Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the |
concentration gradient |
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is |
diffusion |
High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called |
hypercapnia |
The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is |
pulmonary edema |
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mmHg. |
100 |
Hypoxia resulting from fluid accumulation in the alveoli that cannot be corrected by oxygen therapy can lead to |
adult respiratory distress syndrome |
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately _________ mm Hg. |
50 |
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as |
bicarbonate ions |
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is |
bound to hemoglobin |
In the medulla oblongata, the nucleus tractus solitarius contains the ________ of neurons. |
dorsal respiratory group |
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is |
carbon dioxide |
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will |
increase the rate of breathing |
The Hering-Breuer reflex |
prevents over expansion of the lungs. |
The expiratory neurons control the _____ muscles, whereas the inspiratory neurons control the _______ muscles |
abdominal and internal intercostal, diaphragm and external intercostal |
Protective reflexes of the lungs include |
coughing and bronchoconstriction |
Match the lung disease to its description |
… |
destruction of alveoli |
emphysema |
thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance |
fibrotic lung disease |
decreased surface area for gas exchange |
emphysemaq |
increased airway resistance |
asthma |
fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces |
pulmonary edema |
increased diffusion distance |
pulmonary edema |
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to |
increase the partial pressure of oxygen. |
The chlorine shift occurs when |
bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells. |
A student in your lab volunteers to enter a hypoxic breathing chamber for 10 minutes, and his alveolar PO2 drops to 50 mm Hg. what other change would occur? |
increase in alveolar PCO2 |
Jill lives in St. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as Jill adapts to the higher altitude? |
decreased PO2 in the alveoli |
A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would |
cause an increase in blood pH |
If the neural connections between the pons and medulla are severed, |
pulmonary ventilation will decrease |
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and a aortic bodies would interfere with the brain’s ability to regulate breathing in response to all except which of the following? |
changes in blood pressure |
Of factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the |
concentration gradient |
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is |
simple diffusion |
High carbon dioxide concentration in the body fluids is called |
hypercapnia |
The lung pathology most likely to result from cardiac failure is |
pulmonary edema |
The partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in the pulmonary arteries is |
40 |
The partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the pulmonary arteries is |
100 |
Hypoxia resulting from the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space between the alveoli and the capillaries is called |
pulmonary edema |
Hypoxia caused by hypoventilation due to the narrowing of the airways tract and impairs the expiration of the air from the lungs is called. |
bronchial asthma |
Most of the Oxygen is transported in the blood as |
bounded to the hemoglobin |
Most of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as |
bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. |
In the medulla oblongata, thenucleus tractus solitarius contains the ______ of neurons. |
dorsal respiratory group |
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is |
bicarbonate ion |
An increase in the level of CO2 in the blood will. |
increase the rate of breathing. |
The Hering-Breuer reflex |
prevents overexpansion (overstretching) of the lungs. |
Protective reflexes of the lungs include |
coughing, bronchoconstriction, sneezing, and Hering-Breuer reflex |
Match the lung disease to its description. |
… |
Fibrotic lung disease |
Loss of pulmonary elasticity |
Emphysema |
destruction of the alveoli |
Asthma |
narrowing of the airways lumen, increasing the airway resistance. |
Pulmonary edema |
fluid accumulation in the interstitial sp[ace between alveoli and capillaries. |
Pulmonary tuberculosis |
chronic infectious pulmonary destruction. |
The ______ group controls the forcefully active inspiration and expiration. |
ventral respiratory group |
The peripheral chemoreceptors (bodies) are located |
carotid sinuses and aortic arch |
How the carbon dioxide will influence the respiratory centers in medulla oblongata? |
by indirectly use the CSF in which it is dissolved. |
Inappropriate firing of the central neurons causing the relaxation of upper respiratory muscles that cause snoring is. |
Pre-Botzenger complex |
The chloride shift occurs when |
Bicarbonate ions leave the RBC |
Carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen in water. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasmas carbon dioxide you would have to |
increase the partial pressure of oxygen. |
The carbon dioxide is transported in blood in three ways. Which one percent wise is the highest (predominant). |
As bicarbonate ions. |
Which is not considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system? |
regulation of water balance |
Ventilation is also known as |
breathing |
The upper respiratory tract includes all except which of the following? |
lungs and trachea |
The lower respiratory tract includes |
all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, the trachea |
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the |
movement of air into and out of the lungs. |
Alveolar ventilation refers to the |
movement of air into and out of the alveoli |
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are |
alveoli |
Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them |
Primary bronchi, Secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli |
The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the |
trachea |
The lungs are enclosed in _____ membranes. |
pleural |
The lungs are located in the _____ cavity. |
thoracic |
Pressure and volume of gas in a container are related to temperature and number of gas molecules. This is known as ______ law. |
the ideal gas |
Type II alveolar cells |
secrete a chemical known as surfactant |
Type I alveolar cells |
allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes. |
Surfactant |
helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing |
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the |
pharynx |
