The _______________ temperature scale is used in scientific research because temperature readings are proportional to the actual kinetic energy in a material. – Kelvin |
Kelvin |
Holding all other factors constant, air temperature diminishes with increasing altitude because the ________ of the atmosphere decreases. -apparent temperature |
density |
On a sunny summer day, we can attribute the difference in temperature between the hot surface of a sandy beach and the cooler sand a few centimeters below the surface to the very low ________________ of the sand. -relative humidity |
transparency |
One of the primary reasons that water changes temperature more slowly than soil or rock is because of its higher ________. -absolute heat |
specific heat |
Temperature maps commonly use lines of constant (equal) temperature called __________________ to portray the spatial pattern of temperature. -thermal equators |
isotherms |
Everything else being equal, you would expect higher temperatures associated with _______________. -high elevations |
low elevations |
The isotherm corresponding to the highest temperatures on Earth’s surface is called the___________. -thermal equilibrium |
thermal equator |
The ____________ indicates the human body’s reaction to temperature and water vapor (see Focus Study 5.1). -Beufort scale |
heat index |
Places with the largest annual temperature ranges on Earth are __________________. -the middle latitudes, which are neither too hot, nor too cold-tropical regions |
subpolar locations within the continental interiors of North America and Asia |
On a global scale, ____________ is the single most important direct influence on temperature. -insolation |
insolation |
An outdoor thermometer reading ________ degrees Celsius would indicate a very hot but bearable day. -95 |
40 |
Altitude is the single most important influence on temperature variations. T or F |
False |
Within the troposphere, temperatures decrease with increasing altitude above Earth’s surface. T or F |
True |
Approximately 84 percent of all evaporation on Earth is from the land. T or F |
False |
Higher ocean temperatures produce higher evaporation rates. T or F |
True |
Locations near the centers of continents are described as having more "maritime" influences than locations near the coasts. T or F |
False |
On average, the coldest region of Earth is in northern Canada. T or F |
False |
Apparent temperature is the perception of temperature, and it varies among individuals and cultures. T or F |
True |
The coldest wind chill factors are produced by low temperatures and high winds. T or F |
True |
The heat index is a combination of temperature and humidity. T or F |
True |
In July, isotherms in the Northern Hemisphere shift toward the poles over land since higher temperatures occur in continental interiors. T or F |
True |
Compared to a land surface exposed to the same solar radiation, an ocean surface should have a higher annual temperature range. T or F |
False |
A traveler heading due east from San Francisco, Calif., in January will generally experience warmer overall temperatures as he/she approaches the interior of the continent. T or F |
False |
If you had to measure a temperature below -38F degrees? |
an alcohol thermometer |
the melting point of ice |
0 degrees Celsius (32 °F) |
lowest recorded temperature in Southern Hemisphere (Vostok, Antarctica) |
-89 degrees Celsius (-129 °F) |
lowest recorded temperature in Northern Hemisphere (Verkhoyansk, Russia) |
-68 degrees Celsius (-90 °F) |
normal room temperature |
20 degrees Celsius (68 °F) |
boiling point of water (at sea-level air pressure) |
100 degrees Celsius (212 °F) |
highest recorded temperature for North America (Death Valley, CA) |
57 degrees Celsius (134 °F) |
approximate normal body temperature |
37 degrees Celsius (98 °F) |
We measure wind speed using a/an ____________. -wind tunnel |
anemometer |
We measure air pressure using ______________. -a Torricelli scale |
a barometer |
The surface flow of a Southern Hemisphere cyclone (low-pressure system) would be ________. -inward and counterclockwise |
inward and clockwise |
The Polar Jet Stream meanders between 30 and 70 degrees north latitude at the Tropopause along the Polar Front. T or F |
True |
In a Northern Hemisphere anticyclone, the dominant surface air circulation pattern can be described as clockwise and outward. T or F |
True |
Frictional forces vary according to the type of surface over which the wind blows. T or F |
True |
If one were able to look down on the Earth from some point above the North Pole, one would see that the Earth rotates in a clockwise direction. T or F |
False |
The pressure gradient force acts in a direction perpendicular to the isobars, from low to high pressure. T or F |
False |
The highest barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth occurred in association with Hurricane Wilma in 2005. T or F |
False |
Surface high pressure is best generally associated with fair, clear weather. T or F |
True |
An isobar is a line plotted on a weather map to connect all points of equal temperature. T or F |
False |
Along the equator, winds converge into the equatorial high pressure trough creating the Intertropical Convergence Zone. T or F |
False |
Both the North Pacific Aleutian Low and the North Atlantic Icelandic low are dominant in winter and weaken in the summer. T or F |
True |
ENSO is the abbreviation for the El Nino Stable Orientation. T or F |
