide support for nerves.

astrocyte

Cell that is a starlike structure.

phagocyte

Cell that is eating (engulfs bacteria and cellular debris).

microglia

Cells that provide support that are small. They move throughout the brain and spinal cord to destroy dead tissue and pathogens.

oligodendroglia (oligo/dendro/glia)

Cells that provide support to a neuron but have few branching structures. They produce myelin around the larger axons of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

ependymal cells

Specialized cells that line the walls of the ventricles and spinal canal and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

neuron

Structure of a single nerve cell

nucleus

Latin singular noun. Plural form is nuclei.

dendrite

Pertains to a branching structure.

axon

Single, elongated extension of cytoplasm at the end of a neuron.

myelinated (myelin/ated)

Composed of myelin

synapse

Space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron.

neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger that produces an effect in a nerve to send across to a muscle.

receptor

Thing that produces or receives.

Astrocytes create the blood-brain barrier to protect the brain.

true

Neural tissue contains two categories of cells: neurons and neurotransmitters.

false

The parasympathetic nervous system is active when you are reading a book.

true

The axon of a neuron is covered with myelin.

true

Digestion increases under sympathetic nervous system control.

false

Schwann cells create myelin for the peripheral nerves.

true

The reflex arc waits for the brain to move a body part.

false

Skeletal muscles are under the control of the autonomic nervous system.

false

Ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid.

true

Microglia eat bacteria.

true

cephalalgia (cephal/alg/ia)

Condition of the head having pain; a headache.

migraine headache

Recurring headache with a sudden onset with severe, throbbing pain.

cerebrovascular accident

Disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing tissue death. Also known as a stroke or brain attack.

infarction

Condition of having an area of dead tissue

hemiparesis

Muscle weakness on one side of the body caused by a cerebrovascular accident.

hemiplegia

Condition of one half of the body with paralysis.

aphasia (a/phas/ia)

State of being without speech.

dysphasia

Condition of difficult speech.

glioma

Tumor in the brain composed of cells that provide support.

astrocytoma

Tumor composed of starlike structure cells.

meningioma

meningioma

syncope

Temporary loss of consciousness.

narcolepsy

Seizure-like state of being unable to keep from going to sleep.

amnesia

Partial or total loss of long-term memory.

ischemic

Pertaining to a condition of the blood being kept back.

concussion

Condition caused by violent shaking or jarring of the head.

intracranial

Pertaining to within the cranium.

contusion

Condition of bruising

transection

Action of going across to cut.

paraplegia

Condition of two parts of a pair (arms and legs having) paralysis.

quadriplegia

Condition of four limbs with paralysis.

dementia

Condition of being without a mind.

senile dementia

Condition of being without the mind due to old age.

Alzheimer disease

Most common type of dementia.

Parkinson disease

Chronic, degenerative disease due to imbalance in neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain.

radiculopathy

Disease of the spinal nerve root.

herniated nucleus pulposus

Nucleus pulposis of the intervertebral disk is forced out disk wall. Also known as a slipped disk.

anesthesia

Condition of being without sensation or feeling.

paresthesia

Condition of abnormal sensation or feeling

hyperesthesia

State of more than normal response to sensations or feelings.

neuropathy

Any disease of the nerves

carpal tunnel syndrome

Syndrome of inflammation of the tendons in the carpal tunnel of the wrist.

neuralgia

Condition of the nerves (having) pain.

multiple sclerosis

Chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies against myelin.

Guillain-Barré syndrome

s an autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nerves and destroys the myelin. This results in muscle weakness that begins in the legs and can travel upward, even affecting the respiratory muscles. While patients recover in weeks or months, full function may not return.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Chronic, progressive disease of the motor neurons of the spinal cord pertaining to being without muscle development. Also known as Lou Gehrig disease.

alpha fetoprotein

Amniotic fluid test to diagnose neural tube defect

amniotic fluid

Fluid produced by the amnion that cushions the developing embryo and fetus.

meningocele

Hernia of the meninges (to the outside of the body)

meningomyelocele

Hernia of the meninges and spinal cord (through an abnormal opening in the vertebra). Also known as myelomeningocele.

cerebrospinal fluid

Clear, colorless fluid that circulates through the subarachnoid space, brain, ventricles, and spinal cavity. It contains glucose and other nutrients. It is produced by the ependymal cells.

Doppler ultrasonography

Ultrasonography that uses Doppler technology to record images and sounds of blood flow through an artery

angiography

Process of recording the image of a blood vessel using contrast dye and x-rays.

arteriography

Process of recording an artery using contrast dye and x-rays.

myelography

Process of recording an image of the spinal cord using a contrast dye.

electroencephalography

Process of recording the electrical activity of the brain.

polysomnography (poly/somno/graphy)

Process of recording many types of tests during sleep

lumbar puncture

Procedure to puncture with a needle to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing. Also known as a spinal tap.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Scale that measures the depth of a coma.

excisional biopsy

Procedure pertaining to cut out a piece of living tissue to examine it.

craniotomy

Process of cutting or making an incision into the cranium.

carotid endarterectomy

Surgical removal of plaque within the carotid artery.

diskectomy

Surgical removal of an intervertebral disk.

intervertebral disk

Circular structure between two vertebrae. It contains an inner gelatinous substance (nucleus pulposus).

herniated nucleus pulposus

Nucleus pulposis of the intervertebral disk is forced out disk wall. Also known as a slipped disk.

laminectomy

Surgical removal of the lamina (flat area on a vertebra)

hydrocephalus

Condition of the head having too much cerebrospinal fluid.

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Procedure to insert a shunt (tube) from the ventricle of the brain to the peritoneal cavity.

analgesic drug

Drug pertaining to being without the sensation of pain.

corticosteroid drug

Drug that is anti-inflammatory like corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex.

antiepileptic drug

Drug that is against seizures. Also known as an anticonvulsant drug.

Abbreviations

ALS CNS CP CSF CT CTS CVA EEG GCS HNP ICP LP REM SCI TENS TIA

neurologist

One who specializes in nerves and their study.

neurosurgeon

One who performs nerve operative procedures

Relay station between the body and cerebrum

thalamus

Membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord

meninges

Nerves that originate in the brain

cranial nerves

Largest part of the brain

cerebrum

Individual nerve cell

neuron

Connects the brain hemispheres

corpus callosum

Hollow chambers within the brain

ventricles

Posterior, smaller part of the brain

cerebellum

Folds of the cerebrum

gyri

Astrocyte is one type

neuroglia

front

ventr/o-

sleep

narc/o-

unconsciousness

comat/o-

hernia

-cele

sight

vis/o-

neck

nuch/o-

scanty; few

olig/o-

deficient

hypo-

word

lex/o-

rhizotomy (rhizo/tomy)

process of cutting the spinal nerve root

postictal (post/ict/al)

pertaining to after a seizure

neurologic (neuro/log/ic)

pertaining to nerves and study of them

presenile (pre/sen/ile)

pertaining to before old age

cerebrovascular (cerebro/vascul/ar)

pertaining to the cerebrum and blood vessels