Gases Exchanges

Your page rank:

Total word count: 5669
Pages: 21

Calculate the Price

- -
275 words
Looking for Expert Opinion?
Let us have a look at your work and suggest how to improve it!
Get a Consultant

Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the

concentration gradient

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

diffusion

High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called

hypercapnia

The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is

pulmonary edema

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mmHg.

100

Hypoxia resulting from fluid accumulation in the alveoli that cannot be corrected by oxygen therapy can lead to

adult respiratory distress syndrome

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately _________ mm Hg.

50

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

In the medulla oblongata, the nucleus tractus solitarius contains the ________ of neurons.

dorsal respiratory group

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide

An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

increase the rate of breathing

The Hering-Breuer reflex

prevents over expansion of the lungs.

The expiratory neurons control the _____ muscles, whereas the inspiratory neurons control the _______ muscles

abdominal and internal intercostal, diaphragm and external intercostal

Protective reflexes of the lungs include

coughing and bronchoconstriction

Match the lung disease to its description

destruction of alveoli

emphysema

thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance

fibrotic lung disease

decreased surface area for gas exchange

emphysemaq

increased airway resistance

asthma

fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces

pulmonary edema

increased diffusion distance

pulmonary edema

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to

increase the partial pressure of oxygen.

The chlorine shift occurs when

bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells.

A student in your lab volunteers to enter a hypoxic breathing chamber for 10 minutes, and his alveolar PO2 drops to 50 mm Hg. what other change would occur?

increase in alveolar PCO2

Jill lives in St. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as Jill adapts to the higher altitude?

decreased PO2 in the alveoli

A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would

cause an increase in blood pH

If the neural connections between the pons and medulla are severed,

pulmonary ventilation will decrease

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and a aortic bodies would interfere with the brain’s ability to regulate breathing in response to all except which of the following?

changes in blood pressure

Of factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the

concentration gradient

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

simple diffusion

High carbon dioxide concentration in the body fluids is called

hypercapnia

The lung pathology most likely to result from cardiac failure is

pulmonary edema

The partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in the pulmonary arteries is

40

The partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the pulmonary arteries is

100

Hypoxia resulting from the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space between the alveoli and the capillaries is called

pulmonary edema

Hypoxia caused by hypoventilation due to the narrowing of the airways tract and impairs the expiration of the air from the lungs is called.

bronchial asthma

Most of the Oxygen is transported in the blood as

bounded to the hemoglobin

Most of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.

In the medulla oblongata, thenucleus tractus solitarius contains the ______ of neurons.

dorsal respiratory group

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

bicarbonate ion

An increase in the level of CO2 in the blood will.

increase the rate of breathing.

The Hering-Breuer reflex

prevents overexpansion (overstretching) of the lungs.

Protective reflexes of the lungs include

coughing, bronchoconstriction, sneezing, and Hering-Breuer reflex

Match the lung disease to its description.

Fibrotic lung disease

Loss of pulmonary elasticity

Emphysema

destruction of the alveoli

Asthma

narrowing of the airways lumen, increasing the airway resistance.

Pulmonary edema

fluid accumulation in the interstitial sp[ace between alveoli and capillaries.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

chronic infectious pulmonary destruction.

The ______ group controls the forcefully active inspiration and expiration.

ventral respiratory group

The peripheral chemoreceptors (bodies) are located

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

How the carbon dioxide will influence the respiratory centers in medulla oblongata?

by indirectly use the CSF in which it is dissolved.

Inappropriate firing of the central neurons causing the relaxation of upper respiratory muscles that cause snoring is.

Pre-Botzenger complex

The chloride shift occurs when

Bicarbonate ions leave the RBC

Carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen in water. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasmas carbon dioxide you would have to

increase the partial pressure of oxygen.

The carbon dioxide is transported in blood in three ways. Which one percent wise is the highest (predominant).

As bicarbonate ions.

