GEOG 155 Final Exam

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Which of the following methods most governs geography? – location analysis – physical analysis – spatial analysis – place analysis – geological analysis	spatial analysis
Which of the following statements is correct? -Vancouver, B.C. is in the midlatitude latitudinal zone. -Dunedin, N.Z. is in the subtopical latitudinal zone. -Winnipeg, Manitoba is in the subarctic latitudinal zone. -Miami, FL is in the equatorial latitudinal zone. -Longyearbyen, Svalbard is in the subarctic latitudinal zone.	Vancouver, B.C. is in the midlatitude latitudinal zone.
In 2005, Hurricane Wilma moved from 16° N to 42° N as a hurricane. Which latitudinal zones did it travel through? -equatorial, subtropical, and midlatitude -equatorial and subtropical -midlatitude and subarctic -only equatorial -only subtropical	equatorial, subtropical, and midlatitude
The major decision in selecting a map projection is deciding between ___________. -spherical shape and planar shape – true shape and true distance -equal area and true shape -equal area and equivalence -true shape and conformality	equal area and true shape
A scale of 1:24,000 is regarded as – a small scale compared to a scale of 1:20,900,000. – a large scale. – an intermediate scale. – a scale appropriate for a world globe.	a large scale.
If you wanted a map with a lot of detail of a small area you would want a – a small scale map. – a large scale map. – an intermediate scale. – a world globe.	a large scale map.
The globe is the only map that accurately portrays all spatial relationships characteristic of Earth’s surface. True False	True
Areas that display a degree of uniformity are called regions. True False	True
The massive oil spill from the Deepwater Horizon falls within which of the five themes? -location – place – human-Earth relationships – movement – regions	human-Earth relationships
A great circle is – a circle of circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth. – the longest distance between two places on the surface of Earth. – any parallel of latitude. – a correct magnetic compass direction on a flat map.	a circle of circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth.
Passive remote sensing platforms include all but _____. – aerial photography – Radarsat-1 – Landsat satellite imagery – GOES satellite imagery	Radarsat-1
The larger the scale of a map, the __________ the area covered by the map and the __________ detail it provides. – larger; more – larger; less – smaller; more – smaller; less	smaller; more
The meridian opposite of Earth’s prime meridian (0° longitude) is called – secondary meridian. – the anti-meridian. – the International Date Line. – the equator.	the International Date Line.
If a clock on a ship indicates that it is 2:00 P.M. in its home port, while another clock on the ship indicates that it is 12:00 noon at the ship’s present location, what is the difference in longitude between the ship’s position and its home port? – The ship is 2° east of its home port. – The ship is 30° west of its home port. – The ship is 30° east of its home port. – The ship is 2° west of its home port. – The ship is 45° west of its home port.	The ship is 30° west of its home port.
A physical geographer would study – the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland. – the effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster. – the 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti in 2010. – All of the above.	All of the above.
If it is July 3rd in Tokyo (139° E), it is July 4th in Los Angeles (118° W) True False	False
When did our Solar System begin to form? – 5 trillion years ago – 5 billion years ago – 5 million years ago – 5000 years ago	5 billion years ago
How did our Solar System begin to form? – A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity. – A large cloud of dust and gas began to expand under the force of gravity. – A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of magnetism. – A large cloud of dust and gas began to expand under the force of magnetism.	A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.
What is a nebula? – a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space – a large, concentrated cloud of dust and gas in space – a large, concentrated cloud of dust and liquid in space – a large, diffuse cloud of dust and liquid in space	a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space
Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally? – thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse – thermal energy that was converted from the magnetic energy of the original nebula collapse – ultraviolet energy that was converted from the magnetic energy of the original nebula collapse – ultraviolet energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse	thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
The planets in the solar system are believed to have formed as a result of a process known as __________ which is caused by __________. – acceleration; centrifugal force – accretion; gravity – fission; gravity – fusion; gravity – accretion; centrifugal	accretion; gravity
Light travels at a speed of approximately – 80,500 kilometers per hour (50,000 mph). – 300,000 kilometers per hour (186,336 mph). – 1,000,000,000 kilometers per second (621,118,012 miles per second). – 300,000 kilometers per second (186,333 miles per second).	300,000 kilometers per second (186,333 miles per second).
Earth is farthest from the Sun at perihelion and closest at aphelion. True False	False
Which of the following statements regarding solar wind is correct? – Sunspot activity varies randomly, but the total number in any year is roughly constant. – The solar wind consists of electrically charged particles. – The solar wind is guided toward Earth’s surface by the magnetosphere. – Solar wind causes the aurora borealis over the southern hemisphere. – The auroras always appear as a reddish glow in the upper atmosphere.	The solar wind consists of electrically charged particles.
During the process by which energy is produced inside of stars, – helium is fused together to form hydrogen. – hydrogen is fused together to form helium. – hydrogen splits to form helium. – helium splits to form hydrogen.	hydrogen is fused together to form helium.
Radio waves have a __________ wavelength than visible light and are therefore __________ energetic. – longer; more – longer; less – shorter; less – shorter; more	longer; less
Which of the following is true of the Sun’s electromagnetic spectrum? – It consists exclusively of radiant energy made of gamma ray, X-ray, and ultraviolet wavelengths. – It is capable of sustaining life on Earth even though some portions of the spectrum are actually harmful to living organisms. – It consists exclusively of streams of charged particles. – It consists exclusively of visible light and infrared energy.	It is capable of sustaining life on Earth even though some portions of the spectrum are actually harmful to living organisms.
Which of the following sequences is arranged in order from shorter wavelength to longer wavelength? – X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared – infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays – gamma rays, microwaves, visible, X-rays – radio waves, light, heat, X-rays	X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared
The June solstice is ______________. – the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun – the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun – the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North and South Poles are leaning in similar ways toward the Sun	the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun
How does the inclination of Earth’s axis (relative to the plane of its orbit) change over the course of a year? – The inclination of Earth’s axis does not change. – The inclination of Earth’s axis becomes steeper. – The inclination of Earth’s axis becomes shallower. – The inclination of Earth’s axis becomes longer. – The inclination of Earth’s axis becomes shorter.	The inclination of Earth’s axis does not change.
The December solstice is ____________. – the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun – the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun – the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North and South Poles are leaning in similar ways toward the Sun	the time of the year when Earth’s geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun
Which of the following statements about Earth’s solstices is correct? – The December solstice is the time of year when Earth’s geographic South Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun. – The December solstice is the time of year when Earth’s geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun. – The December equinox is the time of year when Earth’s geographic South Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun. – The December equinox is the time of year when Earth’s geographic South Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun.	The December solstice is the time of year when Earth’s geographic South Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun.
When are the Sun’s rays perpendicular to Earth’s surface at the equator? – during the December and March solstices – during the June and September equinoxes – during the December solstice and June solstice – during the March equinox and September equinox	during the March equinox and September equinox
Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year? – at the equator – within ten degrees of the North Pole – within ten degrees of the South Pole – at the Tropic of Capricorn – at the Tropic of Cancer	at the equator
When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night? – March equinox – March solstice – December equinox – December solstice	March equinox
Which of the following statements regarding the seasons is correct? – The Sun’s altitude refers to its distance from Earth. – Earth’s axial tilt is about 40°. – The rotational velocity of Earth at the equator is 40,075 kmph (24,902 mph). – Alaska is the only U.S. state to receive sunlight at a 90° angle. – The five factors that give rise to the seasons are revolution, rotation, tilt, axial parallelism, and sphericity	The five factors that give rise to the seasons are revolution, rotation, tilt, axial parallelism, and sphericity
The Sun is directly overhead north of 23.5° north latitude twice a year. True False	False
On June 21, the Sun never sets at Finn’s location. Based on this, it can be concluded that Finn lives – between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. – between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. – above the Arctic Circle. – below the Antarctic Circle.	above the Arctic Circle.