False |
As related to land and sea breezes, inland areas cool faster than offshore areas. T or F |
True |
Mountain breezes are most likely to occur during the heat of the day. T or F |
False |
Southern Australia is most likely to experience its monsoon rains during July and August. T or F |
False |
Normal sea-level air pressure is _____. |
1013.2 millibars |
Air flow is initiated by the |
pressure gradient force. |
An increase in air pressure will cause the mercury in a barometer to __________. |
rise |
Which of the following does not cause the height of the column of mercury in a barometer to change? |
changes in the force exerted by the vacuum inside the top of the barometer’s tube |
How would a moving object in Earth’s atmosphere be deflected as a result of Earth’s rotation? |
to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere |
What is the Coriolis Effect? |
the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere |
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator? |
toward the right |
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the South Pole toward the equator? |
toward the left |
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator? |
toward the west |
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the West Coast of the United States toward the East Coast of the United States? |
toward the south |
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the East Coast of the United States toward the West Coast of the United States? |
toward the north |
Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the east coast of South Africa toward the west coast of South Africa? |
toward the south |
Which direction would an airplane deflect if flying across South Africa from the west coast to the east coast? |
toward the north |
How does wind generally move? |
From areas of higher atmospheric pressure toward areas of lower atmospheric pressure |
What causes the pressure gradient force? |
The difference in atmospheric pressure from one location to another |
What causes the Coriolis force? |
The earth’s rotation |
How does the Coriolis force deflect objects in the atmosphere, relative to their original paths? |
To the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere |
What causes friction forces? |
Interaction between wind and surrounding atmosphere |
How would wind move if Coriolis and friction forces did not exist? |
Wind would move directly from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low atmospheric pressure. |
How would wind move if pressure gradient and friction forces did not exist? |
Wind would not move. |
How would wind move if pressure gradient and Coriolis forces did not exist? |
Wind would not move. |
A isoline of equal pressure plotted on a weather map is known as |
an isobar. |
Air flows __________ a surface high pressure area because the density of the air in the high pressure zone is __________ than that of the surrounding air. |
out of; more dense |
What is a cyclone? |
a center of low atmospheric pressure |
Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? |
in a counterclockwise direction |
Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? |
in a clockwise direction |
How does air move near the top of a cyclone? |
in the same direction as air in the upper atmosphere |
Why are cyclones generally associated with clouds and rain? |
Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it rises. |
What is an anticylone? |
a center of high atmospheric pressure |
Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? |
down, and in a clockwise direction |
Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? |
down, and in a counterclockwise direction |
Why are anticyclones not generally associated with clouds and rain? |
Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends. |
Where are Hadley cells found? |
in the atmosphere near the equator |
What drives Hadley cell circulation? |
heating from the Sun |
How does the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) change over time? |
The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer. |
When would you expect the low-pressure cell over the North Pole to be most developed? |
during the Northern Hemisphere winter |
Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation? |
areas near the ITCZ |
What two features are many of Earth’s deserts associated with? |
the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents |
What process cools air as it rises above the equator? |
adiabatic cooling |
What is a Hadley cell? |
a large convection cell of air that rises near the equator due to heating of air |
What is the intertropical convergence zone? |
the region of rising air and low pressure near the equator |
What type of weather would you expect to encounter along the intertropical convergence zone? |
cloudy conditions and high rainfall |
What features are found near the subtropical high-pressure systems? |
large desert systems |
Where on Earth would you find the trade winds and the westerlies? |
The trade winds occur between 30º N and 30º S. The westerlies occur in the midlatitude regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. |
Where are the antitrade winds located? |
above the trade winds |
What type of weather would you expect to encounter along the polar front? |
cloudy conditions and abundant precipitation |
Where are the jet streams located? |
The subtropical jet is located above the subtropical high, and the polar jet is located above the Polar Front. |