Which is not considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

regulation of water balance

Ventilation is also known as

breathing

The upper respiratory tract includes all except which of the following?

lungs and trachea

The lower respiratory tract includes

all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, the trachea

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the alveoli

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them

Primary bronchi, Secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli

The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the

trachea

The lungs are enclosed in _____ membranes.

pleural

The lungs are located in the _____ cavity.

thoracic

Pressure and volume of gas in a container are related to temperature and number of gas molecules. This is known as ______ law.

the ideal gas

Type II alveolar cells

secrete a chemical known as surfactant

Type I alveolar cells

allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes.

Surfactant

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases

Air moves into the lungs because

the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure

Air moves out of the lungs because

the volume of the lungs decrease with expiration.

In quiet breathing

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Boyle’s law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract

A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ____ mm Hg

-3

Active expiration is produced by contraction

of abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contract,

intrapleural pressure decreases

If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his

vital capacity

Total cross-sectional area _____ with each division of the airways.

increases

Blood vessels cover approximately _____% of the alveolar surface.

80-90

In the lungs, the

blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.

The distance between the alveolar air space and capillary endothelium is ____, allowing gases to diffuse ______ between then.

short, rapidly

Flow of air

is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases.

An increase in PCO2 would cause

the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic artioles to dilate.

Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ___ lung disease.

fibrotic

Histamine’s primary role in the respiratory system is as a

bronchoconstrictor

The additional air inhaled after a normal inspriation

inspiratory reserve volume

The minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can

residual volume

The extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation.

expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration

tidal volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath

functional residual capacity

The sum of all the lung volumes

total lung capacity

The amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration

inspiratory capacity

The total amount of air that can be exchanged at will

vital capacity

During normal expiration,

elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the internal intercostal muscles are required, the abdominal muscles become involved

Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to

aveolar collapse

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of

Thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them.

Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called

hyperpnea

The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the

alveolar ventilation

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from

a pneumothorax

In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation?

Breathing would be labored and difficult.

Cessation of breathing

Apnea

Increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism

hyperventilation

Increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increased metabolism

Hyperpnea

Rapid breathing

Tachypnea

Difficulty breathing

dyspnea

Which is not considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

Regulation of water balance

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of the air into and out of the lungs.

The actual sites of gases exchange

Alveoli

Type II alveolar cells

Secrete a chemical known as surfactant

Surfactant

Helps prevent the alveoli from callapsing

When the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract

The gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.

In quiet breathing

Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Total cross-sectional area _____ with each division of the airways.

increases

The pleural pressure is

sub-atmospheric

If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of the air that he expelled is his

expiratory reserve volume

Vital capacity is

Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume.

The compliance of the lungs will be impaired in advanced stage of this pathological condition in the lungs.

fibrosis

Blood vessels cover approximately_______% of the alveolar surface.

80-90%

Histamines’s primary role in the respiratory system is

bronchoconstictor

Which part of the lungs is more profused with blood (get more blood)?

The part of the lungs that is more ventilated and the base of the lungs

The volume of the air in the anatomic dead space is

150ml

Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to

increased surface tension in the water lining of alveoli

The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the

Alveolar ventilation rate

Cessation of breathing

Apnea

Increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increase metobolism

Hyperpnea

Rapid breathing

Tachypnea

Difficulty breathing

Dyspnea

How the lungs are kept all the time expanded in the chest cavity?

By the subatmospheric pressure in pleural cavity

Which is not function of the upper respiratory organs?

Absorb the oxygen

The pulmonary blood circulation and the systemic blood circulation have in common measure wise.

The volume of the blood that circulates in system.

Which part of respiratory tract we encounter the highest resistance for the passage of the air?

Trachea

The upper respiratory tract includes all except

the lungs and trachea

Air moves into the lungs because

The gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.

Which part of pulmonary tract comes between the Larynx and the branchi?

Trachea

How many times the total cross-section of the bronchioles is wider than the trachea?