The equinox – occurs four times during the year. – is the longest day of the year at any given place. – has 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night for all locations. – is when the subsolar point is at one of the tropics.	has 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night for all locations.
Which of the following accurately describes Earth’s distance from the Sun? – The Earth-Sun distance averages 150 million kilometers (93 million miles). – It takes light an average of 8 minutes and 20 seconds to travel from the Sun to Earth. – Earth is closer to the Sun in January (perihelion) and farther away in July (aphelion). – All of these are correct.	All of these are correct.
How much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth’s surface? – little of the ultraviolet radiation – most of the ultraviolet radiation – some of the ultraviolet radiation – none of the ultraviolet radiation – almost all of the ultraviolet radiation	little of the ultraviolet radiation
What is another name for the ozone layer? – ozonosphere – stratosphere – troposphere – ionosphere – oxysphere	ozonosphere
How is ozone formed in the stratosphere? – Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone. – Ultraviolet radiation creates molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone. – Ultraviolet radiation creates molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. These paired oxygen atoms bond with other paired oxygen molecules to form ozone. – Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. These paired oxygen atoms bond with other paired oxygen molecules to form ozone.	Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone.
What is ozone? – a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms – a molecule made up of two oxygen atoms – a molecule made up of one oxygen atom – a molecule made up of four oxygen atoms	a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms
How do CFCs cause ozone depletion? – Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFCs, molecules containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule. – Ultraviolet radiation creates CFCs, molecules containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule. – Ultraviolet radiation creates CFCs, molecules containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks two oxygen atoms away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule. – Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFCs, molecules containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks two oxygen atoms away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule.	Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFCs, molecules containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule.
What would happen to the oxygen atoms in ozone if the ozone layer were completely destroyed by ultraviolet radiation? – The oxygen atoms would be bound together in pairs. – The oxygen atoms would be bound together in triplets. – The oxygen atoms would be isolated as single atoms. – The oxygen atoms would be destroyed.	The oxygen atoms would be bound together in pairs.
When classified by temperature, what are the layers of the atmosphere? – homosphere and heterosphere – troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere – ozonosphere and ionosphere – D layer, E layer, and the F1 and F2 layers	troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere
Based on composition, the atmosphere is divided into – one continuous region. – the troposphere and the stratosphere. – two functional areas that absorb radiation from the Sun. – two broad classifications: homosphere and heterosphere.	two broad classifications: homosphere and heterosphere.
The highest temperatures in the atmosphere occur in the __________ because __________. – thermosphere; it is in direct contact with high energy solar radiation – stratosphere; methane is such an effective greenhouse gas – thermosphere; carbon dioxide has accumulated to very high levels in this layer – troposphere; infrared radiation from the ground heats this layer more than any other layer – mesosphere; high intensity solar radiation causes strong chemical reactions with ozone, and this heats the layer to very high temperatures.	thermosphere; it is in direct contact with high energy solar radiation
Which stable (nonvariable) gas in the atmosphere is derived from the radioactive decay of potassium-40 (40K)? – argon – krypton – oxygen – carbon dioxide	argon
Temperatures decrease with increasing altitude in what two atmospheric layers? – troposphere and stratosphere – troposphere and mesosphere – stratosphere and mesosphere – stratosphere and thermosphere – None of the above – temperature decreases with increasing altitude in all layers of the atmosphere.	troposphere and mesosphere
Which of the following is not true of the ozone hole? – It is twice as large as the continent of Antarctica. – The amount of ozone depletion has grown worse over the last few years. – Thousands of people die each year in North America as a result of skin cancers – some of which can be attributed to ozone depletion. – Ozone loss is occurring over the midlatitudes as well as over the polar regions. – The amount of ozone depletion is greatest over the northern polar regions.	The amount of ozone depletion is greatest over the northern polar regions.
Increased levels of ultraviolet light at Earth’s surface – pose a threat of skin cancer to all races. – are related to an increasing rate of skin cancer. – have been identified as causing damage to oceanic life forms. – are tied to the general reduction in stratospheric ozone. – All of these are correct.	All of these are correct.
The main ingredients in photochemical smog are – PAN, nitric acid, and carbon monoxide. – ozone, PAN, and nitric acid. – ozone, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide. – PAN, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.	ozone, PAN, and nitric acid.
Which of the following statements about air pollution is correct? – Anthropogenic sources of air pollution produce a greater quantity of pollutants than natural sources. – Temperature inversions act to increase vertical mixing of the atmosphere. – Dust carried on the wind from South America contributes to the soils of Africa. – Arctic haze is mainly caused by high-latitude volcanoes. – Cross-boundary drift of pollution was an issue that played a role in the formation of the EU.	Cross-boundary drift of pollution was an issue that played a role in the formation of the EU.
Temperature inversions occur – when surface temperatures are higher than overlying layers of air. – when surface temperatures are lower than warmer overlying air. – when there is good air drainage and ventilation of the surface air. – during episodes of reduced air pollution.	when surface temperatures are lower than warmer overlying air.
The single major source for photochemical reactants in the United States are – automobiles. – electrical generation stations. – steel mills and the agricultural industry. – rapid transit, buses, and excessive use of light rail systems.	automobiles
The atmosphere exerts an average force of approximately 1 kg/cm2 (14.7 lbs/in2) at sea level. True False	True
Problems with air pollution occurred as far back in time as the Roman period (2000 years ago). True False	True
The Clean Air Act has not been cost effective. True False	False
Only some shortwave radiation from the Sun reaches Earth’s surface. What is the leading cause of this radiation loss? – reflection by clouds – absorption by clouds – absorption by greenhouse gases – absorption by ozone – scattering by air	reflection by clouds
How much of the Sun’s incoming radiation is scattered or reflected back to space before any heating effect is felt on Earth? – 7% – 18% – 21% – 31% – 69%	31%
How much of the Sun’s incoming radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface? – 18% – 20% – 25% – 45% – 48%	45%
What would happen to Earth’s atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun decreased and was less than the longwave radiation lost to space? – Atmospheric temperature would decrease. – Atmospheric temperature would increase. – Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.	Atmospheric temperature would decrease.
What would happen to Earth’s atmospheric temperature if the amount of outgoing longwave radiation decreased so that it was less than incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun? – Atmospheric temperature would increase. – Atmospheric temperature would decrease. – Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.	Atmospheric temperature would increase.
What would happen to Earth’s atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun was the same as the longwave radiation lost to space? – Atmospheric temperature would remain the same. – Atmospheric temperature would increase. – Atmospheric temperature would decrease.	Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.
What would happen to Earth’s atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected at Earth’s surface increased significantly? – Atmospheric temperature would decrease. – Atmospheric temperature would increase. – Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.	Atmospheric temperature would decrease.
What would happen to Earth’s atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected by clouds decreased significantly? – Atmospheric temperature would increase. – Atmospheric temperature would decrease. – Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.	Atmospheric temperature would increase.
Mirages (such as the appearance of "water" on a dry, hot road) are caused by – differences in the air temperature of layers near the surface. – differences in the air density of layers near the surface. – refraction. – all of the above. – refraction and differences in the air density of layers near the surface only.	all of the above.
The albedo of a surface is a measure of which of the following processes? – transmission – scattering – reflection – solar radiation receipt	reflection
An increase in the amount of high altitude, thin clouds would – cool the planet in a process called cloud-albedo forcing. – have no effect on the planet’s temperature because insolation is constant. – warm the planet in a process called cloud-greenhouse forcing.	warm the planet in a process called cloud-greenhouse forcing.