What are jet streams? |
bands of high-speed wind found at elevations of 9-15 km |
In which direction do jet streams generally travel? |
west to east |
Where are the two main hemispheric jet streams located? |
between 50 and 60 degrees latitude and at about 30 degrees latitude |
What are Rossby waves? |
major undulations in the path of a jet stream |
How can the jet stream return to normal zonal flow after Rossby waves build? |
through separation of a mass of cold air from the jet stream |
Thermohaline circulation |
transports greater volumes of water than surface currents. |
The great circulations in the ocean basins occur around the __________ pressure systems and are known as __________. |
subtropical high; gyres |
Ocean currents are produced by |
the frictional drag of winds, the Coriolis force, and water density differences |
How much of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans? |
Almost all of Earth’s surface water exists in the oceans. |
Which ocean is Earth’s largest? |
the Pacific Ocean |
Where is most of Earth’s freshwater found? |
as ice at Earth’s surface |
What does the hydrologic cycle describe? |
The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. |
How does water get from the oceans onto land? |
Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. |
What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land? |
The atmosphere would contain less water. |
What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced (for example, by the growth of ice sheets during an ice age)? |
The oceans would become smaller. |
Which of the following is true of the distribution of land and water on Earth? |
The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by water. |
Which of the following is true regarding the amount of water in rivers, streams, and the atmosphere? |
All of these are correct. |
What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas? |
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules |
How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice? |
80 calories of heat energy |
Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt? |
The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules. |
What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts? |
The movement of water molecules |
What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water? |
Latent heat of melting |
How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 100 degrees Celsius into water vapor? |
540 calories of heat energy |
How can water vapor become ice? |
Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy. |
_________ of heat is released when one gram of water vapor condenses into liquid water. |
540 calories |
When water freezes, its volume |
increases. |
Relative humidity refers to __________. |
the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the maximum amount of water vapor possible |
The capacity of the air to hold water vapor is basically a function of |
the temperature of both the water vapor and the air. |
If the saturation vapor pressure increases while the amount of water vapor in the air remains constant, this would indicate |
that the temperature had increased. |
What causes the development of most clouds and precipitation in the atmosphere? |
rising air |
Why would a parcel of air rise relative to other air in the atmosphere? |
A parcel of air will rise if it has a lower density than the surrounding air. |
Which factor is most important for determining the density of a parcel of air? |
temperature |
What will happen if a parcel of air is colder than surrounding air? |
-A colder parcel of air will sink in the atmosphere on its own. -A colder parcel of air will rise in the atmosphere if forced. |
What will happen to a parcel of air as it rises? |
A rising parcel of air will expand and cool. |
If two parcels of air start at the same temperature at 2000 meters above Earth’s surface, which would end up with a higher temperature, an unsaturated parcel of air at Earth’s surface or a saturated parcel of air 4000 meters above Earth’s surface? |
An unsaturated parcel of air at Earth’s surface would be warmer, since air cools as it rises and warms as it descends, regardless of any temperature difference due to saturation. |
Two parcels of air, one dry and one wet, sit at the same temperature at sea level. What will the temperature difference between the two bodies of air be after they rise to 2000 meters elevation? |
The dry parcel of air will be 8 degrees colder than the wet parcel of air. |
In general, when will clouds begin to form out of a parcel of air? |
when a rising parcel of air has reached a temperature below its dew point |
Which process can add heat to a rising body of air? |
condensation |
The wet adiabatic rate __________. |
is less than the dry rate |
An air parcel is considered unstable when it |
continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar temperature. |
Clouds are classified based on their _____. |
altitude and shape |
Which of these types of fog would you find after a clear night, especially over moist ground? |
radiation fog |
Condensation nuclei over the ocean consist primarily of |
salt particles. |
Weather is |
the short-term condition of the atmosphere. |
Over the last two decades, costs for weather-related destruction has, on an annual basis, |
increased five-fold. |
Air masses are classified according to their_____. |
temperature and source region |
