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What is the primary focus of nursing care in the "family as context" approach? |
2 In the "family as context" approach, the primary focus is the health and development of an individual in a specific environment. The relationship and family processes are the primary focus when the family is viewed as client. When the family is viewed as context, the focus is the ability of the family to meet the basic needs of the individual, not their own needs. The process followed by the family when caring for the sick family member is assessed when family is viewed as client. |
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Which system is used by a health care facility to determine certain aspects of client satisfaction? |
4 HCAHPS is a standardized survey developed to measure client perceptions of their hospital experience. The survey asks 27 questions about the client’s hospital experience. The survey is taken by clients who were discharged from the hospital between 48 hours and six weeks ago. Six Sigma is a data-driven approach to process improvement that reduces variation in the process. Value Stream Analysis focuses on the improvement of processes. It studies each step of a process to determine if that step adds value to that process. It also determines if the process reduces the organization’s time, cost, and resources. The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) created HEDIS to collect various data to measure the quality of care and services provided by different health plans. It is the database of choice for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. |
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A nursing student notes the characteristics of middle-range theories. Which points noted by the nursing student are accurate? Select all that apply. |
245 Middle-range theories provide a basis to help nurses understand how clients cope with uncertainty and the illness response. Mishel’s theory of uncertainty in illness is an example of a middle-range theory; it focuses on a client’s experiences with cancer while living with continual uncertainty. Middle-range theories tend to focus on a specific field of nursing (such as uncertainty, incontinence, social support, quality of life, and caring) rather than reflect on a wide variety of nursing care situations. Middle-range theories are more limited in scope and less abstract than grand theories. Middle-range theories address a specific phenomenon and reflect practices such as administration, clinical, or teaching. |
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A client with bone cancer is receiving hospice care at home. The hospice program also provides respite care. What is the purpose of respite care? |
2 Hospice programs are focused at providing pain relief to the client. Some hospice programs also provide short-term relief or "time-off" to the family caregiver. This enables the caregiver to leave the home to attend to other activities while the client is looked after by a responsible person. Services in an assisted living facility provide meals and personal care to the clients. A skilled nursing facility or an intermediate care facility provides skilled interventions such as intravenous administration of fluids, wound care, or long-term ventilator management. Psychiatric facilities provide counseling and treatment to clients for behavioral problems. |
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Which of these is a part of health belief model? |
3 The health belief model is divided into three components. The first component is an individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness. The second component is an individual’s perception of seriousness of an illness. The third component is the preventive actions taken by a person. The health promotion model focuses on behavioral outcomes, behavior-specific knowledge and affect, and individual characteristics and experience. |
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Which theorist suggested that the goal of nursing is to use communication to help clients reestablish a positive adaptations to their environments? |
1 According to King’s theory, the goal of nursing is to use communication to help the client reestablish a positive adaptation to his or her environment. According to Peplau’s theory, the goal of nursing is to develop an interaction between nurse and client. According to Nightingale’s theory, the goal of nursing is to facilitate the reparative processes of the body by manipulating a client’s environment. According to Benner and Wrubel, the goal of nursing is to focus on a client’s need for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness. |
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The nurse is caring for a client who requires an intravenous infusion. The nurse explains the reason for the procedure while assembling the kit for the infusion. What is the role of the nurse in this situation? |
1 The nurse assumes the role of educator when explaining to the client the need for an intravenous infusion. The nurse as a manager oversees the budget of a specific nursing unit or agency and is also responsible for coordinating the activities of the staff providing nursing care. As an advocate, the nurse protects the human and legal rights of the client. The nurse empowers the client with information required to make important health care decisions. The nurse is a caregiver when helping the client maintain and regain health, manage disease symptoms, and achieve a maximum level of functioning. |
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Which of these programs is least likely to focus on medication delivery process modification? |
3 Experimental research is least likely to focus on medication delivery process modification. Quality improvement, evaluation research, and performance improvement are all likely to focus on medication delivery process modification in order to make the process better for the client. |
