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regardless of their size most rocks are made up of? |
Minerals |
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Five Specifications that are required for something to qualify as a mineral |
-solid -have an orderly atomic structure -have a recognized mineral composition -naturally occurring -Inorganic in orgin |
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Which of the following is a mineral? |
Ice |
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why is glass not considered a mineral |
has disorderly atomic structure |
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Principal mineral used in making glass |
Quartz |
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All of the following criteria define a mineral except: It is inorganic. |
It is organic |
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Which of the following substances is a mineral? amber |
Quartz |
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Which of the following is not part of the definition of a mineral? Naturally occurring |
Organic |
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A ________ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like materials. |
Rock |
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A rock can be composed of almost entirely one mineral. |
TRUE |
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There can be no variation of mineral composition in order for the substance to remain the same mineral. |
false |
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The ______ determines the chemical and physical properties of an atom. |
number of protons |
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An isotope of Oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What is the atomic mass of this isotope? |
18 |
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are groups of the same kinds of atoms that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means. |
Elements |
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What is the charge of a single proton? |
+1 |
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an atom is the smallest particle that cannot be split |
TRUE |
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What is an ion |
an atom that has more or fewer electrons than it should |
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According to the Octet Rule, atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by ________ valence electrons. |
8 |
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ionic Bond |
Complete transfer of electrons between atoms |
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Covalent bond |
Chemical bonds created by sharing a pair of electrons between atoms |
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The external expression of a mineral’s orderly internal arrangement of atoms is referred to as: |
its crystal form |
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the property of cleavage reflects |
mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within the mineral. |
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In the field, you find an unidentified mineral that is clear, exhibits conchoidal fracture, and can scratch glass. This mineral is most likely: |
Quartz |
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While studying some sedimentary rocks in your field area, you find a mineral with rhombohedral cleavage that reacts with hydrochloric acid. You determine that this mineral is: |
Calcite |
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What is fractional crystallization? |
crystallization of part of a magma, leaving behind melted rock with a different composition from the original magma |
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Why does magma composition change during fractional crystallization? |
Different elements in the magma form crystals at different rates, leaving behind more of the unused elements. |
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What type of magma would you expect to see after crystallization of minerals containing significant amounts of iron? |
a magma depleted in iron |
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Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between magma and crystals formed from that magma? |
the crystals are denser than the magma |
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Three primary ways minerals can form are |
-Biological Processes -Precipitation -Crystallization of molten material |
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Cleavage |
_____ is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness. |
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What causes a lack of cleavage in some minerals? |
bonds of equal strength in all directions |
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Which of the following exhibits three sets of cleavage at 90° angles? Calcite |
Galena |
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Hornblende has _____ cleavage planes at _____ angles. |
two; non-90° |
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Quartz exhibits |
conchoidal Fracture |
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The amount or quality of light that is reflected from a mineral surface is known as |
luster |
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What causes the same mineral to occur in varieties that are different colors? |
A small amount of impurities in the crystal structure. |
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What is streak |
The color of a powdered form of a mineral produced by rubbing it across a hard surface. |
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Since color is not a very useful way to identify a mineral, what other optical property or properties can be used? |
Luster and Streak |
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What is mineral habit? |
The shape a mineral grows into, given sufficient space |
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what discourages minerals from achieving habit? |
enclosed spaces |
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Crystal habit is the shape that a mineral develops by the repetition of_____ |
the basic unit cell of a mineral |
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Other than space what two additional factors are significant for a crystal to attain habit? |
Time and necessary elements |
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Suppose you found a mineral crystal that looked like topaz. What two minerals could you use in a scratch test to help determine if the mineral is indeed topaz? |
Corundum and Quartz |
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Hardness describes a minerals’s___ |
resistance to being scratched |
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What is the basic foundation of Moh’s hardness scale? |
if a mineral scratches an object, then the mineral is harder than the object |
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Hardest Mineral on the Moh’s scale |
Diamond |
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Softest Mineral on the Moh’s scale |
talc |
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What mineral is not scratched by a fingernail, but is scratched by a copper penny? |
Calcite |
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all minerals have Cleavage |
false |
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Color is a reliable identification technique for minerals |
false |
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The addition of _____ influences a mineral’s color |
trace elements |
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states that the angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same mineral are always the same |
Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles |
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Polymorphs are minerals that will have two identical mineral structures, but different chemical compositions. |
false |
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what pairs of elements are the most abundant in the continental crust? |
Silicon and Oxygen |
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Only eight elements make up the vast majority of rock-forming minerals. Which of the following elements is not one of the eight? |
Sulfur |
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The ________ are the mineral class that accounts for more than 90% of the Earth’s crust. |
Silicates |
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Which of the following is a basic structural component of the most common mineral group? A carbonate ion |
A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron *this mineral group includes quartz, olivine, feldspars, micas, pyroxene, and amphibole |
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Ferromagnesian minerals are those that contain a great deal of ________. |
Magnesium and Iron |
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Quarts has only one color |
false |
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Ferromagnesian minerals have a higher specific gravity than nonferromagnesian minerals. |
TRUE |
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