Air masses which develop over Canada are examples of __________ air masses. |
cP |
Given a cP air mass and cT air mass with the same relative humidity, which air mass would have higher specific humidity? |
The cT air mass would have the higher specific humidity. |
A mT air mass is likely to be __________ than a cT air mass because the mT air mass __________. |
wetter; forms over the ocean |
What is a front? |
the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures |
Where does rain occur in a warm front? |
Rain occurs along and in front of a warm front. |
Where does rain occur in a cold front? |
Rain occurs along and behind a cold front. |
How are rain patterns different near warm and cold fronts? |
Rain near a warm front occurs over a wider spatial area and is less intense than near a cold front. |
How are cold and warm fronts different? |
The type of front is determined by which air mass is moving. |
Why does rain occur near a cold front? |
Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. |
Why does rain occur near a warm front? |
Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. |
The Intertropical Convergence Zone is characterized by |
warm, wet rising air. |
The term "rain shadow" refers to |
dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges. |
What are midlatitude cyclones? |
Migrating low-pressure cells that move in the band of the westerlies |
What happens when air masses of different temperatures meet? |
Well-defined boundaries form between the air masses. |
Which of the following statements about movement in midlatitude cyclones are accurate? |
-Surface winds move counterclockwise. -The cold front advances faster than the center of the storm, and the warm front advances more slowly than the center. -The entire cyclone moves from west to east. |
What is occlusion in a midlatitude cyclone? |
Occlusion is the process by which a cold front overtakes a warm front. |
When do midlatitude cyclones stop producing storms? |
When the cold front has completely taken over the warm front |
When a cold front approaches, air pressure will initially __________ due to the displacement and uplift of __________ air. |
decrease; warm |
The severity of storm activity along a cold front is __________ than that along most warm fronts because the rate of uplift is __________ along a cold front. |
greater; faster |
What is a tropical cyclone? |
a low-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters |
Where are tropical cyclones found? |
at lower and middle latitudes |
Which of the following names mean "tropical cyclone"? |
-typhoon -hurricane -cyclone |
Why is heavy rain associated with hurricane formation? |
Rising moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls. |
Why is warm, moist air considered the "fuel" for a hurricane? |
Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane. |
How big can the diameter of a hurricane become? |
500 miles |
What other natural hazards are associated with tornado formation? |
thunderstorms |
Why does air spiral parallel to Earth’s surface during initial stages of tornado formation? |
Because of friction, surface winds move more slowly than winds higher in the air column. |
What can cause the horizontally rotating air spiral to become the vertical spiral of a tornado? |
Updrafts associated with thunderstorm clouds can tilt the horizontal column of spinning air. |
How are mesocyclones and tornadoes related? |
Mesocyclones can turn into funnel clouds. A funnel cloud that touches the ground is called a tornado. |
Summer thunderstorms in the southern United States are usually produced by towering __________ clouds that form by __________. |
cumulonimbus; convection |
Outputs generated by a system that encourage or discourage system operation are called __________. -biotic and abiotic analyses |
positive and negative feedback |
The __________ passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. -Tropic of Capricorn |
prime meridian |
The equator and the Tropic of Capricorn are __________. -meridians of longitude |
parallels of latitude |
A __________ system such as Earth allows for inputs and outputs of energy, with virtually no inputs and outputs of physical matter. -feedback |
closed |
A __________ is a simplified, idealized representation of the real world used to help us understand complex systems. -feedback loop |
model |
A computer-based processing tool for gathering, manipulating, and analyzing geographic information is called a __________. -map projection |
geographic information system |
The atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere are examples of __________ systems. -volcanic |
abiotic |
__________ is the world standard for a consistent Universal Time. -Daylight saving time |
Coordinated Universal Time |
Lines of latitude run __________ to each other. -tangent |
parallel |
__________ is the ratio of the image on a map to that of the real world. -Equivalence |
Scale |
Numerous devastating wildfires have occurred over the last decade. As the fires burned, they dried the wet shrubs and green wood around the fire, thus providing more fuel for combustion. The greater the fire, the greater the availability of fuel becomes, and thus more fire is possible. This pathway is an example of __________. -a steady-state equilibrium |
negative feedback |
Imagine leaving San Francisco, California, at 9 a.m. on a Monday and flying to New York, New York. Assuming your flight takes five hours, the local time when you arrive will be ________. -7 a.m., Monday |
