Geo Chapter 5

Weather is

the short term condition of the atmosphere

over the last two decades, costs for weather-related destruction has, on an annual basis

increased five-fold

earth is properly characterized as

the water planet

Water covers ______ of Earth's surface

71 percent

Water has a density of

1 g/ cm

when water freezes, its density

decreases

which of the following is true of the distribution of land and water on Earth?

the southern hemisphere is dominate by water

the largest portion of fresh water today is located in

ice caps and glaciers

other than ice sheets and glaciers, the largest repository of fresh water is located in

ground water

water molecules bind tightly to one another. This is the result of

hydrogen bonding

water is a good solvent because

it has an asymmetrical charge distribution (one end is positive and the other negative)

surface tension and capillarity are the result of

hydrogen bonding between water molecules

Deposition refers to

water vapor freezing to ice

what is the heat energy involved in change of state, or phase, in water?

latent heat

which of the following phase changes involves the greatest number of calories?

sublimation

when water condense, it _____ heat energy and _____ the surrounding air

releases; heats

when frost forms, it

warms the air by releasing 680 calories of heat energy to the air gram of water

when water evaporates, it ______ heat energy and ________ the surrounding air

absorbs; cools

In winter, freezing water can break pipes and even crack engine blocks. Why does this happen?

water expands in volume as it freezes in response to hydrogen bonding

water vapor in the atmosphere is called

humidity

relative humidity

the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature expressed as a percentage of the moisture capacity of the air

the capacity of the air to hold water vapor is basically a function of

the temperature of both the water vapor and the air

a mass of air always becomes saturated when it reaches the

dew-point temperature

specific humidity

a humidity measure that remains constant as temperature and pressure change, and is expressed as a mass of water vapor per mass (g/kg) of air

as temperature increases during the day, relative humidity usually

decreases

the elevation at which the bottom of the clouds begin to form represents the elevation at which

dew point occurs relative humidity reaches 100 percent

stability

the tendency of a parcel of air to either remain in place or change its initial position

an air parcel is considered unstable when it

continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar density

All adiabatic temperature changes occur as a result of

expansion or compression of the air

assume a warm air parcel at Earth's surface has a temperature of 21 degrees C (70 degrees F) and begins to rise upward. Assume it becomes saturated at 1000 m (3300 ft) altitude, and continues to rise to 2000 m (6600 ft) altitude. What would the approximate temperature of the parcel be at an elevation of 2000m (6600 ft)?

5 degrees C (41.0 degrees F)

Air that is not saturated will cool or heat at a rate of _______ as it rises or descends, respectively

10C degrees per 1000 m (5.5F degrees per 1000 ft)

The wet adiabatic rate is _____ than the dry adiabatic rate because_______

less; condensation heats the air

Areas between 25 degrees to 35 degrees latitude usually become _______ because this area is dominated by air that is sinking and being ______.

deserts; heated by compression

cumulonimbus

clouds that have a vertical development and produce precipitation associated with tornado development

cumuliform

puffy or globular clouds

Altostratus

middle- level cloud

cirrus

a good indicator of an arriving storm, say within the next 24 hours

radiation fog

results after cooling of a surface overnight that chills the air layer directly above that surface

advection fog

fog that develops when warm, moist air blows over a cold current (such as the California current)

Evaporation fog

on cool spring mornings, veils of fog can often be seen rising above warm lakes and ponds

air masses are

homogeneous in terms of temperature and humidity

cP air masses

air masses that develop over Canada

What are the characteristics of a well-developed, newly formed cP air mass?

cold temperatures, clear skies, and high pressure

mT air masses

wetter than a cT air mass and forms over the ocean

Intertropical convergence zone is characterized by

warm, wet rising air

orographic

forced uplift due to the presence of a physical barrier

the highest rainfall in the world occurs in an area where rainfall is generated by

orographic uplift of warm, moist air

west side

the wetter, intercepting slope of a mountain

east side

the drier, downwind slope of a mountain

storm tracks across the United States and Canada generally

shift to the south in winter, and toward the north in summer

Where will thunderstorms not develop?

under areas of strong high pressure

From where do hurricanes derive their energy?

the heat of condensation

What are the peak months of occurrence for hurricanes in the western Atlantic?