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, |
the volume of the thorax increases |
Air moves into the lungs because |
the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure |
Air moves out of the lungs because |
the volume of the lungs decrease with expiration. |
In quiet breathing |
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive |
Boyle’s law states that gas volume is |
inversely proportional to pressure |
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the |
upper respiratory tract |
A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ____ mm Hg |
-3 |
Active expiration is produced by contraction |
of abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contract, |
intrapleural pressure decreases |
If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his |
vital capacity |
Total cross-sectional area _____ with each division of the airways. |
increases |
Blood vessels cover approximately _____% of the alveolar surface. |
80-90 |
In the lungs, the |
blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. |
The distance between the alveolar air space and capillary endothelium is ____, allowing gases to diffuse ______ between then. |
short, rapidly |
Flow of air |
is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases. |
An increase in PCO2 would cause |
the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic artioles to dilate. |
Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ___ lung disease. |
fibrotic |
Histamine’s primary role in the respiratory system is as a |
bronchoconstrictor |
The additional air inhaled after a normal inspriation |
inspiratory reserve volume |
The minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can |
residual volume |
The extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation. |
expiratory reserve volume |
The amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration |
tidal volume |
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath |
functional residual capacity |
The sum of all the lung volumes |
total lung capacity |
The amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration |
inspiratory capacity |
The total amount of air that can be exchanged at will |
vital capacity |
During normal expiration, |
elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the internal intercostal muscles are required, the abdominal muscles become involved |
Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to |
aveolar collapse |
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of |
Thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them. |
Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called |
hyperpnea |
The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the |
alveolar ventilation |
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will |
increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli |
Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from |
a pneumothorax |
In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation? |
Breathing would be labored and difficult. |
Cessation of breathing |
Apnea |
Increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism |
hyperventilation |
Increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increased metabolism |
Hyperpnea |
Rapid breathing |
Tachypnea |
Difficulty breathing |
dyspnea |
Which is not considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system? |
Regulation of water balance |
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the |
movement of the air into and out of the lungs. |
The actual sites of gases exchange |
Alveoli |
Type II alveolar cells |
Secrete a chemical known as surfactant |
Surfactant |
Helps prevent the alveoli from callapsing |
When the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract |
The gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. |
In quiet breathing |
Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive |
Total cross-sectional area _____ with each division of the airways. |
increases |
The pleural pressure is |
sub-atmospheric |
If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of the air that he expelled is his |
expiratory reserve volume |
Vital capacity is |
Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume. |
The compliance of the lungs will be impaired in advanced stage of this pathological condition in the lungs. |
fibrosis |
Blood vessels cover approximately_______% of the alveolar surface. |
80-90% |
Histamines’s primary role in the respiratory system is |
bronchoconstictor |
Which part of the lungs is more profused with blood (get more blood)? |
The part of the lungs that is more ventilated and the base of the lungs |
The volume of the air in the anatomic dead space is |
150ml |
Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to |
increased surface tension in the water lining of alveoli |
The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the |
Alveolar ventilation rate |
Cessation of breathing |
Apnea |
Increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increase metobolism |
Hyperpnea |
Rapid breathing |
Tachypnea |
Difficulty breathing |
Dyspnea |
How the lungs are kept all the time expanded in the chest cavity? |
By the subatmospheric pressure in pleural cavity |
Which is not function of the upper respiratory organs? |
Absorb the oxygen |
The pulmonary blood circulation and the systemic blood circulation have in common measure wise. |
The volume of the blood that circulates in system. |
Which part of respiratory tract we encounter the highest resistance for the passage of the air? |
Trachea |
The upper respiratory tract includes all except |
the lungs and trachea |
Air moves into the lungs because |
The gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. |
Which part of pulmonary tract comes between the Larynx and the branchi? |
Trachea |
How many times the total cross-section of the bronchioles is wider than the trachea? |
2000 |
The ability of a lung to recoil or recover from stretch is called. |
elastance |
Fainting is also known as |
vasovagal syncope |
Fainting is also known as |
vasovagal syncope |
Fainting is also known as |
vasovagal syncope |
Perfusion |
blood flow through an organ |
Perfusion |
blood flow through an organ |
Perfusion |
blood flow through an organ |
_________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. |
Arteries |
_________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. |
Arteries |
_________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. |
Arteries |
The inner lining of blood vessels is called |
endothelium |
The inner lining of blood vessels is called |
endothelium |
The inner lining of blood vessels is called |
endothelium |
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of |
all vessel types except cappillaries |
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of |
all vessel types except cappillaries |
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of |