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A nurse is assigned to change a central line dressing. The agency policy is to clean the site with povidone-iodine and then cleanse with alcohol. The nurse recently attended a conference that presented information that alcohol should precede povidone-iodine in a dressing change. In addition, an article in a nursing journal stated that a new product was a more effective antibacterial than alcohol and povidone-iodine. The nurse has a sample of the new product. How should the nurse proceed? |
4 Agency policy determines procedures; if the procedure is out of date or problematic, the nurse should contact the primary healthcare provider for a change in the prescription. The nurse cannot use another product without a primary healthcare provider’s prescription. The nurse will be risking liability if agency policy is not followed unless the prescription is changed by the primary healthcare provider. |
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Which theory emphasizes the facilitation of the body’s reparative processes by manipulating the client’s environment? |
4 Nightingale’s theory is based on facilitating the body’s reparative processes by manipulating the client’s environment. Orem’s self-care deficit theory focuses on the client’s self-care needs. Watson’s theory is based on promoting health, restoring the client to health, and preventing illness. Leininger’s theory is based on providing care consistent with emerging science and knowledge, with caring as the central focus. |
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What is exploratory research? |
2 Exploratory research is an initial study designed to develop or refine the dimensions of phenomena or to develop or refine a hypothesis about the relationships among phenomena. Evaluation research is a study that tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Correlational research is a study that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher. Descriptive research is a study that measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. |
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A nurse changing the dressing on the client’s perineum would fall into which zone? |
2 Changing a client’s dressing on the perineum falls under the intimate zone. For this action, the appropriate interpersonal distance between the nurse and the client should be between 0 and 18 inches. A nurse lecturing a class of students or speaking at a community forum lies within a public zone. A personal zone refers to a nurse sitting on the client’s bedside, taking a client’s history, or teaching a client individually. The vulnerable zone is where special care is needed. |
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What is the primary focus of the nurse when providing evidence-based care to the client? |
4 Evidence-based practice is first and foremost a problem-solving approach to care. This problem-solving approach incorporates application of current best practice along with knowledge from research studies and clinical expertise. |
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Which factor is used to assess the quality of health care provided to a client? |
2 Health care providers determine the quality of care provided to the client by measuring outcomes that show how a client’s health status has changed. One method of measuring the quality of health care provided to the client is the functional health status of the client after discharge. The nursing staff should take necessary fall prevention measures for the client; however, this is not a measurable outcome. All health care personnel should practice hand hygiene to prevent infection, which is a quality measure, not an outcome of health care. Teamwork and coordination among health care personnel is important to provide efficient health care to the client. It is not an outcome of health care. |
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An African man presents to the emergency department to obtain pain medication. The nurse behaves judgmentally and labels the client a drug abuser. What is the nurse demonstrating? |
1 Ethnocentrism is the tendency of a person to hold his or her own beliefs superior to those of other people. It causes biases and prejudices in regard to people from other groups. This practice is transmitted by cultural groups from one generation to another. In multiculturalism, two cultures coexist and are accepted by the individual. In a cultural encounter, part of cultural competence, a nurse engages in cross-cultural interactions for effective communication. Cultural imposition occurs when a nurse or health care provider ignores the differences between his or her own culture and others and imposes his or her beliefs on people of other cultures. |
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A client with colon cancer is receiving hospice care at home. What is the focus of hospice care? |
1 The focus of hospice care is palliative care to ease the pain caused by the illness. It is a system of family-centered care that allows clients to live at home with dignity. Hospice care does not provide curative treatment. The health care team follows an individualized plan of care for the client. Assisted living facilities offer long-term care for the older client in settings with a home-like environment. These facilities assist the client with activities of daily living. Rehabilitation facilities provide restorative care that helps the client to adapt the limitations caused by the illness. |
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What are the steps of evidence-based practice (EBP) in order? 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
The first step in EBP is to ask the relevant clinical question. The second is to collect the most relevant and best evidence. After the collection, critically appraise the evidence gathered. Then integrate all the evidence into one’s clinical expertise and client preferences and values to make a practice decision or change. Then evaluate the practice decision or change. The last step is to share the outcomes of EBP changes with others. |
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Which theory describes the phenomenon of grief or caring? |
2 Descriptive theories describe a phenomenon such as grief or caring. Grand theories provide the structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing. Prescriptive theories discuss interventions and expected outcomes for a specific phenomenon. They describe phenomena, speculate on why they occur, and describe their consequences. Middle-range theories have a more narrow scope than grand theories; these theories integrate theory-based research with nursing practices. |