August to October

Eye

the part of a hurricane that consists of dry, subsiding air

Why are the winds in a hurricane and tornado so strong?

the pressure gradient is strong the pressure at the center of the storm is very low tremendous amounts of condensation occur in the center of the storm

Why do hurricanes die when they move over land?

evaporation and subsequent condensation are no longer sufficient to sustain them

When hurricanes first form in the Northern Hemisphere, they usually travel from _______, and later from _______ after they move to higher latitudes.

east to west; west to east

convergent lifting

results when air flows toward an area of low pressure

convectional lifting

happens when air is stimulated by local surface heating

orographic lifting

occurs when air is forced over a barrier such as a mountain range

frontal lifting

occurs as air is displaced upward along the leading edges of contrasting air masses

cold front

leading edge of a cold air mass greater density and uniform characteristics compared to the warmer air mass is displaces in advance of front, warm, moist air lifts upward abruptly and experiences the same adiabatic rates of cooling and factors of stability

warm front

leading edge of a warm air mass

hail

ice pellets larger than .5 cm that form within cumulonimbus clouds

cyclogenesis

the atmospheric process in which low-pressure wave cyclones develop and strengthen

humidity

the water vapor content of the air hotter air can hold more water

midlatitude cyclone

migrating low-pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes, outside the tropics low pressure center with converging, ascending air spiraling inward counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

EF-5

windspeeds greater than 322 kmph (200 mph) with incredible damage

dry adiabatic rate

the rate at which dry air cools by expansion (or warms by compression) dry- less than saturated 10 degrees Celsius / 1000 m

moist adiabatic rate

the rate at which an ascending air parcel that is moist or saturated, cools by expansion MAR= 6 degrees Celsius/ 1000 m

cirrostratus

form a veil of ice crystals that creates a halo around the Moon or Sun

open stage

a part of the midlatitude cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere, warm air begins to move northward along an advancing front, while cold air advances southward to the west of the center

adiabatic

air temperature of a parcel changes but without loss or gain of heat to surroundings rising air expands due to lower pressure it cools due to the environmental lapse rate

dew point

100% relative humidity addition of more water or decrease in temperature leads to condensation of liquid water

vapor pressure

portion of air pressure attributed to water vapor milibars

saturation vapor pressure

air contains as much water vapor as it can

thunderstorms

develop where moist air is forced aloft occurs frequently in tropics, nearly daily in some locations most frequent region in the Gulf South absolute peak in Florida as the state extends into warm waters

tornadoes

rapid, rotating, lifting winds beneath cumulonimbus clouds usually short lived lasting only a few minutes, but some have lasted for hours

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Geo Chapter 5

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Weather is

the short term condition of the atmosphere

over the last two decades, costs for weather-related destruction has, on an annual basis

increased five-fold

earth is properly characterized as

the water planet

Water covers ______ of Earth’s surface

71 percent

Water has a density of

1 g/ cm

when water freezes, its density

decreases

which of the following is true of the distribution of land and water on Earth?

the southern hemisphere is dominate by water

the largest portion of fresh water today is located in

ice caps and glaciers

other than ice sheets and glaciers, the largest repository of fresh water is located in

ground water

water molecules bind tightly to one another. This is the result of

hydrogen bonding

water is a good solvent because

it has an asymmetrical charge distribution (one end is positive and the other negative)

surface tension and capillarity are the result of

hydrogen bonding between water molecules

Deposition refers to

water vapor freezing to ice

what is the heat energy involved in change of state, or phase, in water?

latent heat

which of the following phase changes involves the greatest number of calories?

sublimation

when water condense, it _____ heat energy and _____ the surrounding air

releases; heats

when frost forms, it

warms the air by releasing 680 calories of heat energy to the air gram of water

when water evaporates, it ______ heat energy and ________ the surrounding air

absorbs; cools

In winter, freezing water can break pipes and even crack engine blocks. Why does this happen?

water expands in volume as it freezes in response to hydrogen bonding

water vapor in the atmosphere is called

humidity

relative humidity

the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature expressed as a percentage of the moisture capacity of the air

the capacity of the air to hold water vapor is basically a function of

the temperature of both the water vapor and the air

a mass of air always becomes saturated when it reaches the

dew-point temperature

specific humidity

a humidity measure that remains constant as temperature and pressure change, and is expressed as a mass of water vapor per mass (g/kg) of air

as temperature increases during the day, relative humidity usually

decreases

the elevation at which the bottom of the clouds begin to form represents the elevation at which

dew point occurs relative humidity reaches 100 percent

stability

the tendency of a parcel of air to either remain in place or change its initial position

an air parcel is considered unstable when it

continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar density

All adiabatic temperature changes occur as a result of

expansion or compression of the air

assume a warm air parcel at Earth’s surface has a temperature of 21 degrees C (70 degrees F) and begins to rise upward. Assume it becomes saturated at 1000 m (3300 ft) altitude, and continues to rise to 2000 m (6600 ft) altitude. What would the approximate temperature of the parcel be at an elevation of 2000m (6600 ft)?