2000

The ability of a lung to recoil or recover from stretch is called.

elastance

Fainting is also known as

vasovagal syncope

Fainting is also known as

vasovagal syncope

Fainting is also known as

vasovagal syncope

Perfusion

blood flow through an organ

Perfusion

blood flow through an organ

Perfusion

blood flow through an organ

_________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system.

Arteries

_________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system.

Arteries

_________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system.

Arteries

The inner lining of blood vessels is called

endothelium

The inner lining of blood vessels is called

endothelium

The inner lining of blood vessels is called

endothelium

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of

all vessel types except cappillaries

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of

all vessel types except cappillaries

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of

all vessel types except cappillaries

The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called

pericytes

The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called

pericytes

The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called

pericytes

Difference between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles

have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.

Difference between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles

have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.

Difference between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles

have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the

Venules and Capillaries

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the

Venules and Capillaries

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the

Venules and Capillaries

Angiogenesis is

the growth of new blood vessels.

Angiogenesis is

the growth of new blood vessels.

Angiogenesis is

the growth of new blood vessels.

Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of

cancer

Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of

cancer

Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of

cancer

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because

it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because

it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because

it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

blood pressure is determined by

measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel.

blood pressure is determined by

measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel.

blood pressure is determined by

measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the

pulse pressure

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the

pulse pressure

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the

pulse pressure

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the

arterioles

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the

arterioles

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the

arterioles

If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does not change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?

increases

If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does not change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?

increases

If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does not change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?

increases

Increased blood volume _______ blood pressure.

increases

Increased blood volume _______ blood pressure.

increases

Increased blood volume _______ blood pressure.

increases

Which organ is not part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure?

kidney

Which organ is not part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure?

kidney

Which organ is not part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure?

kidney

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to

local control

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to

local control

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to

local control

Myogenic autoregulation means that

stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively

Myogenic autoregulation means that

stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively

Myogenic autoregulation means that

stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively

Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation except

Ca2+

Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation except

Ca2+

Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation except

Ca2+

Reactive hypermia is

increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.

Reactive hypermia is

increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.

Reactive hypermia is

increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.

Reactive hyperemia is triggered by

local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow.

Reactive hyperemia is triggered by

local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow.

Reactive hyperemia is triggered by

local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow.

The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnacy is known as

pre-eclampsia

The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnacy is known as

pre-eclampsia

The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnacy is known as

pre-eclampsia

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle.

sympathetic stimulation is removed

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle.

sympathetic stimulation is removed

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle.

sympathetic stimulation is removed

Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles.

serotonin-vasodilation

Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles.

serotonin-vasodilation

Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles.

serotonin-vasodilation

_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of

fenestrated, transcytotic

_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of

fenestrated, transcytotic

_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of

fenestrated, transcytotic

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ____ in some tissues.

capillaries

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ____ in some tissues.

capillaries

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ____ in some tissues.

capillaries

compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is

much slower

compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is

much slower

compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is

much slower

Due to the differences is opposing forces, there is net _________ occuring at the arteriolar end of most capilaries, coupled with net ______ at the venous end.

filtration, absorption

Due to the differences is opposing forces, there is net _________ occuring at the arteriolar end of most capilaries, coupled with net ______ at the venous end.

filtration, absorption

Due to the differences is opposing forces, there is net _________ occuring at the arteriolar end of most capilaries, coupled with net ______ at the venous end.

filtration, absorption

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major fuctions of the ______system.

lymphatic

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major fuctions of the ______system.

lymphatic

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major fuctions of the ______system.

lymphatic

A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called

elephantiasis

A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called

elephantiasis

A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called

elephantiasis

The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the

medulla oblongata

The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the

medulla oblongata

The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the

medulla oblongata

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as _______ are located in some artery walls.

Baroreceptors

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as _______ are located in some artery walls.

Baroreceptors

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as _______ are located in some artery walls.

