General Psychology Midterm Practice

Cognitive psychology studies all of the following except:
A. Problem solving
B. Reasoning
C. Telepathy
D. Decision Making

C. Telepathy

2. Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more
accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of______, a task that only humans can perform.
A. developing new learning goals
B. prescribing medical treatments
C. evaluating loan applications
D. diagnosing medical illnesses

A. developing new learning goals

_____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
A. Algorithms
B. Concepts
C. Semantics
D. Heuristics

B. Concepts

According to _____ when people evaluate whether a particular object reflects a certain concept, they compare the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family
resemblance" with that item’s properties.
A. the prototype model
B. the availability heuristic
C. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
D. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A. the prototype model

In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems ____.
A. are vague and/or ill defined
B. suggest obvious operations
C. provide clear definitions
D. are beyond the average person’s ability to solve

A. are vague and/or ill defined

Recognizing problems involves _____.
A.being aware of and open to experiences
B. functional fixedness
C. artificial intelligence
D. using heuristics

A.being aware of and open to experiences

7. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. Your apartment is a mess and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of _____.
A. subgoaling
B. using algorithms
C. using heuristics
D. prototype

A. subgoaling

A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem.
A. subgoal
B. algorithm
C. heuristic
D. fixation

B. algorithm

Claudia is trying to cook her mother’s famous lasagna. She carefully follows her mother’s recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. Claudia is using a(n) _____ .
A. heuristic
B. subgoal
C. algorithm
D. category

C. algorithm

Developing a criterion for determining the effectiveness of the solution occurs during which step of the problem-solving process?
A. Finding and framing the problem.
B. Developing problem-solving strategies
C. Evaluation of solutions
D. Redefining problems over time

C. Evaluation of solutions

Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she
is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should_____.
A. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college
B. move back home with her parents and commute to college
C. drop out of college
D. should indulge in fixations

A. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college

Psychological research involves studying a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn. This is an example of_____.
A. inductive reasoning
B. deductive reasoning
C. algorithms
D. artificial intelligence

A. inductive reasoning

Carlos believes that all or the people from another part of his town are snobs. Ho believes that
the students from this area are rich and drive expensive sports cars to school. He is scheduled to perform with a few of these students in an all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these particular students will be rich and snobby, he is using______ .
A. Inductive reasoning
B. Deductive reasoning
C. critical thinking
D. artificial intelligence

B. Deductive reasoning

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

A. She will read both the editorials that she agrees with and those that she doesn’t to get a
balanced view of issues.
B. She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with.
C. She will read the editorials that she disagrees with to get an idea of what the other perspectives
on issues may be.
D. She will not read any of the editorials.

B. She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with.

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will tum
out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating_____.
A. overconfidence bias
B. hindsight bias
C. selection bias
D. deductive reasoning

B. hindsight bias

The fact that we bear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car.
This is an example of a(n)_____ .
A. attention bias
B. simulation heuristic
C. availability heuristic
D. representativeness heuristic

C. availability heuristic

Open-mindedness involves_____ .
A. being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities
B. being receptive to other ways to looking at things
C. the tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information
D. the tendency to ignore information about general principles

B. being receptive to other ways to looking at things

_____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.
A. An algorithm
B. Creativity
C. A heuristic
D. Fixedness

B. Creativity

_____ produces many solutions to the same problem.
A. Deductive reasoning
B. Convergent thinking
C. Divergent thinking
D. Inductive reasoning

C. Divergent thinking

_____ produces the single best solution to a problem
A. Deductive reasoning
B. Convergent thinking
C. Divergent thinking
D. Inductive reasoning

B. Convergent thinking

Brain storming is an example of _____.
A. Deductive reasoning
B. Convergent thinking
C. Divergent thinking
D. Inductive reasoning

…

ln the U.S., intelligence is defined as _____.
A. a trait that is shaped entirely by genetics
B. an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience
C. the ability to know what to do and follow through with appropriate action, under most circumstances
D. the ability to participate responsibly in family and social life

B. an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

When the scores on a measure relate to important outcomes, we say the test has high ____.
A. reliability
B. criterion validity
C. standardization
D. distribution

B. criterion validity

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn’t accurately measure intelligence then the test is ____ but not ____.
A. reliable; valid
B. valid; reliable
C. inductive; deductive
D. divergent; convergent

A. reliable; valid

Standardization ______.
A. refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure
B. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
C. is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance
D. lnvolves developing uniform procedure few administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test

D. lnvolves developing uniform procedure few administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test

_____ is an individual’s level of mental development relative to that of others.
A. Chronological age
B. Mental age
C. Psychological quotient
D. Cerebral quotient

B. Mental age

If a child’s mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that ____.
A. the child’s IQ is above average
B. the child’s IQ is average
C. the child’s IQ is lower than average
D. a mistake has occurred