5 p.m., Monday |
A small circle has a center that coincides with the center of the Earth. |
False |
A person travelling westbound across the International Date Line must subtract one day from the calendar in order to keep an accurate record of the date. |
False |
A small scale map has less detail than a large scale map. |
True |
A system is any unordered, unrelated set of attributes that are not linked. |
False |
According to your text, the discipline of geography is spatial. |
True |
Understanding the size and shape of Earth is a primary goal of geodesy. |
True |
The whole world adjusts for daylight savings every year in much the same way as most of North America. |
False |
A great circle has a center that coincides with Earth’s center. |
True |
A meridian is a line that connects all points along the same latitude. |
False |
If a world map shows Greenland and South America to be about the same size (area), it is quite possibly a Mercator projection. |
True |
A lapse rate is a change of ___________ with height. -wind speed |
temperature |
Suppose an air mass warms as it moves over a land surface, but no water vapor is added or lost. The relative humidity will ___________, while the specific humidity will ____________. -not change/fall |
fall/not change |
________________clouds are the cloud type that is most associated with thunderstorm development. -Altocumulus |
Cumulonimbus |
____________ is most likely when the environmental lapse rate is large (for example, 12 Celsius degrees/1000 m). -Armageddon |
Atmospheric instability |
Descending air always warms at the _____________. -moist adiabatic lapse rate |
dry adiabatic lapse rate |
The ____________ is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the atmosphere to the maximum amount of water possible at that temperature. -relative dew point |
relative humidity |
The cloud type _______, which is made up of ice crystals, is found in the Earth’s atmosphere at the highest elevations above the Earth’s surface. -stratus |
cirrus |
A(n) _________ is an aggregation of tiny moisture droplets and ice crystals suspended in the air. -cloud |
cloud |
Clouds are usually classified on the basis of __________ and __________. -altitude/shape |
altitude/shape |
Clouds that are flat and layered are in the general group called __________. -cirroform |
stratiform |
__________ fog forms where air in one place migrates to another place where conditions are right for saturation. -Saturation |
Advection |
The foggiest region of the United States is the ___________. -Rocky Mountains |
Pacific northwest |
In unstable conditions, a parcel of air will __________ than the surrounding air. -rise because it is warmer |
rise because it is warmer |
Assume a parcel of air at sea level (0 meters) has a temperature of 30 d°C. Further, assume that this parcel is forced upward to 2000 meters elevation, where the surrounding air temperature is 6 °C. These conditions would be described as __________________. (Note: There are no clouds present in this scenario.) -stable, because the parcel is cooler than the surrounding air |
unstable, because the parcel is warmer than the surrounding air |
What cloud type is described as "wispy" and "feathery?" -cirrus |
cirrus |
Water covers 71% of Earth by area. |
True |
Worldwide changes in sea level are called outgassing. |
False |
The sum of ice sheets, glaciers, and subsurface groundwater accounts for more than 99 percent of Earth’s freshwater. |
True |
Lake Baykal, located in Siberian Russia, is the single largest body of freshwater on Earth. |
True |
The transition from liquid water to ice or ice to liquid water is called sublimation. |
False |
The water vapor content in the air is called humidity. |
True |
The temperature at which air achieves saturation is called the sublimation temperature. |
False |
The dry adiabatic rate (DAR) is the rate at which an expanding, unsaturated parcel of dry air cools. |
True |
Air is saturated if it contains all of the water vapor that it can hold at a given temperature. This is also when the relative humidity reaches 100 percent. |
True |
Adiabatic describes the cooling, but not the warming rates for a parcel of expanding or compressing air. |
False |
Water’s "wetness," and many of its other important properties, are the result of the polarity of water molecules. |
True |
Assuming no change in the actual amount of water vapor in the air, as air temperature rises, relative humidity decreases. |
True |
The difference between the dry adiabatic rate and the moist adiabatic rate is due to the release of latent heat as water vapor condenses. |
True |
The moisture droplets in clouds average about 300 micrometers in diameter. |
False |
evaporation fog |
forms over water bodies as water vapor comes in contact with the cold air above |
radiation fog |
forms at night over cold, moist ground |
valley fog |
forms as dense, cold air settles into low spots and depressions |
advection fog |
can form as moist air moves horizontally over a cold ocean surface |
upslope fog |
forms a stratus layer of fog due to adiabatic cooling in mountain areas |
vapor pressure |
generally measured in millibars |
specific humidity |
can be measured in grams of water per kilogram of air |
relative humidity |
the percentage of water vapor in the air compared to capacity |
condensation nuclei |
natural pollution required for cloud formation |