Baroreceptors

Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the

carotid artery

Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the

carotid artery

Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the

carotid artery

Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to

body temperature

Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to

body temperature

Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to

body temperature

When the barorecepto reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure.

cardiac output increases

When the barorecepto reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure.

cardiac output increases

When the barorecepto reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure.

cardiac output increases

Which of these does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?

being a female over 30 but under 55

Which of these does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?

being a female over 30 but under 55

Which of these does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?

being a female over 30 but under 55

For a diagnosis of prehypertension, a patient must have

a systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above

For a diagnosis of prehypertension, a patient must have

a systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above

For a diagnosis of prehypertension, a patient must have

a systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above 90

Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in

Sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys.

Fenestrated capillaries are presented in

the liver.

Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to

minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.

which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?

doubling the diameter of a vessel

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception.

vasodilation.

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be

93 mm Hg

The lymphatic system

empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles.

The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause

arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease.

Malnutrition can cause edema because

there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial space functions to

accelerate the distribution of nutrients and hormones, assist the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries, help carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system, and flush hormones and waste from the interstitial space.

Edema is likely to occur when

the heart becomes an insufficient pump.

Which the following will increase flow in a vessel

increase radius by 1 unit.

Which type of capillaries that have leaky junctions between the cells and make the blood-brain-barrier?

Fenestrated capillaries.

If a patient has a high osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid and a low colloid oncotic pressure. We will observe.

Edema of tissue.

If we wrap a tourniquet around the arm for few minutes, once we release it, it appears a reaction of blood rushing at the site. How we call this reaction?

reactive hypermia

Which part of blood vessels may cause the blood to bypass the capillaries of the organ by constricting?

Metarterioles

Calculates the mean arterial blood pressure, if the systolic pressure is 130 mm Hg, the diastolic pressure is 100 mm Hg

110 mm Hg

Some patients develop at a certain time pulsative jugular veins what is the cause?

The absence of the valves between the superior vena cava and the right atrium.

In smooth muscle, where the Calcium ions attach to cause the muscle contraction?

Light chains of the myosin

The baroreceptors sense the blood pressure variations and send signals to the CNS. How the CNS responds to correct the drop in blood pressure?

increases cardiac output and increase the peripheral resistance.

Which is not function of the lymphatic system.

Store calcium for the muscles.

The flow of lymph is helped by

The smooth muscles on the larger lymphatic vessels. the valves, the neighboring skeletal muscles, and the contractible fibers in endothelial cell.

The most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that

transports blood away from the heart.

Capillaries are best described as

Microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.

The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to

ensure that blood flows in one direction

Which artery/arteries branches(es) most proximal to the beginning of the aorta at the heart?

coronary

The medical term for heart attack is

myocardial infraction

The driving force for blood flow is a _____ gradient.

pressure

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except one. Identify the exceptions

decreased vessel diameter

Which parameters are associated with increased resistance?

reduced flow

As blood vessel length increases

resistance increases and flow decreases

When a quantity is expressed as "4 cm/sec," what is being described is the

velocity of flow

The function of the pericardial fluid is to

reduce friction between the heart and the pericardium.

In the heart, valves are located

between the atria and the ventricles and between the ventricles and the arteries.

Which valves have chordae tendineae?

bicuspid and tricuspid and mitral valve.

The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscles is the source of

the electrical signal that triggers heart contraction.

The action potential in cardiac contractile cell causes

opening of L-type calcium channels

The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)?

Na+

During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane?

Ca2+ and K+

The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of ____K+ permeability and_________ Ca2+ permeability

decreasing, increasing

The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of increasing Ca2+ ______ and decreasing K+ _______.

influx, efflux

The end of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in

preventing tetanus

Myocardial cells can geerate action potentials spontaneously because they have

unstable ion channels

If channels are permeable to

Na+ and K+

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ion flow through _____ channels.

calcium and If

The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through

gap junctions

The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it

forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node

The AV node is important because it

directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles and delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting.