A. the child’s IQ is above average

A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of ____
A. 90
B. 100
C. 110
D. 60

B. 100

Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the NCAA basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from countries outside of the United States may have
problems with this question because it is probably ____
A. not valid
B. culturally biased
C. unreliable
D. generalized

B. culturally biased

_____ is the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group’s members.
A. Familiarity
B. Accountability
C. Heritability
D. Cognizance

C. Heritability

It has commonly been reported that the heritability of intelligence is approximately ____
percent.
A. 10
B. 25
C. 50
D. 75

C. 50

Malcolm has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. Psychologists would consider Malcolm to be ____
A. gifted
B. autistic
C. socially maladjusted
D. an introvert

A. gifted

Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of
____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
A. 150
B. 120
C. 90-100
D. below 70

D. below 70

Sophia is in the fifth grade and lives in one of the most impoverished areas in the state. She has a history of academic failure, although she is very sensitive to teacher expectations. Her
teachers have noticed that she responds best when candy is offered as an incentive instead of verbal praise. Sophia’s IQ is 65. She is most likely a victim of ____
A. organic retardation
B. cultural-familial retardation
C. vitamin deficiency retardation
D. profound mental retardation

B. cultural-familial retardation

The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ____ intelligence.
A. algorithmic
B. analytical
C. creative
D. practical

B. analytical

According to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, ____ intelligence involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.
A. intrapersonal
B. analytical
C. creative
D. naturalist

C. creative

_____ is a language’s sound system.
A. Phonology
B. Semantics
C. Morphemes
D. Syntax

A. Phonology

____ refers to a language’s rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
A. Phonology
B. Semantics
C. Morphemes
D. Syntax

D. Syntax

The textbook describes a case study of a young girl named Genie who was isolated and severely abused. Because her parents never communicated with her in words, Genie lacked exposure to language during her early childhood years. Although she was able to make some language advances while in extensive rehabilitation, as an adult Genie still speaks in short mangled two- or three-word sentences. This case study suggests that language development

A. can occur rapidly in adulthood, despite childhood deficiencies
B. is entirely shaped by biology and genetics
C. is influenced by the environment
D. ceases during adulthood

C. is influenced by the environment

______ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
A. Erudition
B. Maturation
C. Edifying
D. Learning

B. Maturation

______is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the
importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping,
A. Psychoanalysis
B. Behaviorism
C. Humanism
D. Conditioning

B. Behaviorism

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called____
A. episodic learning
B. observational learning
C. associative learning
D. rote learning

C. associative learning

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterwards. This is an example of __
A. classical conditioning
B. observational learning
C. operant conditioning
D. stimulus experience

A. classical conditioning

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through __
A. classical conditioning
B. operant conditioning
C. latent learning
D. discovery learning

B. operant conditioning

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through __ , whereas observational learning involves learning through __
A. observation and imitation I association
B. conscious behaviors I observation and practice
C. association I observation and imitation
D. conscious thoughts I unconscious thoughts

C. association / observation and imitation

Miranda is learning how to play tennis, for her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis?

A. Operant conditioning
B. Classical conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Latent learning

C. Observational learning

Pavlov’s dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n) __
A. Unconditional Stimulus
B. Conditional Stimulus
C. Unconditional Response
D. Conditional Response

A. Unconditional Stimulus

Dr. Meyer is known for bis difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on
his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)____.
A.US
B.CS
C.UR
D.CR

B. CS

In classical conditioning situations, the ____ connection is unlearned, but the ____ connection is learned.
A. US-CS I UR-CR
B. US-UR I CS-CR
C. UR-CR I US-CS
D. CS-CR I US-UR

B. US-UR I CS-CR

______in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original
conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
A. Generalization
B. Discrimination
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Latent learning

A. Generalization

_____in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not
others.
A. Generalization
B. Discrimination
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Latent learning

B. Discriminati

_____ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
A. Generalization
B. Discrimination
C. Extinction
D. Latent learning

C. Extinction

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time
delay, without further conditioning is called ____
A. Generalization
B. Discrimination
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Latent learning

C. Spontaneous recovery

In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, ____ was used as an
unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.
A. fire
B. a loud noise
C. the researcher
D. a sealskin coat

B. a loud noise

In John Watson’s experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) ______to
condition Albert.
A. conditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned stimulus
C. conditioned response
D. unconditioned response

A. conditioned stimulus

______ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
A. Instinctive drift
B. Generalizing
C. Expectancy learning
D. Counter conditioning

D. Counter conditioning

Robert drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?
A. He will feel happy about what a great time he had last night.
B. He will want to drink more tequila right away.
C. He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.
D. He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party