dew point |
the temperature at which air is saturated |
__________ is the short-term, day-to-day condition of the atmosphere. -Weather |
weather |
_____________ is the long-term average of weather conditions in a region. -Bergeron |
Climate |
__________ is the type of lifting that involves air being forcibly pushed up a mountain slope. -Convection lifting |
Orographic lifting |
A(n) __________ front is produced when a cold front overtakes a cyclonic warm front, wedging beneath it. -stationary front |
occluded front |
Tornadoes are characterized by ________ atmospheric pressure at the core. -moderately low |
extremely low |
A(n) __________ front commonly results in the formation of towering cumulonimbus clouds. -orographic front |
cold front |
__________ fronts travel faster than __________ fronts. -Midlatitude/tropical |
Cold/warm |
Cyclonic storms and air masses move across the United States along __________, which shift in latitude with the Sun and the seasons. -squall lines |
storm tracks |
_____________ air masses form only in the Northern Hemisphere and are most developed in winter and cold-weather conditions. -Maritime polar |
Continental polar |
What state has the highest average annual occurrence of thunderstorms in the United States? -Florida |
Florida |
Weather data needed for synoptic analysis includes barometric pressure, dew-point temperature, wind speed, and sea-surface temperature. |
False |
As a result of orographic lifting, precipitation occurs on the windward slopes of mountain ranges and a rain shadow occurs on the leeward slopes. |
True |
A midlatitude cyclone forms because of conflict between contrasting air masses. |
True |
Mesocyclones rotate vertically within a supercell cloud and can reach a height of thousands of meters. |
True |
As anybody who has seen the movie "Twister" or "The Wizard of Oz" knows, tornadic winds, while strong, are not strong enough to lift cattle, trucks, houses, or wicked witches into the air. |
False |
Tornadoes with a Fujita rating of F5 are less likely to cause severe damage than the rarer and far more powerful F1 tornadoes. |
False |
Precipitation at Point C is likely to be higher than at A or B. |
False |
The eyewall in this storm is located in closest proximity to A, rather than B or C. |
True |
Chinook winds are the cool, upward airflows characteristic of the windward side of mountains. |
False |
convectional lifting |
involves air moving over a warm surface |
frontal lifting |
involves collision of air masses of significantly different temperatures |
convergent lifting |
involves collision of air masses as they move into a low pressure |
orographic lifting |
involves collision of an air mass into a mountain slope |
hydrographic lifting |
no such lifting mechanism exists |
high pressure, N Hemisphere |
anticyclonic, clockwise |
low pressure, N Hemisphere |
cyclonic, counterclockwise |
high pressure, S Hemisphere |
anticyclonic, counterclockwise |
low pressure, S Hemisphere |
cyclonic, clockwise |
heat |
form of energy that flows from one object to another |
temperature |
measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules in matter |
heat energy |
energy that is added to or removed from a system of substance |
Kelvin absolute zero |
0 |
Celsius absolute zero |
-273 |
Farenheit absolute zero |
459.4 |
Kelvin H20 melts |
273 |
Celsius H20 melts |
0 |
Farenheit H20 melts |
32 |
Kelvin H20 Boils |
373 |
Celsius H20 Boils |
100 |
Farenheit H20 Boils |
212 |
the thermistor for measuring temperature is place at ____ above the surface |
1.2m |
four principal temperature controls |
-latitude -altitude -cloud cover |
average surface temp of Earth |
15C, 59F |
hottest temps on Earth |
30N & 30S (subtropical highs) |
what is the greatest temperature moderators |
the oceans |
specific heat |
heat capacity of a substance |
what cools and warms much slower than land? |
water |
sea-surface temperatures: in July, warm temperatures shift… |
North |
marine effect |
Locations proximal to the sea experience the affects of the ocean’s nature to moderate the climate |
continental effect |
Locations further inland experience greater temperature ranges between maximum and minimum temperatures on a diurnal and annual basis |
hottest places on Earth occur in ___ |
Northern Hemisphere deserts |
wind chill combines |
cold, wind speed |
heat index combines |
heat, humidity |
wind |
horizontal motion of air across Earth’s surface |
winds are named for |
direction from which they originate |
driving factors within the atmosphere |
-gravity -pressure gradient force -Coriolis force -friction force |
Coriolis force |
defective force that causes air and water direction to be altered because of Earth’s rotation |
pressure gradient force |
pressure moves from high pressure to low pressure |
when does the Coriolis Force intensify? |
with faster moving objects |
ITCZ is characterized by |
warm & rainy |
what phenomena distrubtes energy from the tropics to the poles? |
hadley cells–they help distribute energy to energy defecient areas |
what moves surplus energy from the tropics to the poles? |
winds and oceans |
what do winds and oceans move and where? |
a surplus of energy, from the tropics to the poles |
Why would San Francisco not be as good of an example of a city with a climate cooled by Land-Sea Breeze? |
-urban heat island phenomenon -built environment blocks most of breeze |
GEOG 155- Exam 2
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