all vessel types except cappillaries |
The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called |
pericytes |
The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called |
pericytes |
The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called |
pericytes |
Difference between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles |
have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. |
Difference between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles |
have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. |
Difference between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles |
have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. |
The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the |
Venules and Capillaries |
The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the |
Venules and Capillaries |
The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the |
Venules and Capillaries |
Angiogenesis is |
the growth of new blood vessels. |
Angiogenesis is |
the growth of new blood vessels. |
Angiogenesis is |
the growth of new blood vessels. |
Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of |
cancer |
Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of |
cancer |
Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of |
cancer |
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because |
it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. |
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because |
it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. |
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because |
it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. |
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the |
level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases |
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the |
level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases |
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the |
level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases |
blood pressure is determined by |
measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel. |
blood pressure is determined by |
measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel. |
blood pressure is determined by |
measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel. |
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the |
pulse pressure |
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the |
pulse pressure |
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the |
pulse pressure |
The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the |
arterioles |
The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the |
arterioles |
The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the |
arterioles |
If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does not change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? |
increases |
If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does not change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? |
increases |
If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does not change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? |
increases |
Increased blood volume _______ blood pressure. |
increases |
Increased blood volume _______ blood pressure. |
increases |
Increased blood volume _______ blood pressure. |
increases |
Which organ is not part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? |
kidney |
Which organ is not part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? |
kidney |
Which organ is not part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? |
kidney |
The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to |
local control |
The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to |
local control |
The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to |
local control |
Myogenic autoregulation means that |
stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively |
Myogenic autoregulation means that |
stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively |
Myogenic autoregulation means that |
stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively |
Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation except |
Ca2+ |
Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation except |
Ca2+ |
Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation except |
Ca2+ |
Reactive hypermia is |
increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. |
Reactive hypermia is |
increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. |
Reactive hypermia is |
increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. |
Reactive hyperemia is triggered by |
local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow. |
Reactive hyperemia is triggered by |
local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow. |
Reactive hyperemia is triggered by |
local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow. |
The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnacy is known as |
pre-eclampsia |
The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnacy is known as |
pre-eclampsia |
The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnacy is known as |
pre-eclampsia |
In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle. |
sympathetic stimulation is removed |
In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle. |
sympathetic stimulation is removed |
In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle. |
sympathetic stimulation is removed |
Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. |
serotonin-vasodilation |
Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. |
serotonin-vasodilation |
Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. |
serotonin-vasodilation |
_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of |
fenestrated, transcytotic |
_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of |
fenestrated, transcytotic |
_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of |
fenestrated, transcytotic |
Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ____ in some tissues. |
capillaries |
Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ____ in some tissues. |
capillaries |
Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ____ in some tissues. |
capillaries |
compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is |
much slower |
compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is |
much slower |
compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is |
much slower |
Due to the differences is opposing forces, there is net _________ occuring at the arteriolar end of most capilaries, coupled with net ______ at the venous end. |
filtration, absorption |
Due to the differences is opposing forces, there is net _________ occuring at the arteriolar end of most capilaries, coupled with net ______ at the venous end. |