C. He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive

Classical conditioning helps to explain ___, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to
a stimulus after repeated presentations.
A. immunosuppression
B. habituation
C. aversive conditioning
D. counterconditioning

B. habituation

In operant conditioning, ____
A. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior
B. which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus
C. neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses
D. behavior is a consequence of the CS

A. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior

Some bears kept in the zoo allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without
anesthesia. You, however, a psychology student, quickly surmise that the bears had undergone _____.
A. discovery learning
B. classical conditioning
C. secondary reinforcement
D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the
probability that the behavior will happen again is called _____.
A. generalization
B. extinction
C. reinforcement
D. specialization

C. reinforcement

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency
of that behavior is called __
A. negative reinforcement
B. positive reinforcement
C. positive punishment
D. negative punishment

B. positive reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of
that behavior is called_____
A. negative reinforcement
B. positive reinforcement
C. positive punishment
D. negative punishment

A. negative reinforcement

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in a avoidance learning called____, in which organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.
A. instinctive drift
B. extinction
C. learned helplessness
D. generalization

C. learned helplessness

which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?
A. Praise
B. Money
C. Food
D. Attention

C. food

Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while
they’re grilling, they will throw him a candy. However, his owner Paul, does not want Bubba to
eat candy as it is not good for his health. He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the
neighbor. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant
conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can ____
A. generalize
B. substitute secondary reinforcers when primary reinforcers are not available
C. learn a partial-reinforcement schedule
D. discriminate

D. discriminate

Fred’s parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can
climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred’s parents can’t understand why he isn’t a better-behaved child. Fred’s parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a_____.
A. fixed-ratio schedule
B. fixed-interval schedule
C. partial-reinforcement schedule
D. continuous reinforcement schedule

C. partial-reinforcement schedule

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a ____. schedule of reinforcement.
A. continuous
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-ratio
D. fixed-interval

B. variable-ratio

Spanking is a form of____; time out is a form of ____.
A. negative punishment / positive punishment
B. positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement
C. positive punishment / negative punishment
D. positive reinforcement / positive punishment

C. positive punishment / negative punishment

Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After a few times of being grounded, Larry’s misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of __
A. positive punishment
B. negative punishment
C. negative reinforcement
D. positive reinforcement

C. negative reinforcement

Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper. Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?
A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Insight learning

C. Observational learning

According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes
involved in observational learning?

A. Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
B. Attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination
C. Acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination
D. Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

A. Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

Which of the following is true with regard to insight learning?

A. Psychologists have confirmed that insight learning is essentially similar to learning through
trial and error.
B. Insight learning appears to entail only gradual processes.
C. Insight learning requires thinking "outside the box," setting aside previous expectations and
assumptions.
D. Exposure to other cultures does not influence insight learning

C. Insight learning requires thinking "outside the box," setting aside previous expectations and assumptions.

Ally, an athlete believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time, despite her
practicing every day. Which of the following explains Ally’s attitude?
A. Growth mindset
B. Instinctive drift
C. Preparedness
D. Fixed mindset

D. Fixed mindset

______refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
A. Storage
B. Retrieval
C.Decay
D. Encoding

D. Encoding

Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to
improve his memory of the material. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples. You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything be already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?

A. Elaboration
B. Imagery
C.Chunking
D. Selective attention

A. Elaboration

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?
A. Sensory memory
B. Short-term memory
C. Long-term memory
D. Schemas

B. Short-term memory

Information can last up to a lifetime in ____.
A. sensory memory
B. short-term memory
C. long-term memory
D. working memory

C. long-term memory

Sensory memory _______.
A. holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time
B. is a form of short-term memory
C. transfers information directly to long-term memory
D. is very vague and unclear

A. holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on ____ whereas when you are
asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on ____

A. sensory memory/ long-term memory
B. long-term memory/ short-term or working memory
C. long-term memory/ procedural memory
D. semantic memory/ long-term memory

B. long-term memory/ short-term or working memory

______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas______ refers to visual sensory memory.
A. Ionic memory / echoic memory
B. Declarative memory / nondeclarative memory
C. Echoic memory / iconic memory
D. Nondeclarative memory / declarative memory

C. Echoic memory / iconic memory

George Miller’s classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is________ between units of information.
A. 2 and 7
B. 5 and 9
C. 7 and 12
D. 9 and 1

B. 5 and 9

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of
A. mental structuring
B. visual structuring
C. chunking
D. cueing

C. chunking

_______ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.
A. Explicit memory
B. Implicit memory
C. Episodic memory
D. Semantic memory

B. Implicit memory

Based on the famous case study of H.M., a patient who had severe epilepsy, H.M. underwent surgery
that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain. After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured but his memory was impaired. Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.’s memory?