In the condition known as complete heart block, what happens?

Electrical signals from theSA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles.

When the heart is in fibrillation,

Effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.

Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat

ventricular fibrillation

A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed

tachycardia

Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle?

The SA node fires

Which of the following events result in the first heart sound?

The AV valves close

During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole,

the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

The cardiac output is equal to

the product of heart rate and stroke volume.

During ventricular systole,

the AV valves are closed.

According to Starling’s law of the heart, the cardiac output is directly related to the

venous return

Drugs known as beta-blockers will

decrease heart rate

In order for blood to enter the heart,

the atria must be in diastole and the pressure in the atria must be lower than in the veins.

The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is

end-diastolic volume

The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is

cardiac output

Which of these will increase the heart rate?

sympathetic stimulation to the SA node and the application of epinephrine to the SA node

At an intercalated disc

two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions.

Autorhythmic cells

are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat.

The P wave of an ECG corresponds to

the depolarization of the atria.

The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to

the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization

Ventricular contraction

begins just after the Q wave

Atrial contraction

begins during the latter part of the P wave.

The volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute

cardiac output

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction

stroke volume

The amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts

end-systolic volume

Amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during one contraction

end-diastolic volume

An AV valve that has three flaps

Tricuspid valve

A semilunar valve that has the right ventricle on one side

Pulmonary valve

Also called the mitral valve

bicuspid

Has three cuplike leaflets and has the aorta on one side

aortic valve

Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through.

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle

Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals a normal heart.

Sinoatrial nodes, internodal pathway, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

Which is not a portal system in the body?

adreno-pituitary system

Left ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in the aorta during

Atrial systole and ventricular systole

Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the ____ in an ECG tracing.

QRS complex

A certain drug decreases heart rate by producing hyperpolarization in the pacemaker cells of the heart. This drug probably binds to

muscarinic receptors

Under which set of circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be the greatest?

decreased sympathetic stimulation

Acetycholine slows the heart rate by

increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+

Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by

increasing ion influx thus increasing the rate of depolarization.

As a result of the long refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

tetany

Drugs known as calcium channel blockers can be used to

decrease the force of cardiac contraction.

If the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions,

The heart rate will decrease.

The ECG of a person suffering from complete heart block would show

more P waves than QRS complexes per minute

If blood pressure doubled at the same time that the peripheral resistance doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be

uncharged.

Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?

doubling the diameter of a vessel.

If the connection between the AV node and bundle of His becomes blocked,

the ventricles will beat more slowly.

If a myocardial infraction results in the formation of scar tissue along the pathway of the left bundle branch

cardiac arrhythmias may occur.

Manganese ions block the calcium channels in the cardiac muscle membrane. how would the presence of manganese in the extracellular fluid affect the contraction of the heart muscle?

The heart would beat less forcefully

If there is a blockage between the AV node and the AV bundle, how will this affect the appearance of the electrocardiogram?

There will be more P waves than QRS complexes

In which of the following situations would the end-systolic volume (ESV) be the greatest?

When parasympathetic simulation of the hear is increased

In which situation would the stroke volume be the greatest?

when venous return is increased

If the EDV is 140ml, which other values are most likely to occur in a healthy, normal person?

The ESV could be 70ml and the SV could be 70 ml and The ESV could be 50 ml and the SV could be 90 ml

Share This
Flashcard

More flashcards like this

NCLEX 10000 Integumentary Disorders

When assessing a client with partial-thickness burns over 60% of the body, which finding should the nurse report immediately? a) ...

Read more

NCLEX 300-NEURO

A client with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) tells the nurse, "Sometimes I feel so frustrated. I can’t do anything without ...

Read more

NASM Flashcards

Which of the following is the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body? Diffusion ...

Read more

Unfinished tasks keep piling up?

Let us complete them for you. Quickly and professionally.

Check Price

Successful message
sending