A vertical air current that is generated by temperature-induced density differences is an example of heat transfer by – advection. – convection. – conduction. – transmission. – diffusion.	convection
The Earth-atmosphere energy budget __________. – shows a 31% imbalance between incoming and outgoing energy – does not include energy reflected back to space – shows that 45% of the energy comes directly to the surface – shows net surpluses at the equator and net deficits at the poles – includes only energy in from the Sun and energy out from Earth	shows net surpluses at the equator and net deficits at the poles
The analogy of a greenhouse is – a useful, but inaccurate model since atmospheric gases do not trap, but absorb heat. – exactly how the Earth-atmosphere system operates. – completely unrelated to our Earth-atmosphere system, and should never have been used to describe global warming. – not discussed in the chapter.	a useful, but inaccurate model since atmospheric gases do not trap, but absorb heat.
On the average, which of the following is true regarding the distribution of shortwave and longwave energy at Earth’s surface by latitude? – The equatorial zone is a region of net deficits. – The distribution shows an imbalance of net radiation from equator to poles. – The polar regions are areas of net surpluses. – More energy is lost than is gained in the equatorial regions.	The distribution shows an imbalance of net radiation from equator to poles.
Which of the following statements regarding clouds and Earth’s "greenhouse" is correct? – High-altitude cirrus clouds act to cool the troposphere. – All clouds reflect an equal amount of insolation. – Cloud-greenhouse forcing is caused by all types of clouds. – Cloud-albedo forcing is caused by lower, thicker clouds.	Cloud-albedo forcing is caused by lower, thicker clouds.
Areas with high sensible heat and high latent heat __________. – have high temperatures and high humidity – have low temperatures and high humidity. – have high temperatures and low humidity – have low temperatures and low humidity	have high temperatures and high humidity
Which of the following climatic factors decreases as a result of urbanization? – clouds and fog – annual mean temperatures – relative humidity – precipitation – wind speeds	relative humidity
Which of the following would be true for the net radiation balance in a midlatitude location? – Net R is constant throughout the year. – There is a deficit of Net R during the summer and a surplus during the winter. – There is a surplus of Net R during the summer and a deficit during the winter. – The season at which surpluses and deficits occur varies from one year to the next.	There is a surplus of Net R during the summer and a deficit during the winter.
When water evaporates, the energy that was used to evaporate the water – is stored as sensible heat in the evaporated water. – is stored as latent heat in the evaporated water. – is transferred to the air by advection when the water evaporates. – is conducted into the underlying layer of water.	is stored as latent heat in the evaporated water.
The daily temperature curve exhibits a lag of about three hours relative to the insolation curve. True False	True
Which of the following is true regarding global temperatures? – While temperatures are increasing, the rate of change is decreasing. – Human society appears to be causing short-term changes in global temperatures and temperature patterns. – Short-term changes appear to be beyond human influence. – The climate of Earth will remain completely stable over the long term.	Human society appears to be causing short-term changes in global temperatures and temperature patterns.
As the kinetic energy of the air increases, – its temperature increases. – its temperature decreases. – its temperature is unaffected. – its temperature may either increase or decrease depending upon the circumstances.	its temperature increases.
The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales only coincide at: – -40°. – -273°. – 0°. – 212°.	-40°.
Monthly mean temperatures are made by taking the average of the highest and lowest temperatures of the month. True False	False
Official temperature measurements are made in white, sealed boxes with an albedo of 31%. True False	False
The principal controls and influences of temperature patterns include – Earth’s tilt, rotation, revolution, and sphericity. – specific heat only. – land-water heating differences only. – latitude, altitude, land-water heating differences, cloud cover, ocean currents, and surface conditions.	latitude, altitude, land-water heating differences, cloud cover, ocean currents, and surface conditions.
The single most important control on temperature is – altitude. – latitude. – distribution of land and water. – evaporation.	latitude
In general, as distance from the subsolar point increases, the average annual insolation __________ and the average annual temperature __________. – increases; increases – increases; decreases – decreases; decreases – decreases; increases	decreases; decreases
Which of the following is true regarding clouds? – They increase temperature minimums and temperature maximums. – They cover about 15 percent of Earth’s surface at any one time. – They have a moderating influence on temperatures. – They decrease nighttime temperatures and increase daytime temperatures.	They have a moderating influence on temperatures.
Which of the following statements regarding the effects of elevation on temperature is correct? – Higher elevations experience higher temperatures during the day because they are closer to the Sun. – Higher elevations have higher daily temperature ranges. – Temperatures at night, and in the shadows, are greater at higher elevations. – The density of the air increases with increasing elevation. – Higher elevations have higher annual average temperatures.	Higher elevations have higher daily temperature ranges.
Our individual perception of temperature is termed – the heat index. – air temperature. – apparent temperature, or sensible temperature. – sensible heat.	apparent temperature, or sensible temperature.
As reported by the National Weather Service, the heat index – gives you an indication of the effect of wind on the skin. – combines air pressure and temperature in a comfort index. – relates temperature and relative humidity. – is generally reported during critical winter months.	relates temperature and relative humidity.
The thermal equator refers to the unchanging warm temperatures at the equator. True False	False
Air pressure at 5500 m (18,000 ft.) is __________ (percent) of that at sea level. – 0 – 10 – 30 – 50	50
Which of the following regions would have the greatest range of temperatures? – Orlando, Florida – central Nevada – Hawaii – Siberia, Russia – Seattle, Washington	Siberia, Russia
Normal sea-level air pressure is _____. – 760 millibars – 29.92 millibars – 1013.2 millibars – 29.92 cm of mercury	1013.2 millibars
Air flow is initiated by the – Coriolis force. – centrifugal force. – friction force. – pressure gradient force.	pressure gradient force.
An increase in air pressure will cause the mercury in a barometer to __________. – rise – fall – freeze – none of the above – barometers do not measure air pressure	rise
Which of the following does not cause the height of the column of mercury in a barometer to change? – changes in the weight of the air – changes in the temperature of the air – changes in the force exerted by the vacuum inside the top of the barometer’s tube – changes in the pressure of the air exerted on the mercury in the barometer’s pan	changes in the force exerted by the vacuum inside the top of the barometer’s tube
How would a moving object in Earth’s atmosphere be deflected as a result of Earth’s rotation? – to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere – to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere – to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere – to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere	to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
What is the Coriolis Effect? – the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere – the deflection of moving objects to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere – the deflection of moving objects to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere – the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere	the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator? – toward the right – toward the left – toward the equator – toward the North Pole	toward the right
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the South Pole toward the equator? – toward the left – toward the right – toward the equator – toward the South Pole	toward the left
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator? – toward the west – toward the east – toward the south – toward the north	toward the west
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the West Coast of the United States toward the East Coast of the United States? – toward the south – toward the east – toward the west – toward the north	toward the south
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the East Coast of the United States toward the West Coast of the United States? – toward the north – toward the east – toward the west – toward the south	toward the north
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the east coast of South Africa toward the west coast of South Africa? – toward the south – toward the east – toward the west – toward the north	toward the south
Which direction would an airplane deflect if flying across South Africa from the west coast to the east coast? – toward the north – toward the east – toward the west – toward the south	toward the north
How does wind generally move? – From areas of higher atmospheric pressure toward areas of lower atmospheric pressure – From areas of lower atmospheric pressure toward areas of higher atmospheric pressure	From areas of higher atmospheric pressure toward areas of lower atmospheric pressure
What causes the pressure gradient force? – The difference in atmospheric pressure from one location to another – The earth’s rotation – Interaction between wind and surrounding atmosphere	The difference in atmospheric pressure from one location to another
What causes the Coriolis force? – The earth’s rotation – The difference in atmospheric pressure from one location to another – Interaction between wind and surrounding atmosphere	The earth’s rotation
How does the Coriolis force deflect objects in the atmosphere, relative to their original paths? – To the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere – To the left in the Northern Hemisphere and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere – To the left in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere – To the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere	To the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
What causes friction forces? – Interaction between wind and surrounding atmosphere – The difference in atmospheric pressure from one location to another – The earth’s rotation	Interaction between wind and surrounding atmosphere
How would wind move if Coriolis and friction forces did not exist? – Wind would move directly from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low atmospheric pressure. – Wind would move straight up in the atmosphere. – Wind would not move. – Wind would curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.	Wind would move directly from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low atmospheric pressure.