A. H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.
B. H.M. showed major deficits in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
C. H.M. ‘s procedural memory suffered the most damage.
D. H.M. could not learn new physical tasks

A. H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.

Which of the following involves being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it?
A. Sensory memory
B. Short-term memory
C. Declarative memory
D. Nondeclarative memory

C. Declarative memory

Recollections of John’s first family vacation to Disneyland are part of John’s ____
A. implicit memory
B. non-declarative memory
C. episodic memory
D. procedura1 memory

C. episodic memory

In which subsystem of Iong-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?
A. Episodic memory
B. Semantic memory
C. Non-declarative (implicit) memory
D. Declarative (explicit) memory

C. Non-declarative (implicit) memory

People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n) ________.
A. script
B. implicit memory
C. discovered memory
D. working memory

A. script

The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _______memory.
A. repressed
B. implicit
C. explicit
D. sensory

C. explicit

Retrieval is the process of ____.

A. transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
B. bringing information to mind whenever needed
C. storing information so that it can be retained over time
D. detecting information from the world without receiving concrete sensory input

B. bringing information to mind whenever needed

Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____.
A. recency effect / primacy effect
B. primacy effect / recency effect
C. flashbulb memory effect / metamemory effect
D. metamemory effect / flashbulb memory effect

B. primacy effect / recency effect

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student’s ____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing abilities.
A. episodic memory / semantic memory
B. semantic memory / episodic memory
C. recall / recognition
D. recognition / recall

D. recognition / recall

The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as _____.
A. precognition
B. working memory
C. procedural memory
D. flashbulb memory

D. flashbulb memory

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n) _______.
A. implicit memory
B. schema
C. repressed memory
D. elaboration

C. repressed memory

Which of the following occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material leaned later?
A. Elaboration
B. Proactive interference
C. Transference
D. Motivated forgetting

B. Proactive interference

_______ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that
was learned earlier.
A. Retroactive interference
B. Motivated forgetting
C. Transience
D. Transferenc

A. Retroactive interference

The process through which the senses detect environmental stimuli and transmit them to the
brain is called______?
A. consciousness
B. perception
C. sensation
D. reception

C. sensation

______is the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information.
A. Consciousness
B. Perception
C. Sensation
D. Reception

B. perception

Melanie is learning how to read Spanish by sounding out each word one letter at a time. Melanie is engaging in_____
A. top-down processing
B. bottom-up processing
C. sensory adaptation
D. subliminal perception

B. bottom-up processing

_____means that a person can detect information from the world without receiving concrete
sensory input.
A. Retrocognition
B. Selective attention
C. Absolute threshold
D. Extrasensory perception

D. Extrasensory perception

You are studying in your dorm room, but your neighbor is blasting the television in the
adjacent room. When you gently request that your neighbor turn the volume down until you
cannot hear it, you are asking your neighbor to make the volume less than your_____?
A. absolute threshold
B. difference threshold
C. minimum transduction level
D. basilar level

A. absolute threshold

The _____marks the point where we can just barely perceive a stimulus.
A. just noticeable difference
B. difference threshold
C. absolute threshold
D. just noticeable threshold

C. absolute threshold

Linda is studying while listening to her iPod. She notices that when she raises the volume 5
decibels when the volume is initially low, the change is very noticeable. However, then the
volume is initially high, increasing the volume by 5 decibels doesn’t result mas noticeable of
change in sound. This phenomenon is best explained by_______.
A. the volley principle
B. Weber’s law
C. perceptual constancy
D. selective attention

B. Weber’s law

You arrive at your friend’s apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first
arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the
music is still at the same volume, it no longer bothers you or seems that loud. This change in your
sensations describes the process of_____.
A. auditory adjustment
B. transduction
C. sensory adaptation
D. sensory deprivation

C. sensory adaptation

predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way is known as ________.
A. selective attention
B. a perceptual set
C. the cocktail party effect
D. top-down processing

B. a perceptual set

Rods and cones are located in the______
A. retina
B. lens
C. cornea
D. occipital lobe

A. retina

Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she sits in bed looking around the darkened room, she
notices that her peripheral vision seems to be better than her central vision. This is because vision in a low light conditions _____.
A. depends on the rods
B. depends on the cones
C. doesn’t require the use of the pupil
D. doesn’t require the retina

A. depends on the rods

The __ is made up of axons of the cells. which carries visual information to the brain for further processing.
A. fovea
B. optic nerve
C. lens
D. iris

B. optic nerve

the ____ is the area near the center of the retina where there are no rods and no cones.
A. cornea
B. blind spot
C. fovea
D. lens

B. blind spot

The purpose of parallel processing is to _____
A. allow sensory infonnation to travel rapidly through the brain
B. allow rods and cones to function simultaneously
C. prevent the misinterpretation of colors
D. use binocular cues to perceive depth

A. allow sensory information to travel rapidly through the brain

Which of the following statements about research on color blindness is true?
A. Most individuals who are color-blind literally see the world in black and white. They are
unable to perceive any colors other than black or white.
B. Color blindness is more common among women than among men.
C. The nature of color blindness depends on which of the three kinds of cones (green,red, and
blue) is inoperative.
D. Research on color blindness does not support the trichromatic theory of vision.