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The school nurse conducts a class in nutrition planning for parents. What is the goal of school health nursing programs? |
1 The goal of school health nursing programs is health promotion through a school curriculum. A class on nutritional planning for parents contributes to health promotion. Disease management is one of the many programs of community health centers. These centers provide primary care to a specific client population within a community. Nurse-managed clinics provide nursing care with a focus on acute and chronic care management. The occupational health nurse may conduct an environmental surveillance for health promotion and accident prevention in the work setting. |
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A nurse is teaching a parent about the different temperaments that a child may display. What characteristics does a slow-to-warm up child display? Select all that apply. |
145 A slow-to-warm up child adapts slowly with frequent communication and reacts to novelty with mild but passive resistance. A slow-to-warm up child also reacts negatively and with mild intensity to new stimuli. An easy child is regular and predictable in his or her habits. A difficult child is highly active, irritable, and irregular in his or her habits. |
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What type of research explores the interrelationship among variables of interest without any active intervention by a researcher? |
4 Correlation research involves the exploration of the interrelationship among variables of interest without any active intervention by a researcher. Historical studies are designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Exploratory research is an initial study designed to develop or refine the dimensions of phenomena. |
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Which age is considered the phallic stage according to Sigmund Freud’s developmental theory? |
3 According to Sigmund Freud’s developmental theory, 3 to 6 years of age is considered the phallic stage. Birth to 18 months of age is considered the oral stage a. Six to 12 years of age is the latent stage. Eighteen months to 3 years of age is the anal stage. |
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In a clinical study, subjects were given chlorhexidine and betadine as antiseptics. How will a nurse researcher categorize this research? |
4 The nurse will categorize this study as experimental research. In experimental research, the investigator gives variables randomly to the subjects. In this case, subjects are given chlorhexidine and betadine to test their efficacy in reducing infection. Evaluation research is an initial study that refines a hypothesis, such as testing a new exercise in older dementia clients. In a descriptive study, the characteristics of a person or a situation are measured. For example, a researcher may examine the nurses’ bias while caring for obese clients. Correlational research is used to find out the relationship between different variables without the interference of a researcher. An example would be determining the educational status of nurses and their satisfaction with the job provided. |
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Which basic human needs belongs to the fourth level as per Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. |
12 Fourth level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs encompasses self-esteem needs, which involve self-confidence, usefulness, self-worth, and achievement. Security needs are included in the second level. Belonging needs such as friendship, social relationships, and sexual love come under the third level. Self-actualization is the basic human need, which belongs to the final level. |
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Which theory focuses on developing the interpersonal relationships between the nurse, client, and the client’s family? |
2 Peplau’s theory focuses on interpersonal relationships between the nurse, the client, and the client’s family by developing the nurse-client relationship. Orem’s theory focuses on the client’s self-care needs. Leininger’s theory recognizes the importance of culture and its influence on everything that involves the client and the providers of nursing care. Henderson’s theory focuses on assisting the individual in the performance of activities that he or she can perform unaided that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death. |
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What is the main focus of community health nursing? |
2 Community health nursing is a nursing practice focusing on the healthcare of individuals, families and groups with a community. Its main focus is to improve the quality of life and health of a population by preserving, protecting, promoting, or maintaining health. The acute and chronic care of an individual or family is provided by community-based nursing. Instead of focusing on institutional care, community-based nursing brings healthcare within the reach of the community. Factors influencing health services such as political process affecting public policies are handled by public health nursing. Community-based nursing focuses on the fulfillment of the healthcare needs of an individual or family. |
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Which interview technique is the nurse using when asking a client to score the pain on a scale from 0 to 10? |
4 Asking a client to score pain on a scale of 0 to 10 is a type of closed-ended question. These types of questions specify the cause of the problem or the client’s experience of the illness. Asking whether anything else is bothering the client is an example of probing. A response by the nurse such as "All right," or "Go on," when a client says something is called back channeling. This interview technique encourages a client to provide more details. The nurse asks open-ended, nonspecific questions such as "What brought you to the hospital today?" to elicit the client’s side of story. Such questions are related to the client’s health history and can strengthen the nurse-client relationship. |