How would wind move if pressure gradient and friction forces did not exist? – Wind would curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. – Wind would not move. – Wind would move straight up in the atmosphere. – Wind would move directly from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low atmospheric pressure.	Wind would not move.
How would wind move if pressure gradient and Coriolis forces did not exist? – Wind would not move. – Wind would move straight up in the atmosphere. – Wind would curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. – Wind would move directly from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low atmospheric pressure.	Wind would not move.
A isoline of equal pressure plotted on a weather map is known as – an isotherm. – an equilibrium line. – an isobar. – the thermal equator.	an isobar.
Air flows __________ a surface high pressure area because the density of the air in the high pressure zone is __________ than that of the surrounding air. – into; more dense – out of; more dense – into; less dense – out of; less dense	out of; more dense
What is a cyclone? – a center of low atmospheric pressure – a center of high atmospheric pressure – a center of high atmospheric temperature – a center of low atmospheric temperature	a center of low atmospheric pressure
Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? – in a counterclockwise direction – in a clockwise direction – toward the North Pole – toward the South Pole – toward the equator	in a counterclockwise direction
Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? – in a clockwise direction – in a counterclockwise direction – toward the North Pole – toward the South Pole – toward the equator	in a clockwise direction
How does air move near the top of a cyclone? – in the same direction as air in the upper atmosphere – in the opposite direction to air in the upper atmosphere – in the same direction as air in the lower atmosphere – in the opposite direction to air in the lower atmosphere	in the same direction as air in the upper atmosphere
Why are cyclones generally associated with clouds and rain? – Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it rises. – Air in cyclones undergoes warming as it rises. – Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it falls. – Air in cyclones undergoes warming as it falls.	Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it rises.
What is an anticylone? – a center of high atmospheric pressure – a center of low atmospheric pressure – a center of high atmospheric temperature – a center of low atmospheric temperature	a center of high atmospheric pressure
Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? – down, and in a clockwise direction – down, and in a counterclockwise direction – up, and in a clockwise direction – up, and in a counterclockwise direction	down, and in a clockwise direction
Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? – down, and in a counterclockwise direction – down, and in a clockwise direction – up, and in a clockwise direction – up, and in a counterclockwise direction	down, and in a counterclockwise direction
Why are anticyclones not generally associated with clouds and rain? – Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends. – Air in anticyclones undergoes cooling as the air descends. – Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air rises. – Air in anticyclones undergoes cooling as the air rises.	Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends.
Where are Hadley cells found? – in the atmosphere near the equator – in the atmosphere near the poles – in the water near the equator – in the water near the poles	in the atmosphere near the equator
What drives Hadley cell circulation? – heating from the Sun – heating from volcanism – pressure from air systems – pressure from wind patterns	heating from the Sun
How does the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) change over time? – The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer. – The ITCZ migrates north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer. – The ITCZ migrates north of the equator in winter and south of the equator in summer. – The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in winter and north of the equator in summer.	The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer.
When would you expect the low-pressure cell over the North Pole to be most developed? – during the Northern Hemisphere winter – during the Northern Hemisphere summer – during the Northern Hemisphere fall – during the Northern Hemisphere spring	during the Northern Hemisphere winter
Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation? – areas near the ITCZ – areas near the subtropical highs – areas near the polar front	areas near the ITCZ
What two features are many of Earth’s deserts associated with? – the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents – the subtropical lows and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents – the subtropical lows and warm ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents – the subtropical highs and warm ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents	the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents
What process cools air as it rises above the equator? – adiabatic cooling – convective cooling – advective cooling – conductive cooling – subductive cooling	adiabatic cooling
What is a Hadley cell? – a large convection cell of air that rises near the equator due to heating of air – a large convection cell of air that rises near the equator due to the Coriolis Effect – a large convection cell of ocean water that rises near the equator due to heating of water – a large convection cell of ocean water that rises near the equator due to the Coriolis Effect	a large convection cell of air that rises near the equator due to heating of air
What is the intertropical convergence zone? – the region of rising air and low pressure near the equator – the region of rising air and high pressure near the equator – the region of falling air and low pressure near the equator – the region of falling air and high pressure near the equator	the region of rising air and low pressure near the equator
What type of weather would you expect to encounter along the intertropical convergence zone? – cloudy conditions and high rainfall – cloudy conditions and moderate rainfall – cloudy conditions and low annual rainfall – mixed cloudy and clear conditions and high rainfall – mixed cloudy and clear conditions and low rainfall	cloudy conditions and high rainfall
What features are found near the subtropical high-pressure systems? – large desert systems – large lake systems – large rain systems – large organic-material-rich systems – large Coriolis systems	large desert systems
Where on Earth would you find the trade winds and the westerlies? – The trade winds occur between 30º N and 30º S. The westerlies occur in the midlatitude regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. – The trade winds occur in the midlatitude regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The westerlies occur between 30º N and 30º S. – The trade winds occur in the polar regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The westerlies occur between 30º N and 30º S. – The trade winds occur between 30º N and 30º S. The westerlies occur in the polar regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.	The trade winds occur between 30º N and 30º S. The westerlies occur in the midlatitude regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Where are the antitrade winds located? – above the trade winds – below the trade winds – next to the trade winds – behind the trade winds – in front of the trade winds	above the trade winds
What type of weather would you expect to encounter along the polar front? – cloudy conditions and abundant precipitation – clear conditions and little precipitation – cloudy conditions and little precipitation – clear conditions and abundant precipitation	cloudy conditions and abundant precipitation
Where are the jet streams located? – The subtropical jet is located above the subtropical high, and the polar jet is located above the Polar Front. – The subtropical jet is located above the subtropical low, and the polar jet is located above the polar high. – The subtropical jet is above the boundary between trade winds and easterlies, while the polar jet is above the boundary between westerlies and easterlies. – The subtropical jet is above the boundary between the trade winds and the westerlies, and the polar jet is located above the polar high.	The subtropical jet is located above the subtropical high, and the polar jet is located above the Polar Front.
What are jet streams? – bands of high-speed wind found at elevations of 9-15 km – bands of low-speed wind found at elevations of 9-15 km – Bands of high-speed wind found at elevations of 5-9 km – Bands of low-speed wind found at elevations of 5-9 km	bands of high-speed wind found at elevations of 9-15 km
In which direction do jet streams generally travel? – west to east – east to west – north to south – south to north	west to east
Where are the two main hemispheric jet streams located? – between 50 and 60 degrees latitude and at about 30 degrees latitude -between 50 and 60 degrees longitude and at about 30 degrees longitude – above 60 degrees longitude and below 30 degrees longitude – above 60 degrees latitude and below 30 degrees latitude	between 50 and 60 degrees latitude and at about 30 degrees latitude
What are Rossby waves? – major undulations in Earth’s orbital parameters – minor undulations in the path of a jet stream – minor undulations in the Earth’s orbital parameters – major undulations in the path of a jet stream	major undulations in the path of a jet stream
How can the jet stream return to normal zonal flow after Rossby waves build? – through addition of a mass of cold air to the jet stream – through separation of a mass of cold air from the jet stream – through separation of a mass of cold water from the jet stream – through addition of a mass of cold water to the jet stream	through separation of a mass of cold air from the jet stream
Thermohaline circulation – is driven by frictional drag of winds. – transports greater volumes of water than surface currents. – is driven by western intensification. – is driven by less-salty polar water.	transports greater volumes of water than surface currents.