C. The nature of color blindness depends on which of the three kinds of cones (green,red, and blue) is inoperative.

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that ____.
A. perception is the same as sensation
B. we learn to perceive the world through experience
C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts
D. perception is a neurological process

C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts

Depth perception involves ____.
A. perceiving three dimensions
B. seeing in three colors
C. the pinna
D. the papillae

A. perceiving three dimensions

in order to get a good idea of an object’s depth, we rely on a number of binocular and monocular cues. Which of the following would be an example of a binocular cue?
A. Texture gradient
B. Convergence
C. Height in field of view
D. Shading

B. Convergence

The perception that a stationary object is moving is known as
A. real movement
B. apparent movement
C. convergence
D. depth perception

B. apparent movement

the tendency for perceptions of objects to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in size, shape, and/or color is called____.
A. monocular constancy
B. perceptual constancy
C. linear perspective
D. the figure-ground principle

B. perceptual constancy

The pitch of a sound is a function of the sound wave’s whereas the loudness of a
sound is a function of the sound wave’s____.
A. frequency / amplitude ·
B. amplitude /frequency
C. decibel level I melodic waveform
D. melodic waveform I decibel level

A. frequency / amplitude

Place theory states that ____?
A. in vision, depth perception occurs because of a combination of binocular and monocular cues
B. in vision, color perception occurs because of different types of cones
C. in hearing, a cluster of neurons "volley" neural impulses in rapid succession.
D. in hearing, each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane

D. in hearing, each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane

Which of the following statements about cochlear implants is false?
A. A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that is surgically implanted in the ear and head.
B. Cochlear implants, like hearing aids, work by amplifying sound.
C. Cochlear implants stimulate whatever working auditory nerves the recipient has in his or her
cochlea with electronic impulses.
D. Cochlear implants work best if they are inserted shortly after hearing loss.

C. cochlear implants, like hearing aids, work by amplifying sound

Which of the following is true of auditory processing in the brain?
A. Auditory information moves down the auditory pathway via electrochemical transmission in a
less complex manner than does visual information in the visual pathways
B. In the auditory system, information about sound moves from the auditory nerve to the hair cells of the inner ear.
C. Most of the auditory information from the left ear goes to the right side of the brain, but some also goes to the left side of the brain
D. Many synapses occur in the ascending auditory pathway, with all fibers proceeding directly to the hemisphere on the same side as the ear of reception

C. Most of the auditory information from the left ear goes to the right side of the brain, but some also goes to the left side of the brain.

Which of the following is true of pain?
A. Pain receptors differ anatomically.
B. Pain receptors are similar in the type of physical stimuli to which they most readily react.
C. Pain receptors have a much lower threshold for firing than receptors for temperature and
touch.
D. Pain receptors react mainly to physical stimuli that distort them or to chemical stimuli that irritate them into action

D. pain receptors react mainly to physical stimuli that distort them or to chemical stimuli that irritate them into action.

Endorphin’s are ____
A. neurotransmitters that function as natural opiates in producing pleasure and pain
B. believed to be released mainly in the synapses of the fast pathway
C. hormones that are involved the kinesthetic sense
D. hormones that are involved in the vestibular sens

A. neurotransmitters that function as natural opiates in producing pleasure and pain

The _____ senses provide information about movement, and orientation, whereas the _____ senses provide information about balance and movement.
A. kinesthetic; vestibular
B. vestibular; kinesthetic
C. limbic; thalamic
D. thalamic; limbi

A. kinesthetic; vestibular

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness?
A. Awareness and responsiveness
B. Awareness and arousal
C. Tolerance and arousal
D. Alertness and tolerance

B. Awareness and arousal

Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves
the____ . Arousal is determined by the ____.
A. amygdala / hippocampus
B. hippocampus / corpus callosum
C. corpus callosum / hippocampus
D. pre frontal cortex / reticular activating system

B. hippocampus /corpus callosum

The concept of"theory of mind" is best described as____.
A. thinking about thinking
B. Individuals’ understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences
C. individuals’ misinterpretation of their own subconscious thoughts
D. the psychological answer to the metaphysical concept of a soul

B. Individuals’ understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other mental activities are called____.
A. controlled processes
B. automatic processes
C. altered state of consciousness
D. no awareness processes