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A nurse has made a nursing diagnosis without validating the data obtained from the client. Into what category does this error fall? |
1 The nurse’s error of failure to validate the data is categorized as labeling. Errors at the collecting level include inaccurate data, missing data, and disorganization. Errors at the clustering level include insufficient clusters of cues, premature or early closure, and incorrect clustering. At the interpreting level, errors include failure to consider conflicting cues and failure to consider cultural influences or developmental stage. |
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Which of these is true about SOAP progress note method? |
4 SOAP progress notes include assessment information or diagnoses based on data. The A in SOAP stands for assessment and not action. The P stands for plan, not problem. SOAP progress note originate from medical records. |
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Which statement is true about prescriptive theories? |
1 Prescriptive theories are action-oriented. They test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention. These theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the conditions under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Descriptive theories help to explain client assessment. A middle-range theory tends to focus on a specific field of nursing. Descriptive theories are the first level of theory development. |
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Which statement about Orem’s theory needs to be corrected? |
4 Orem’s theory explains the factors within a client’s living situation. These factors may support or interfere with the client’s self-care abilities, but they do not refer to the family’s health. This theory interprets data that determine a client’s self-care needs, self-care deficits, and self-care abilities. Orem’s theory explains, predicts, or describes nursing care that will help the client in bettering his or her health. The theory also aids in the design of nursing interventions for the promotion of self-care by the client during times of illness, such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, or arthritis. |
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The Magnet Recognition Program for health care organizations is based on fourteen forces of magnetism related to five magnet model components. Which force of magnetism is assessed to review the structural empowerment of the organization? |
4 Health care organizations that apply for Magnet status must demonstrate innovations in professional practice. One of the forces of magnetism that impacts the structural empowerment of the organization is its personnel policies and programs. Personnel policies of an organization should provide an innovative environment in which the staff are developed and empowered. Empirical quality outcomes are reviewed by assessing the quality of care. New knowledge, innovations, and improvements are reviewed by assessing the quality improvement of the health care organization. Interdisciplinary relationships are assessed to review exemplary professional practice. |
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In which role does the nurse oversee the budget of a specific nursing unit or agency? |
2 The nurse manager is responsible for the budget of a specific nursing unit or agency. The nurse educator works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development departments of health care agencies, and client education programs. The nurse researcher investigates problems to improve nursing care. The nurse practitioner provides health care to a group of clients usually in an outpatient, ambulatory care, or community-based setting. |
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Which is an example of an actual nursing diagnosis? |
2 Impaired social interaction is an example of an actual nursing diagnosis. Actual nursing diagnoses are the responses of a person to a health condition. "Risk for" nursing diagnoses define human responses to conditions that have not occurred yet. Risk for acute confusion is an example of this kind of diagnosis. A health promotion nursing diagnosis is the clinical judgment of an individual’s or family’s willingness to improve health. Readiness for enhanced nutrition and readiness for enhanced family coping are examples of health promotion nursing diagnoses. |
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The nurse interviews a client about a current health problem. The nurse then obtains and documents the client’s temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate. Which step of the nursing process is involved in this situation? |
3 The scenario is an example of the assessment phase of the nursing process. Assessment involves the collection of comprehensive data pertinent to the client’s health. During the planning level of nursing care, the nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes. The nurse analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses during the diagnosis level of nursing practice. The nurse implements the health care plan identified for the client during the implementation level of the standards of nursing practice. This level may include administering prescribed medications or healthcare procedures. |
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A nursing student is listing the points that are applicable to grand theories of nursing. Which point mentioned by the nursing student needs correction? |
3 Mishel’s theory of uncertainty in illness is not an example of a grand theory; it is a middle-range theory. Neuman’s systems model is a grand theory. Grand theories require further specification through research. Grand theories are systematic and broad in scope and complexity. Grand theories do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions; instead they provide the structural framework for broad and abstract ideas about nursing. |
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Which theory details nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of care? |