The great circulations in the ocean basins occur around the __________ pressure systems and are known as __________. – subpolar low; ocean streams – subtropical high; ocean streams – subpolar low; gyres – subtropical high; gyres	subtropical high; gyres
Ocean currents are produced by – the frictional drag of winds. – the Coriolis force and water density differences. – land-sea breezes. – the frictional drag of winds, the Coriolis force, and water density differences.	the frictional drag of winds, the Coriolis force, and water density differences.
How much of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans? – Almost all of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans. – Three-quarters of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans. – Half of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans. – One-quarter of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans. – Almost none of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans.	Almost all of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans.
Which ocean is Earth’s largest? – the Arctic Ocean – the Indian Ocean -the Pacific Ocean – the Atlantic Ocean	the Pacific Ocean
Where is most of Earth’s freshwater found? – as ice at Earth’s surface – as ice below Earth’s surface – as liquid at Earth’s surface – as liquid below Earth’s surface	as ice at Earth’s surface
What does the hydrologic cycle describe? – The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. – The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. – The hydrologic cycle describes how solid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. – The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and rivers. – The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere and rivers.	The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
How does water get from the oceans onto land? – Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. – Ocean water evaporates to form liquid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. – Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into gaseous water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. – Ocean water condenses to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it evaporates into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. – Ocean water evaporates to form solid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.	Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.
What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land? – The atmosphere would contain less water. – The atmosphere would contain more water. – The atmosphere would contain colder water. – The atmosphere would contain warmer water.	The atmosphere would contain less water.
What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced (for example, by the growth of ice sheets during an ice age)? – The oceans would become smaller. – The oceans would become bigger. – The oceans would stay the same size.	The oceans would become smaller.
Which of the following is true of the distribution of land and water on Earth? – The Northern Hemisphere is dominated by water. – The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by water. – They are evenly distributed in both hemispheres.	The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by water.
Which of the following is true regarding the amount of water in rivers, streams, and the atmosphere? – They contain 0.033 percent of the world’s fresh water supply. – The total amount of water in these locations is equal to 14,250 km3 (3400 mi3). – Their volume is 1/10 the volume of water in fresh water lakes. – All of these are correct.	All of these are correct.
What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas? – Hydrogen bonds between water molecules – Covalent bonds within water molecules – Ionic bonds within water molecules – Covalent bonds between water molecules – Hydrogen bonds within water molecules	Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice? – 8 calories of heat energy – 80 calories of heat energy – 800 calories of heat energy – 8000 calories of heat energy	80 calories of heat energy
Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt? – The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules. – The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds between water molecules. – The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds within water molecules. – The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds within water molecules.	The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts? – The movement of water molecules – The polarity of water molecules – The mass of water molecules – Covalent bonds of water molecules	The movement of water molecules
What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water? – Latent heat of melting – Latent heat of fusion – Latent heat of vaporization – Latent heat of condensation	Latent heat of melting
How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 100 degrees Celsius into water vapor? – 5.4 calories of heat energy – 54 calories of heat energy – 540 calories of heat energy – 5400 calories of heat energy	540 calories of heat energy
How can water vapor become ice? – Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy. – Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the addition of heat energy. – Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the release of heat energy. – Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the addition of heat energy.	Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy.
_________ of heat is released when one gram of water vapor condenses into liquid water. – 620 calories – 720 calories – 80 calories – 540 calories	540 calories
When water freezes, its volume – remains the same as in the liquid state. – decreases. – increases.	increases.
Relative humidity refers to __________. – the amount of water vapor in the air per kilogram of air – the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the temperature of the air – the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the maximum amount of water vapor possible – mb of water vapor in the air	the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the maximum amount of water vapor possible
The capacity of the air to hold water vapor is basically a function of – the water vapor content. – the temperature of both the water vapor and the air. – freezing temperature. – latent heat.	the temperature of both the water vapor and the air.
If the saturation vapor pressure increases while the amount of water vapor in the air remains constant, this would indicate – that the temperature had increased. – that the temperature had decreased as a result of the loss of heat energy. – that the air was cooling by expansion. – none of the above	that the temperature had increased.
What causes the development of most clouds and precipitation in the atmosphere? – rising air – rising temperature – rising density – rising oceans	rising air
Why would a parcel of air rise relative to other air in the atmosphere? – A parcel of air will rise if it has a lower density than the surrounding air. – A parcel of air will rise if it has a higher density than the surrounding air. – A parcel of air will rise if the air in the parcel has a higher mass than the surrounding air. – A parcel of air will rise if the air in the parcel has a lower mass than the surrounding air.	A parcel of air will rise if it has a lower density than the surrounding air.
Which factor is most important for determining the density of a parcel of air? – temperature – pressure – mass – volume – gravity	temperature
What will happen to a parcel of air as it rises? – A rising parcel of air will expand and cool. – A rising parcel of air will expand and heat. – A rising parcel of air will contract and cool. – A rising parcel of air will contract and heat.	A rising parcel of air will expand and cool.
If two parcels of air start at the same temperature at 2000 meters above Earth’s surface, which would end up with a higher temperature, an unsaturated parcel of air at Earth’s surface or a saturated parcel of air 4000 meters above Earth’s surface? – An unsaturated parcel of air at Earth’s surface would be warmer, since air cools as it rises and warms as it descends, regardless of any temperature difference due to saturation. – An unsaturated parcel of air at Earth’s surface would be warmer, since adiabatic temperature changes are greater for unsaturated than for saturated air, regardless of any temperature difference due to changes in elevation. – A saturated parcel of air 4000 meters above Earth’s surface would be warmer, since adiabatic temperature changes are greater for saturated than for unsaturated air, regardless of any temperature difference due to changes in elevation. – A saturated parcel of air at 4000 meters above Earth’s surface would be warmer, since air warms as it rises and cools as it descends, regardless of any temperature difference due to saturation.	An unsaturated parcel of air at Earth’s surface would be warmer, since air cools as it rises and warms as it descends, regardless of any temperature difference due to saturation.
Two parcels of air, one dry and one wet, sit at the same temperature at sea level. What will the temperature difference between the two bodies of air be after they rise to 2000 meters elevation? – The dry parcel of air will be 8 degrees colder than the wet parcel of air. – The dry parcel of air will be 8 degrees warmer than the wet parcel of air. – The dry parcel of air will be 12 degrees colder than the wet parcel of air. – The dry parcel of air will be 12 degrees warmer than the wet parcel of air.	The dry parcel of air will be 8 degrees colder than the wet parcel of air.
In general, when will clouds begin to form out of a parcel of air? – when a rising parcel of air has reached a temperature below its dew point – when a rising parcel of air has reached a temperature above its dew point – when a rising parcel of air has reached a temperature below its Lifting Condensation Level – when a rising parcel of air has reached a temperature above its Lifting Condensation Level	when a rising parcel of air has reached a temperature below its dew point
Which process can add heat to a rising body of air? – condensation – precipitation – rising – depressurizing	condensation
The wet adiabatic rate __________. – is always the same as the environmental lapse rate – is less than the dry rate – is higher than the dry rate – varies with temperature	is less than the dry rate
An air parcel is considered unstable when it – either remains as it is, or changes its initial position. – it resists displacement upward. – continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar temperature. – it ceases to ascend.	continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar temperature.