filtration, absorption |
Due to the differences is opposing forces, there is net _________ occuring at the arteriolar end of most capilaries, coupled with net ______ at the venous end. |
filtration, absorption |
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major fuctions of the ______system. |
lymphatic |
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major fuctions of the ______system. |
lymphatic |
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major fuctions of the ______system. |
lymphatic |
A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called |
elephantiasis |
A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called |
elephantiasis |
A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called |
elephantiasis |
The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the |
medulla oblongata |
The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the |
medulla oblongata |
The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the |
medulla oblongata |
Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as _______ are located in some artery walls. |
Baroreceptors |
Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as _______ are located in some artery walls. |
Baroreceptors |
Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as _______ are located in some artery walls. |
Baroreceptors |
Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the |
carotid artery |
Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the |
carotid artery |
Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the |
carotid artery |
Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to |
body temperature |
Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to |
body temperature |
Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to |
body temperature |
When the barorecepto reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure. |
cardiac output increases |
When the barorecepto reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure. |
cardiac output increases |
When the barorecepto reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure. |
cardiac output increases |
Which of these does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? |
being a female over 30 but under 55 |
Which of these does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? |
being a female over 30 but under 55 |
Which of these does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? |
being a female over 30 but under 55 |
For a diagnosis of prehypertension, a patient must have |
a systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above |
For a diagnosis of prehypertension, a patient must have |
a systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above |
For a diagnosis of prehypertension, a patient must have |
a systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above 90 |
Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in |
Sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys. |
Fenestrated capillaries are presented in |
the liver. |
Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to |
minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure. |
which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? |
doubling the diameter of a vessel |
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception. |
vasodilation. |
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be |
93 mm Hg |
The lymphatic system |
empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles. |
The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause |
arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease. |
Malnutrition can cause edema because |
there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis. |
The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial space functions to |
accelerate the distribution of nutrients and hormones, assist the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries, help carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system, and flush hormones and waste from the interstitial space. |
Edema is likely to occur when |
the heart becomes an insufficient pump. |
Which the following will increase flow in a vessel |
increase radius by 1 unit. |
Which type of capillaries that have leaky junctions between the cells and make the blood-brain-barrier? |
Fenestrated capillaries. |
If a patient has a high osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid and a low colloid oncotic pressure. We will observe. |
Edema of tissue. |
If we wrap a tourniquet around the arm for few minutes, once we release it, it appears a reaction of blood rushing at the site. How we call this reaction? |
reactive hypermia |
Which part of blood vessels may cause the blood to bypass the capillaries of the organ by constricting? |
Metarterioles |
Calculates the mean arterial blood pressure, if the systolic pressure is 130 mm Hg, the diastolic pressure is 100 mm Hg |
110 mm Hg |
Some patients develop at a certain time pulsative jugular veins what is the cause? |
The absence of the valves between the superior vena cava and the right atrium. |
In smooth muscle, where the Calcium ions attach to cause the muscle contraction? |
Light chains of the myosin |
The baroreceptors sense the blood pressure variations and send signals to the CNS. How the CNS responds to correct the drop in blood pressure? |
increases cardiac output and increase the peripheral resistance. |
Which is not function of the lymphatic system. |
Store calcium for the muscles. |
The flow of lymph is helped by |
The smooth muscles on the larger lymphatic vessels. the valves, the neighboring skeletal muscles, and the contractible fibers in endothelial cell. |
The most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that |
transports blood away from the heart. |
Capillaries are best described as |
Microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid. |
The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to |
ensure that blood flows in one direction |
Which artery/arteries branches(es) most proximal to the beginning of the aorta at the heart? |
coronary |
The medical term for heart attack is |
myocardial infraction |
The driving force for blood flow is a _____ gradient. |
pressure |
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except one. Identify the exceptions |
decreased vessel diameter |
Which parameters are associated with increased resistance? |
reduced flow |
As blood vessel length increases |
resistance increases and flow decreases |
When a quantity is expressed as "4 cm/sec," what is being described is the |
velocity of flow |
The function of the pericardial fluid is to |
reduce friction between the heart and the pericardium. |
In the heart, valves are located |
between the atria and the ventricles and between the ventricles and the arteries. |
Which valves have chordae tendineae? |
bicuspid and tricuspid and mitral valve. |