B. automatic processes

Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?
A. Higher-level consciousness
B. Lower-level consciousness
C. Subconscious awareness
D. No awareness

C. Subconscious awareness

The term circadian rhythm refers to_____.
A. the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience
B. daily behavioral or physiological cycles
C. the experience of jet lag following an extensive transoceanic flight
D. the cycle of five distinct stages that we expenence dunng a normal night s sleep

B. daily behavioral or physiological cycles

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for
an exam is likely to ____.
A. increase memory performance
B. decrease memory performance
C. improve test scores
D. increases long-term memory

B. decrease memory performance

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. its likely that he is ____.
A. in the lowest level of sleep
B. dreaming
C. in a hypnagogic state
D. experiencing night terrors

B. dreaming

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in ____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.
A. serotonin
B. norepinephrine
C. acetylcholine
D. cortisol

C. acetylcholine

Insomnia is a disorder involving_____.
A. the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
B. sudden uncontrollable seizures
C. periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness
D. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early

D. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early

Sleepwalking occurs during __ of the sleep cycle.
A. stage I
B. stage 2
C. stage 3 and stage 4
D. stage 5 and stage

C. stage 3 and stage 4

Night terrors typically occur
A. among older adults
B. during non-REM sleep
C. following sleep apnea
D. within three hours of falling asleep

B. during non-REM sleep

Nolan and his wife were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when he suddenly crashed to the floor in deep rem sleep. Nolan may suffer from ____?
A. sleep apnea
B. insomnia
C. narcolepsy
D. night terrors

C. narcolepsy

_____is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to
open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work proper
A. Sleep apnea
B. Narcolepsy
C. Night terrors
D. Sleep deprivation syndrome

A. sleep apnea

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams symbolize ______
A. our conscious thoughts and feelings
B. unconscious wishes and hidden desires
C. random neurological activity
D. our biological urges and needs

B. unconscious wishes and hidden desires

What theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing, memory,
and problem solving?
A. Sigmund Freud’s theory
B. William James’s theory
C. Cognitive theory of dreaming
D. Activation synthesis theory of dreaming

C. Cognitive theory of dreaming

which of the following statements about research on psychoactive drug use is false?
A. lllicit drug use as a global problem.
B. The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.
C: Drug. use among teens is associated with unplanned pregnancy, depression, and school-related
difficulties.
D. Declines in adolescent use of marijuana, LSD, ecstasy, steroids, and cigarettes are greater than
that for other drugs.

B. The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to
bring is called _____
A. dependence
B. addiction
c. tolerance
D. psychoactivity

C. tolerance

Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily doses of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of ____
A. physical dependence
B. psychological dependence
C. a circadian rhythm anomaly
D. a hypnogogic reverie

A. physical dependence

Drug addiction occurs when____
A. an individual will lie about taking a drug
B. a drug no longer causes a person to get high, but they take it again
C. physical and/or psychological dependence develops
D. a person can be without the drug no longer than five days

C. physical and/or psychological dependence develops

Why do psychoactive drugs make people feel good?
A. Psychoactive drugs increase epinephrine in the brain’s reward pathways.
B. Psychoactive drugs decrease epinephrine in the brain’s reward pathways.
C. Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain’s reward pathways.
D. Psychoactive drugs decrease dopamine levels in the brain’s reward pathways.

A. Psychoactive drugs increase epinephrine in the brain’s reward pathways.

psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity are called?
A. inhalents
B. stimulants
C. hallucinogens
D. depressants

D. depressants

Gloria can’t get through the day without several cups of coffee and energy drinks. She says
she needs the caffeine to function normally. What type of drug is Gloria dependent on?
A. Stimulant
B. Depressant
C. Hallucinogen
D. Narcotic

A. Stimulant

Which category of drugs alters perception and mood and can cause feelings of unreal
A. Stimulants
B. Depressants
C. Hallucinogens
D. Narcotic

C. hallucinogens

______is an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention in which
the individual is unusually receptive to suggestion
A. Hypnosis
B. Meditation
C. Caffeinism
D. Extrasensory perception (ESP

A. Hypnosis

which of the following is an example of behavior?
A. thinking of taking a family vacation
B. Two people holding hands
C. A students memory of a motorcycle trip.
D. A baby’s feelings when its mother leaves the room

B. two people holding hands

according to the text, which of the following attitudes are central to scientific approach to psychology?

A. critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity
B.critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and subjectivity
C. Critical thinking, curiosity, political correctness, and objectivity
D. Critical .thinking, curiosity, political correctness, and subjectivity

A. Critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

which of the following statements about critical thinking is false?

A. Critical thinking is the process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence.
B.Critical thinking comes into play when scientists consider the conclusions they draw from research.
C. Critical thinking increases the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs, opinions, .and emotions.
D. Critical thinkers question and test what some people say are facts.