Clouds are classified based on their _____. – size and water content – altitude and shape – humidity and temperature – shape and water content – size and shape	altitude and shape
Which of these types of fog would you find after a clear night, especially over moist ground? – radiation fog – advection fog – evaporation fog – upslope fog	radiation fog
Condensation nuclei over the ocean consist primarily of – pieces of coral. – salt particles. – minute fragments of sea shells. – clay particles.	salt particles.
Weather is – the climate of a region. – a reference to temperature patterns only. – the long-term atmospheric condition, including extremes that may occur. – the short-term condition of the atmosphere.	the short-term condition of the atmosphere.
Over the last two decades, costs for weather-related destruction has, on an annual basis, – decreased. – increased five-fold. – increased two-fold. – stayed about the same.	increased five-fold.
Air masses are classified according to their_____. – temperature alone – temperature and source region – moisture content alone – moisture and temperature – temperature, humidity, and stability	temperature and source region
Air masses which develop over Canada are examples of __________ air masses. – mT – mP – cT – cP	cP
Given a cP air mass and cT air mass with the same relative humidity, which air mass would have higher specific humidity? – The cP air mass would have the higher specific humidity. – The cT air mass would have the higher specific humidity. – The specific humidity of both would be the same because their relative humidities are the same. – It is impossible to say what would usually be true of their specific humidities.	The cT air mass would have the higher specific humidity.
A mT air mass is likely to be __________ than a cT air mass because the mT air mass __________. – wetter; forms over the ocean – wetter; is warmer than the cT air mass – drier; is a cold air mass – drier; forms under the equatorial low – hotter; forms over the ocean	wetter; forms over the ocean
What is a front? – the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures – the boundary between two water masses of different temperatures – the boundary between two land masses of different temperatures – the boundary between two air masses of different size – the boundary between two water masses of different size	the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures
Where does rain occur in a warm front? – Rain occurs along and in front of a warm front. – Rain occurs along and behind a warm front. – Rain occurs along and to the left of a warm front. – Rain occurs along and to the right of a warm front.	Rain occurs along and in front of a warm front.
Where does rain occur in a cold front? – Rain occurs along and behind a cold front. – Rain occurs along and in front of a cold front. – Rain occurs along and to the left of a cold front. – Rain occurs along and to the right of a cold front.	Rain occurs along and behind a cold front.
How are rain patterns different near warm and cold fronts? – Rain near a warm front occurs over a wider spatial area and is less intense than near a cold front. – Rain near a warm front occurs over a smaller spatial area and is less intense than near a cold front. – Rain near a cold front occurs over a wider spatial area and is more intense than near a cold front. – Rain near a cold front occurs over a smaller spatial area and is less intense than near a cold front.	Rain near a warm front occurs over a wider spatial area and is less intense than near a cold front.
How are cold and warm fronts different? – The type of front is determined by which air mass is moving. – The type of front is determined by which air mass is larger. – The type of front is determined by which air mass is heavier. – The type of front is determined by which air mass is older. – The type of front is determined by which air mass is higher.	The type of front is determined by which air mass is moving.
Why does rain occur near a cold front? – Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. – Rising warm air warms further, resulting in cloud formation and rain. – Falling cold air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. – Falling cold air warms, resulting in cloud formation and rain.	Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.
Why does rain occur near a warm front? – Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. – Rising warm air warms, resulting in cloud formation and rain. – Falling cold air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. – Falling cold air warms, resulting in cloud formation and rain.	Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone is characterized by – cold, dry rising air. – cold, dry sinking air. – warm dry rising air. – warm, wet rising air.	warm, wet rising air.
The term "rain shadow" refers to – periods of time during which there is a lack of rainfall. – areas that are characteristic of the western slopes and margins of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. – dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges. – windward slopes of mountains. – wet areas on the downwind sides of mountains.	dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.
What are midlatitude cyclones? – Migrating low-pressure cells that move in the band of the westerlies – Stationary low-pressure cells that move in the band of the westerlies – Migrating low-pressure cells that move in the band of the easterlies – Stationary low-pressure cells that move in the band of the easterlies	Migrating low-pressure cells that move in the band of the westerlies
What happens when air masses of different temperatures meet? – Well-defined boundaries form between the air masses. – The air masses mix readily. – The warm air mass pulls the cool air mass into its center. – The air masses move apart quickly.	Well-defined boundaries form between the air masses.
What is occlusion in a midlatitude cyclone? – Occlusion is the process by which a cold front overtakes a warm front. – Occlusion is the process by which a warm front overtakes a cold front. – Occlusion is the process by which rain from a cyclone obscures visibility. – Occlusion is the process by which clouds from a cyclone run out of rain.	Occlusion is the process by which a cold front overtakes a warm front.
When do midlatitude cyclones stop producing storms? – When the cold front has completely taken over the warm front – When the warm front has completely taken over the cold front – When the cyclone enters a region of limited surface water supply – When the cyclone enters a region of limited heat energy	When the cold front has completely taken over the warm front
When a cold front approaches, air pressure will initially __________ due to the displacement and uplift of __________ air. – decrease; warm – increase; warm – decrease; cold – increase; cold	decrease; warm
The severity of storm activity along a cold front is __________ than that along most warm fronts because the rate of uplift is __________ along a cold front. – greater; faster – less; faster – greater; slower – less; slower	greater; faster
What is a tropical cyclone? – a low-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters – a high-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters – a low-pressure disturbance that develops over cold, tropical waters – a high-pressure disturbance that develops over cold, tropical waters	a low-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters
Where are tropical cyclones found? – at lower and middle latitudes -at lower and upper latitudes -at lower latitudes -at middle latitudes -at middle and upper latitudes	at lower and middle latitudes
Why is heavy rain associated with hurricane formation? – Rising moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls. – Rising moist air warms. As air warms, water condenses and eventually falls. – Rising dry air cools. As air cools, water is collected and eventually falls. – Rising moist air warms. As air warms, water is collected and eventually falls. – Rising dry air warms. As air warms, water condenses and eventually falls.	Rising moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls.
Why is warm, moist air considered the "fuel" for a hurricane? – Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane. – Air warms as it rises. As air warms, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation absorbs heat, providing energy to the hurricane. – Air cools as it rises. As air cools, liquid water will evaporate out as water vapor. Evaporation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane. – Air warms as it rises. As air warms, liquid water will evaporate out as water vapor. Evaporation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane. – Air cools as it rises. As air cools, liquid water will evaporate out as water vapor. Evaporation absorbs heat, providing energy to the hurricane.	Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane.
How big can the diameter of a hurricane become? – 500 miles – 50 miles – 5000 miles – 5 miles	500 miles
What other natural hazards are associated with tornado formation? – thunderstorms – hurricanes – volcanoes – earthquakes	thunderstorms
Why does air spiral parallel to Earth’s surface during initial stages of tornado formation? – Because of friction, surface winds move more slowly than winds higher in the air column. – Because of friction, surface winds move more quickly than winds higher in the air column. – Because of magnetism, surface winds move more slowly than winds higher in the air column. – Because of magnetism, surface winds move more quickly than winds higher in the air column.	Because of friction, surface winds move more slowly than winds higher in the air column.
What can cause the horizontally rotating air spiral to become the vertical spiral of a tornado? – Updrafts associated with thunderstorm clouds can tilt the horizontal column of spinning air. – Updrafts associated with hurricane clouds can tilt the horizontal column of spinning air. – Precipitation associated with thunderstorm clouds can tilt the horizontal column of spinning air. – Precipitation associated with hurricane clouds can tilt the horizontal column of spinning air.	Updrafts associated with thunderstorm clouds can tilt the horizontal column of spinning air.