5 degrees C (41.0 degrees F)

Air that is not saturated will cool or heat at a rate of _______ as it rises or descends, respectively

10C degrees per 1000 m (5.5F degrees per 1000 ft)

The wet adiabatic rate is _____ than the dry adiabatic rate because_______

less; condensation heats the air

Areas between 25 degrees to 35 degrees latitude usually become _______ because this area is dominated by air that is sinking and being ______.

deserts; heated by compression

cumulonimbus

clouds that have a vertical development and produce precipitation associated with tornado development

cumuliform

puffy or globular clouds

Altostratus

middle- level cloud

cirrus

a good indicator of an arriving storm, say within the next 24 hours

radiation fog

results after cooling of a surface overnight that chills the air layer directly above that surface

advection fog

fog that develops when warm, moist air blows over a cold current (such as the California current)

Evaporation fog

on cool spring mornings, veils of fog can often be seen rising above warm lakes and ponds

air masses are

homogeneous in terms of temperature and humidity

cP air masses

air masses that develop over Canada

What are the characteristics of a well-developed, newly formed cP air mass?

cold temperatures, clear skies, and high pressure

mT air masses

wetter than a cT air mass and forms over the ocean

Intertropical convergence zone is characterized by

warm, wet rising air

orographic

forced uplift due to the presence of a physical barrier

the highest rainfall in the world occurs in an area where rainfall is generated by

orographic uplift of warm, moist air

west side

the wetter, intercepting slope of a mountain

east side

the drier, downwind slope of a mountain

storm tracks across the United States and Canada generally

shift to the south in winter, and toward the north in summer

Where will thunderstorms not develop?

under areas of strong high pressure

From where do hurricanes derive their energy?

the heat of condensation

What are the peak months of occurrence for hurricanes in the western Atlantic?

August to October

Eye

the part of a hurricane that consists of dry, subsiding air

Why are the winds in a hurricane and tornado so strong?

the pressure gradient is strong the pressure at the center of the storm is very low tremendous amounts of condensation occur in the center of the storm

Why do hurricanes die when they move over land?

evaporation and subsequent condensation are no longer sufficient to sustain them

When hurricanes first form in the Northern Hemisphere, they usually travel from _______, and later from _______ after they move to higher latitudes.

east to west; west to east

convergent lifting

results when air flows toward an area of low pressure

convectional lifting

happens when air is stimulated by local surface heating

orographic lifting

occurs when air is forced over a barrier such as a mountain range

frontal lifting

occurs as air is displaced upward along the leading edges of contrasting air masses

cold front

leading edge of a cold air mass greater density and uniform characteristics compared to the warmer air mass is displaces in advance of front, warm, moist air lifts upward abruptly and experiences the same adiabatic rates of cooling and factors of stability

warm front

leading edge of a warm air mass

hail

ice pellets larger than .5 cm that form within cumulonimbus clouds

cyclogenesis

the atmospheric process in which low-pressure wave cyclones develop and strengthen

humidity

the water vapor content of the air hotter air can hold more water

midlatitude cyclone

migrating low-pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes, outside the tropics low pressure center with converging, ascending air spiraling inward counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

EF-5

windspeeds greater than 322 kmph (200 mph) with incredible damage

dry adiabatic rate

the rate at which dry air cools by expansion (or warms by compression) dry- less than saturated 10 degrees Celsius / 1000 m

moist adiabatic rate

the rate at which an ascending air parcel that is moist or saturated, cools by expansion MAR= 6 degrees Celsius/ 1000 m

cirrostratus

form a veil of ice crystals that creates a halo around the Moon or Sun

open stage

a part of the midlatitude cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere, warm air begins to move northward along an advancing front, while cold air advances southward to the west of the center

adiabatic

air temperature of a parcel changes but without loss or gain of heat to surroundings rising air expands due to lower pressure it cools due to the environmental lapse rate

dew point

100% relative humidity addition of more water or decrease in temperature leads to condensation of liquid water

vapor pressure

portion of air pressure attributed to water vapor milibars

saturation vapor pressure

air contains as much water vapor as it can

thunderstorms

develop where moist air is forced aloft occurs frequently in tropics, nearly daily in some locations most frequent region in the Gulf South absolute peak in Florida as the state extends into warm waters

tornadoes

rapid, rotating, lifting winds beneath cumulonimbus clouds usually short lived lasting only a few minutes, but some have lasted for hours

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