C. critical thinking increases the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs, opinion, and emotions.

the empirical method best fulfills which of the following goals of science?
A. Expectations
B. Objectivity
C. Subjectivity
D. Political correctness

B. Objectivity

psychology began as a science in the discipline of____?
A. Philosophy
B. Physics
C. chemistry
D. sociology

A. philosophy

which of the following theorists used the structuralism approach to study human behavior?

A.William James
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. Charles Darwin
D. Sigmund Freud

B. Wilhelm Wundt

which school of psychology is Wilhelm wundt associated ?
A. Functionalism
B. Structuralism
C. Humanism
D. Behaviorism

B. structuralism

______ involves using introspection to investigate the components of the mind, whereas____ probed the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual’s adaptations to environment.

A. Structuralism / functionalism
B. Functionalism/ Structuralism
C. Functionalism/ psycho-dynamic theory
D. Behaviorism / structuralism

A. structuralism/ functionalism

psychologist who adapt a ____ approach examine behavior and mental process through focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system.
A. biological
B. psycho-dynamic
C. Behavioral
D. Evolutionary

C. biological

Dr. Zimand is studying the association between the functioning of specific brain structures and depression. its likely that Dr. Zimand specialized in the _____ approach to psychology?
A. Behavioral
B. cognitive
C. evolutionary
D. biological

D. biological

the ____ approach emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavior responses and their environmental determinants

A. Humanistic
B. psychodynamic
C. evolutionary
D. Behavioral

D. behavioral

J.B Watson and B.F. Skinner believed that ____

A. Consciousness should always be investigated through the process of individual introspection
B.psychology should focus on an organism’s visible interactions with the environment-that is,
behaviors
C. psychology should study both outwardly observed behaviors and inborn mental motivations
D . psychological methods could be developed to study the process of human cognition

B. psychology should focus on organisms visible interactions with environment that – that is behaviors

in his practice doctor Wagner stresses the role of unconscious process and unresolved childhood process. with which physical approach does this align ?
A. Behavioral
B. Cognitive
C. psychodynamic
D. Evolutionary

C. psychodynamic

the ___ approach to psychology views the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system. this view contrast with ___ approach to psychology which focus on an organisms physical interactions with the environment.
A. Behavioral/ cognitive
B. Cognitive /Behavioral
C. psychodynamic / Humanistic
D. Humanistic / psychodynamic

B. cognitive /behavioral

according to the ___, people have the ability to control there lives and not controlled by the environment.
A. Humanistic approach
B. psychodynamic approach
C. evolutionary approach
D. behaviorism approach

A. humanistic Approach

according to ____ psychologist, your brain houses a "mind" who’s mental processes allow you to remember, make decisions, plan, set goals, and be creative.
A. psychodynamic
B. Cognitive
C. evolutionary
D. humanistic

B. Cognitive

the ___ approach relies on concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection when explaining human behavior
A. Humanistic
B. psychodynamic
C. evolutionary
D. behavior

C. evolutionary

the ___ approach focuses on comparisons of behaviors across country’s as well as on the behavior of individuals from different ethic and cultural groups within a country
A. psychodynamic
B. socialcultrual
C. cognitive
D. evolutionary

B. socialcultural

which is the first step in conducting a scientific inquiry?
A. Testing through empirical research
B. observing some phenomenon
C. Drawing conclusions
D. Formulating hypotheses and prediction

B. observing some phenomenon

which is the second step in the scientific method
A. Testing through empirical research
B. Evaluating conclusions
C. drawing conclusions
D.Formulating hypothesis and prediction

D. formulating hypothesis and predictions

a correlation coefficient indicates the _____

A. strength and direction of association between two variables
B. direction of the causal relationship between two variables
C. extent to which demand characteristics have biased the results of the study
D. extent to which experimenter bias has influenced the results of the study

A. strength and direction of association between two variables

Professor Julian has suggested to his students that as study time increases grades increased the professor is describing a ____.
A. means score
B. Positive Correlation
C. negative correlation
D. standard deviation

B. positive correlation

Professor jenny is interested in the association between sleet and cognitive performance he served made his students about the number of hours they slept the night before the exam and then correlated B sources with their tennis greats he found a class 0.81 correlation between these two variables what does this result mean?
A. There is a high negative correlation between sleep and exam performance.
B. There is a low negative correlation between sleep and exam performance.
C.There is a high positive correlation between sleep and exam performance.
D. There is a low positive correlation between sleep and exam performance

C.There is a high positive correlation between sleep and exam performance.