How are mesocyclones and tornadoes related? – Mesocyclones can turn into funnel clouds. A funnel cloud that touches the ground is called a tornado. – Funnel clouds can turn into mesocyclones. A mesocyclone that touches the ground is called a tornado. – Mesocyclone is another name for a funnel cloud. A funnel cloud that touches the ground is called a tornado. – Mesocyclone is another name for a tornado. A mesocyclone that touches the ground is called a tornado.	Mesocyclones can turn into funnel clouds. A funnel cloud that touches the ground is called a tornado.
Summer thunderstorms in the southern United States are usually produced by towering __________ clouds that form by __________. – nimbostratus; convection – cumulonimbus; convection – cumulonimbus; frontal uplift – cumulonimbus; convergence – nimbostratus; frontal uplift	cumulonimbus; convection
In which of the following areas would the least amount of precipitation occur? – in areas affected by maritime air masses – on the leeward side of a mountain range in the interior of a continent – in low-pressure regions – along windward coasts	on the leeward side of a mountain range in the interior of a continent
An area defined by characteristic, long-term weather patterns is called – a biome. – a climatic region. – an ecosystem. – an average weather place.	a climatic region.
Which of the following statements about tropical climates is correct? – They are dominated by the subtropical high-pressure cells. – They are rainy year round. – They have consistent daylength and insolation. – They have only a brief winter period.	They have consistent daylength and insolation.
Which of the following statements about tropical savanna climates is correct? – Their dry season lasts three to four months. – Their rainy season occurs in winter when the ITCZ is overhead. – They have a smaller temperature range than do tropical rain forests. – Their rainy season occurs in summer when the ITCZ is overhead. – POTET exceeds PRECIP in summer.	Their rainy season occurs in summer when the ITCZ is overhead.
Which of the following statements about mesothermal climates is correct? – Mesothermal climates cover more area than do climates of any other type. – Mesothermal climates are found between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. – The name "mesothermal" means middle latitude. – Over half the world’s population lives in a mesothermal climate.	Over half the world’s population lives in a mesothermal climate.
Humid subtropical climates _________. – are either moist all year or have a dry summer period – are either moist all year or have a winter dry period – are never influenced by monsoons – are either dry all year or have a wet winter period	are either moist all year or have a winter dry period
Microthermal climates _________. – are usually found in coastal areas – have a very small annual temperature range – are found in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres – are caused by continentality	are caused by continentality
Which of the following statements about polar climates is correct? – There is little annual variation in temperature. – There is little annual variation in insolation. – They have no summer period. – They lack any plant growth.	They have no summer period.
Which of the following factors would increase the rainfall in a region? – the presence of a warm current offshore – location on the leeward side of mountains – a continental location – the presence of a subtropical high-pressure cell overhead	the presence of a warm current offshore
Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 concentrations? – There has been negligible change in atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the past 50 years. – Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than 100% over the past 50 years. – Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than 15% over the past 50 years. – There has been a catastrophic increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the past 50 years.	Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than 15% over the past 50 years.
Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 and surface temperature changes over the past 50 years? – This data set represents the strongest evidence available for anthropogenic global warming. – The data demonstrates that, in spite of increases in CO2 concentrations, there has only been a minimal rise in average surface temperatures. – This data is consistent with the hypothesis that increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may be causing an increase in average surface temperatures. – This data set is meaningless because CO2 concentrations and surface temperatures are constantly fluctuating over geologic time scales.	This data is consistent with the hypothesis that increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may be causing an increase in average surface temperatures.
Assuming that increasing CO2 concentrations are directly linked to increased surface temperatures, which scenario should result in a reduction of temperatures to below their 1960-1990 averages by 2040? – aggressive control – moderate control – minimal control – all of the scenarios – none of the scenarios	none of the scenarios
Which of the following arguments could be made for NOT adopting an aggressive control strategy worldwide? – The economic costs would be too high. – It would limit the ability of developing nations to achieve the standard of living already enjoyed by developed nations. – It is impossible to predict the future, and therefore we cannot know the actual impact of global climate changes. – All of the above. – None of the above.	All of the above.
A climate that is mesothermal and has a long, hot, dry summer would be designated by which of the following? – Tropical savanna – Mediterranean – Semiarid steppe – Humid subtropical, hot summer – Humid continental, hot summer	Mediterranean
The tropical rain forest climate receives most of its rainfall as a result of – frontal uplift. – convectional uplift. – orographic uplift.	convectional uplift.
Which of the following climate types is characterized by soils that are so wet they are extremely low in nutrients? – Humid continental – Humid subtropical – Tundra – Tropical rain forest	Tropical rain forest
Humid subtropical climates receive __________ precipitation during the summer and __________ precipitation in winter. – orographic; frontal – frontal; convectional – convectional; frontal – convectional; ITCZ	convectional; frontal
The ITCZ migrates with the subsolar point and influences the tropical monsoon climates. True False	True
Which of the following is an endogenic process? – weathering – volcanism – stream deposition – glacial erosion	volcanism
Which of the following is an exogenic process? – weathering – volcanism – flows of heat and materials in the mantle – earthquakes	weathering
Earth’s magnetic poles – are fixed. – are migrating approximately 50 km (30 mi) per year. – are perfectly aligned with Earth’s axis. – are misaligned from Earth’s axis by 23.5 degrees.	are migrating approximately 50 km (30 mi) per year.
When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time." This fact is based on the principle of __________. – uniformitarianism – superposition – catastrophism	superposition
The region within Earth that lies directly below the lithosphere, but above the upper mantle, is __________. – a granitic layer with an average density of 2.7 g/cm3 – composed of liquid iron – a plastic layer that flows when subjected to heat and pressure – a layer of strong, highly rigid rock	a plastic layer that flows when subjected to heat and pressure
Knowledge of Earth’s interior is derived from – direct sampling of the interior using deep-test wells. – work in Earth’s deepest caverns and caves. – historic and prehistoric records. – indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves.	indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves.
Approximately 90 percent of Earth’s magnetic field is generated in the – outer core. – inner core. – lower mantle. – upper mantle.	outer core.
The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is a discontinuity known as the – Moho. – mantle. – Gutenberg. – lithospheric layer.	Moho
What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth’s surface? – magma chambers and volcanic conduits – magma conduits and volcanic chambers – mantle conduits and volcanic chambers – volcanic conduits and mantle chambers	magma chambers and volcanic conduits
What is the difference between a dike and a sill? – A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers. – A sill intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a dike intrudes between sedimentary layers. – A sill leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a dike leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers. – A dike leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a sill leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.	A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers.
What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion? – a volcanic neck – a volcanic conduit – a volcano – a hot spot	a volcanic neck
Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth’s surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation? – Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock. – Volcanic rocks are often more susceptible to erosion than surrounding rock. – Volcanic rocks are often younger than surrounding rock. – Volcanic rocks are often older than surrounding rock.	Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock.
What is a magma chamber called after it and the conduit have solidified and been exposed by erosion? – a batholith – a dike – a sill – a volcanic conduit – a volcanic neck	a batholith
Three types of rock-forming processes comprise the – tectonic cycle. – rock cycle. – hydrologic cycle. – mineral cycle.	rock cycle.
What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material? – igneous – metamorphic – sedimentary	igneous
Which of the following is an example of an intrusive, igneous rock formation? – volcano – pluton – dome – lava flow	pluton
Limestone is a type of __________ rock that forms when __________. – igneous; magma cools – sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment – igneous; lava cools – sedimentary; broken fragments of rock are deposited in a water environment and are then cemented together	sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment
Where are tectonic plates located? – at Earth’s surface – just under Earth’s surface – below Earth’s surface, in the upper mantle – below Earth’s surface, near the core	at Earth’s surface
What are the three types of plate boundaries? – divergent, convergent, transform – divergent, convergent, transverse – digressive, convergent, transform – divergent, converse, transform – divergent, converse, transverse	divergent, convergent, transform
Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is correct? – Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries. – Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries. – Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots. – Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots.	Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.