The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscles is the source of |
the electrical signal that triggers heart contraction. |
The action potential in cardiac contractile cell causes |
opening of L-type calcium channels |
The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)? |
Na+ |
During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane? |
Ca2+ and K+ |
The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of ____K+ permeability and_________ Ca2+ permeability |
decreasing, increasing |
The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of increasing Ca2+ ______ and decreasing K+ _______. |
influx, efflux |
The end of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in |
preventing tetanus |
Myocardial cells can geerate action potentials spontaneously because they have |
unstable ion channels |
If channels are permeable to |
Na+ and K+ |
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ion flow through _____ channels. |
calcium and If |
The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through |
gap junctions |
The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it |
forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node |
The AV node is important because it |
directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles and delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting. |
In the condition known as complete heart block, what happens? |
Electrical signals from theSA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles. |
When the heart is in fibrillation, |
Effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen. |
Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat |
ventricular fibrillation |
A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed |
tachycardia |
Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle? |
The SA node fires |
Which of the following events result in the first heart sound? |
The AV valves close |
During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole, |
the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. |
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the |
stroke volume |
The cardiac output is equal to |
the product of heart rate and stroke volume. |
During ventricular systole, |
the AV valves are closed. |
According to Starling’s law of the heart, the cardiac output is directly related to the |
venous return |
Drugs known as beta-blockers will |
decrease heart rate |
In order for blood to enter the heart, |
the atria must be in diastole and the pressure in the atria must be lower than in the veins. |
The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is |
end-diastolic volume |
The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is |
cardiac output |
Which of these will increase the heart rate? |
sympathetic stimulation to the SA node and the application of epinephrine to the SA node |
At an intercalated disc |
two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. |
Autorhythmic cells |
are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat. |
The P wave of an ECG corresponds to |
the depolarization of the atria. |
The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to |
the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization |
Ventricular contraction |
begins just after the Q wave |
Atrial contraction |
begins during the latter part of the P wave. |
The volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute |
cardiac output |
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction |
stroke volume |
The amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts |
end-systolic volume |
Amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during one contraction |
end-diastolic volume |
An AV valve that has three flaps |
Tricuspid valve |
A semilunar valve that has the right ventricle on one side |
Pulmonary valve |
Also called the mitral valve |
bicuspid |
Has three cuplike leaflets and has the aorta on one side |
aortic valve |
Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through. |
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle |
Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals a normal heart. |
Sinoatrial nodes, internodal pathway, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers |
Which is not a portal system in the body? |
adreno-pituitary system |
Left ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in the aorta during |
Atrial systole and ventricular systole |
Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the ____ in an ECG tracing. |
QRS complex |
A certain drug decreases heart rate by producing hyperpolarization in the pacemaker cells of the heart. This drug probably binds to |
muscarinic receptors |
Under which set of circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be the greatest? |
decreased sympathetic stimulation |
Acetycholine slows the heart rate by |
increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+ |
Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by |
increasing ion influx thus increasing the rate of depolarization. |
As a result of the long refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit |
tetany |
Drugs known as calcium channel blockers can be used to |
decrease the force of cardiac contraction. |
If the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, |
The heart rate will decrease. |
The ECG of a person suffering from complete heart block would show |
more P waves than QRS complexes per minute |
If blood pressure doubled at the same time that the peripheral resistance doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be |
uncharged. |
Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? |
doubling the diameter of a vessel. |
If the connection between the AV node and bundle of His becomes blocked, |
the ventricles will beat more slowly. |
If a myocardial infraction results in the formation of scar tissue along the pathway of the left bundle branch |
cardiac arrhythmias may occur. |
Manganese ions block the calcium channels in the cardiac muscle membrane. how would the presence of manganese in the extracellular fluid affect the contraction of the heart muscle? |
The heart would beat less forcefully |
If there is a blockage between the AV node and the AV bundle, how will this affect the appearance of the electrocardiogram? |
There will be more P waves than QRS complexes |
In which of the following situations would the end-systolic volume (ESV) be the greatest? |
When parasympathetic simulation of the hear is increased |
In which situation would the stroke volume be the greatest? |
when venous return is increased |
If the EDV is 140ml, which other values are most likely to occur in a healthy, normal person? |
The ESV could be 70ml and the SV could be 70 ml and The ESV could be 50 ml and the SV could be 90 ml |
Gases Exchanges
Share This
Unfinished tasks keep piling up?
Let us complete them for you. Quickly and professionally.
Check Price