Longitudinal research involves______
A. Observing and measuring the same variables periodically over time.
B. randomly assigning participants to the control and experimental groups
C.the random selection of participants within a particular population
D. uncovering unconscious motives and conflicts

A. observing and measuring the same variable periodically over time

Dr. Steinguard wants to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between stress and memory.
Which of the following research methods should he use?
A. Correlational studies
B. Survey method
C.Naturalistic observation .
D.Experimental method

D.Experimental method

_____refers to researchers ‘allocation of participants to groups by chance, "to reduce the likelihood that an experiment’s results will be due to preexisting differences between groups.

A.Selection bias
B. Experimenter bias
C. Random assignment
D. Random selection

D. random selection

Which of the following research methods allow(s) researchers-to determine causality
A Survey method
B. Observations
C. Experimental studies
D. Case study

C. Experimental studies

The _____ is a manipulated experimental factor and __ is the outcome
A. dependent variable / independent variable
B. Independent Variable/ dependent variable
C. confounding variable/ independent variable
D. dependent variable/ confounding variable

B. independent variable/ dependent variable

in an experiment, the group that is NOT subjected to a treatment condition is known as the_____
A. control
B. Treatment
C. experimental
D. Dependant

A. Control

Dr, grant is conduction research on stress management. group A received progressive relaxation training prior to test taking, while group B received no training. group A is the ____, while group B is the _____.
A treatment group / placebo group
B. experimental group / control group
C. control group I treatment group
D. placebo group I control group

B. experimental group / control group

The placebo effect is an example of a(n)

A. experimenter bias
B. participant bias
C. random assignment bias
D. random selection bias

B. Participant bias

Choosing a group of 50 students from a roster of all students in a nearby school .and inviting them to participate in a study would be an example of one way to ____

A. execute a pilot study
B. obtain a random sample
C. obtain a sample of convenience
D. reduce the potential for demand characteristic

B. obtain a random sample

The _____ establishes ethical guidelines for its members. The _____ evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their colleges and universities
A. Institutional Review Board (IRB)/ American psychological association (APA)
B. American Psychologist association (APA) / Institution review board (IRB)
C. County government/ state government
D. State government/ county government

B. American Psychologist association (APA) / Institution review board (IRB)

Deception in research is ethically allowed_____.
A. under no circumstances
B. Only when a double- blind study is used and all of the participants over 18
C. in the medical research only
D. if the anticipated benefits outweigh the anticipated costs and participants are debriefed

D.if the anticipated benefits outweigh the anticipated cost and participants are debriefed

The _____system is the body’s electro-chemical communication circuitry.
A. pulmonary
B. nervous
C. endocrine
D. respirator

B. nervous

The term plasticity refers to the _____.
A flexibility of the endocrine system
B. ability of people to adapt to new surroundings
C. ability to connect electrical impulses and chemical messengers
D. brain’s special capacity for modification and change

D. brain ‘s special capacity for modification and change

Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through ____ thus enabling the
body to move.
A. afferent nerves
B. efferent nerves
C. pyramidal nerves
D. olfactory nerves

B. efferent nerves

The brain and spinal cord make up the_______
A. peripheral nervous system
B. central nervous system
C. autonomic nervous system
D. somatic nervous system

B. central nervous system

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the_____
A. sensory system
B central nervous system
C. Limbic system
D. peripheral nervous system

D. peripheral nervous system

The function of the____ is to take messages to and from the body’s internal organs, monitoring such
processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion

A. central nervous system
B. autonomic nervous system
C. somatic nervous system
D. parasympathetic nervous system

B. autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the____

A. central nervous system
B. endocrine system
C. somatic nervous system
D. autonomic nervous system

D. autonomic nervous system

You are walking to school when you encounter a strange barking dog. You start sweating and
contemplate whether you should run away..Which nervous system Is responsible for this ”fight-or-flight"
reaction?

A. somatic
B. Sympathetic
C. Parasympathetic
D. central

B. Sympathetic

After finishing a Psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the______ nervous system, which results in a slower heart and respiration rate and less muscular tension.

A. somatic
B. central
C. parasympathetic
D. sympathetic

C. parasympathetic

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance, is called the_______.
A. axon hillock
B. terminal stub
C. cell body
D. stem-cell

C. cell body

dendrites are_____?

A. the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells
B. the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving Information from other neurons
C. located inside the cell body
D. the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron

B. the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving Information from other neurons

Samantha had a stroke. Doctors told her she sustained substantial damage to the occipital lobes. What type of deficiencies is Samantha likely to experience BS a result of this brain damage?

A. she may be blind or unable to see clearly.
B she will probably be unable to comprehend language
C. She will probably have difficulties with memory function.
D, She will probably suffer from impaired cognitive functioning (planning, .reasoning, and self-control will be negatively impacted)

A. she may be blind or unable to see clearly