Which plate boundary type is not associated with volcanic eruptions? – transform – convergent – divergent – converse	transform
Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? – hot spots – subduction – divergence – transform motion – earthquakes	hot spots
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building? – convergent boundaries – divergent boundaries – transform boundaries – hot spot boundaries	convergent boundaries
What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere? – All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere. – Some of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere. – The crust lies on top of a larger layer called the lithosphere. – The crust lies below a larger layer called the lithosphere.	All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.
What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots? – volcanoes within tectonic plates – volcanoes at the edges of tectonic plates – volcanoes near tectonic plates – volcanoes above tectonic plates	volcanoes within tectonic plates
When will a hot-spot volcano become extinct? – when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate – when the hot spot is carried away from the volcano by the tectonic plate – when the hot spot stops sending rising mantle to the volcano – when the volcano stops sending rising mantle to the hot spot	when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate
What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary? – a single volcano – a chain of volcanoes – a ring of volcanoes – a small hill above the hot spot	a single volcano
If you found a line of volcanic peaks a few hundred miles long in which the volcanoes were progressively older toward one end of the line, what probably created them? – a hot spot – a convergent boundary – a divergent boundary – a transform boundary	a hot spot
If you found a line of volcanic peaks a few hundred miles long in which the volcanoes were of mixed ages in no particular order, what probably created them? – a convergent boundary – a hot spot – a divergent boundary – a transform boundary	a convergent boundary
Precipitation normally refers to – the moisture demand in the water balance. – water that is respired by plants. – the actual evapotranspiration amount. – rain, sleet, snow, and hail.	rain, sleet, snow, and hail.
Which of the following is true regarding the hydrologic cycle? – The bulk of the precipitation occurs over land. – Very little moisture is advected from the sea to the land. – Seventy-eight percent of all precipitation falls on the oceans. – Twenty-two percent of Earth’s precipitation falls over the oceans.	Seventy-eight percent of all precipitation falls on the oceans.
In the water budget, __________ is the major receipt and __________ is the major expenditure. – insolation; radiative cooling – outgassing; dissociation – PRECIP; ACTET – ACTET; PRECIP	PRECIP; ACTET
Potential evapotranspiration (POTET) refers to _____. – the moisture supply – the amount of unmet water demand in an environment – the amount of water that would evaporate or transpire if it were available – the amount of water released into the atmosphere by plants – moisture that exceeds POTET when storage is full	the amount of water that would evaporate or transpire if it were available
Which of the following is true of precipitation in North America? – The highest amounts occur in the Southeast and extreme South. – The highest amounts occur in the Southwest and Midwest. – The lowest amounts are received in the Midwest. – The lowest amounts are received near Hudson Bay.	The highest amounts occur in the Southeast and extreme South.
Which of the following is normally true of a hot desert? – Potential evapotranspiration equals actual evapotranspiration. – Actual evapotranspiration exceeds potential evapotranspiration. – Potential evapotranspiration exceeds actual evapotranspiration. – It is impossible to say what the normal relationship between potential and actual evapotranspiration would be in a desert.	Potential evapotranspiration exceeds actual evapotranspiration.
If precipitation and soil moisture are inadequate to meet potential evapotranspiration demands, the moisture condition is described as – actual evapotranspiration. – a deficit. – a surplus. – soil moisture utilization.	a deficit.
Soil moisture that plants are capable of accessing and using is called – wilting point water. – capillary water. – free molecular water. – hygroscopic water.	capillary water.
How does the water table change around a pumping water well? – The water table elevation decreases. – The water table elevation increases. – The water table elevation stays the same.	The water table elevation decreases.
The cone of depression is _____________. – the shape that the water table takes on near a pumping well – the shape that the water table takes on near an inactive well – the shape that the water table takes on near two pumping wells – the shape that the water table takes on near two inactive wells	the shape that the water table takes on near a pumping well
When will a cone of depression stop enlarging? – when the amount of water flowing toward the well equals the amount of water being pumped out of the well – when the amount of water flowing away from the well equals the amount of water being pumped out of the well – when the amount of water flowing toward the well is greater than the amount of water being pumped out of the well – when the amount of water flowing away from the well is greater than the amount of water being pumped out of the well	when the amount of water flowing toward the well equals the amount of water being pumped out of the well
If your new neighbor drilled a well and shortly thereafter your well went dry, what is the least that she might have to do to restore your water supply? – She would need to pump more slowly so that her well’s cone of depression would shrink. – She would need to stop pumping from her well so that her well’s cone of depression would disappear. – She would need to run a pipe from her well to your house, since she permanently lowered the water table. – She would need to pump water back down her well to refill the cone of depression.	She would need to pump more slowly so that her well’s cone of depression would shrink.
How would the water table be affected if Earth were made up of uniform, permeable material? – The water table would be much, much deeper. – The water table would be unaffected. – The water table would be a little deeper. – The water table would be a little shallower.	The water table would be much, much deeper.
Why does groundwater discharge to Earth’s surface? – Earth’s surface is irregular, and permeability decreases with depth within Earth. – Earth’s surface is irregular, and permeability increases with depth within Earth. – Earth’s surface is regular, and permeability increases with depth within Earth. – Earth’s surface is regular, and permeability decreases with depth within Earth.	Earth’s surface is irregular, and permeability decreases with depth within Earth.
How does the use of water by humans affect the water table? – Use of water by humans increases discharge, resulting in lowered water tables. – Use of water by humans increases discharge, resulting in raised water tables. – Use of water by humans decreases discharge, resulting in lowered water tables. – Use of water by humans decreases discharge, resulting in raised water tables.	Use of water by humans increases discharge, resulting in lowered water tables.
What is the water table? – The top of the saturated zone beneath Earth’s surface – The bottom of the saturated zone beneath Earth’s surface – The zone beneath Earth’s surface that is saturated with water – The zone beneath Earth’s surface that is just above the zone that is saturated with water	The top of the saturated zone beneath Earth’s surface
Excess surface water percolates through the zone of __________ to reach the zone of __________ and the water table. – hydration; infiltration – porosity; permeability – dehydration; hydration – aeration; saturation	aeration; saturation
Which continent has the highest ratio of available fresh water to population size? – Australia – North America – Africa – Asia – South America – Europe	Australia
Which continent has more than 12,000 cubic kilometers of water available per year? – Europe – Asia – Africa – North America – South America – Australia	Asia
Africa is much larger than Europe. Why doesn’t it have much more fresh water? – Its population is greater. – The equator crosses it. – Much of its land area is covered with desert. – War and conflict have restricted access to water.	Much of its land area is covered with desert.
Which continents currently have sufficient water to meet the needs of their populations? – North America, Asia, and South America – North America, South America, Africa, and Australia – Europe, Africa, and Australia – Europe, Africa, and Asia	North America, South America, Africa, and Australia
Fresh water available per capita should remain stable over the next 50 years. True False	False
Asia has abundant water resources, but its high population size is causing water shortages. True False	True
If some of Australia’s water resources could be diverted to Asia, it would eliminate Asia’s water shortages. True False	False
The High Plains aquifer – averages about 30 inches of rain per year. – received much of its water from melting glaciers in the past. – is not Earth’s largest aquifer. – was not heavily mined until the 1960s.	received much of its water from melting glaciers in the past.
The largest sector of daily water withdrawals in the water budget for the United States is presently that taken for agricultural purposes. True False	False
The High Plains aquifer irrigates about one-fifth of all U.S. cropland. True False	True

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