4 Prescriptive theories detail nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of the care. Grand theories provide the structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing. Predictive theories identify conditions or factors that predict a phenomenon. Descriptive theories help to explain client assessments. |
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What is the definition of descriptive research? |
2 Descriptive research is defined as a study that measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Historical research is designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables without any active intervention by the researcher. |
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Which type of theory is the Neuman systems model? |
1 Neuman systems model is an example of a grand theory that provides a comprehensive foundation for scientific nursing practice, education, and research. Theories related to growth and development are descriptive theories. Prescriptive theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the condition under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Mishel’s theory of uncertainty is a prescriptive theory. Middle-range theories tend to focus on a specific field of nursing. Mishel’s theory of uncertainty in illness is a middle-range theory. |
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An injured client with an open wound is brought to the hospital. The doctor asks the nurse to administer a tetanus toxoid injection. Which standard of the nursing practice as defined by the American Nurses Association does the nurse follow? |
4 The nurse will administer the tetanus as per the doctor’s regime. The American Nurses Association identifies this standard of nursing practice as implementation. Diagnosis refers to analysis of the client’s biological and psychosocial data to find out the relevant issues and problems. Evaluation is the procedure of assessing the desired outcomes of treatment. Assessment is done at the very beginning when the nurse collects the data about the client to make an accurate diagnosis. |
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Which theory provides a basis for identifying and testing nursing care behaviors to determine if caring improves patient health outcomes? |
2 Swanson’s theory of caring provides a basis for identifying and testing nursing care behaviors to determine if caring improves patient health outcomes. Neuman’s system theory focuses on stressors perceived by the client or caregiver. Orem’s self-care deficit theory explains the factors within a client’s living situation that support or interfere with his or her self-care ability. Mishel’s theory of uncertainty in illness focuses on a client’s experiences with cancer while living with continual uncertainty. |
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A nurse helps a client to clarify health problems and choose appropriate courses of action. What competency in community-based practice is the nurse exercising? |
3 When a nurse is helping a client to identify and clarify health problems and choose appropriate courses of action to solve those problems, the nurse is acting as a counselor. The nurse acts as an educator by establishing relationships with community service organizations. The nurse acts as an epidemiologist when he or she is involved in case finding, health teaching, and tracking incident rates of an illness. The nurse acts as a caregiver when he or she provides appropriate, individualized nursing care for specific clients and their families. |
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A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about systems theories with a specific reference to Neuman’s systems theory. Which statements made by the nursing student post teaching are accurate? Select all that apply. |
125 Factors that change the environment also affect an open system. The components are interrelated and share a common purpose to form a whole. An open system such as a human organism or a process such as the nursing process interacts with the environment, exchanging information between the system and the environment. A system is composed of separate components, and there are two types of system, open or closed. Neuman’s systems theory defines a total-person model of holism and an open-systems approach. |
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Which statement is applicable to Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring? |
4 Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring defines the outcome of nursing activity in relation to the humanistic aspects of life. The Roy adaptation model views the client as an adaptive system. The Neuman systems model is based on stress and the client’s reaction to the stressor. Leininger’s theory focuses on cultural diversity; the goal of nursing care should be to provide the client with culturally specific nursing care. |
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With reference to the nursing process as a system, what is content? |
3 With reference to the nursing process as a system, the content is the product and information obtained from the system. Output is the end product of a system. Feedback serves to inform a system about how it functions. Input is the data or information that comes from a client’s assessment. |
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A registered nurse is educating a nursing student about descriptive theories. Which point stated by the nursing student needs correction? |
3 Descriptive theories do not direct specific nursing activities. Instead, they help to explain client assessments. Descriptive theories are the first level of theory development. Descriptive theories explain, relate, and in some situations predict nursing phenomena. Descriptive theories describe phenomena, speculate on why they occur, and describe their consequences. |
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The nurse is caring for a client who requires an intravenous infusion. The nurse explains the reason for the procedure while assembling the kit for the infusion. What is the role of the nurse in this situation? |
1 The nurse assumes the role of educator when explaining to the client the need for an intravenous infusion. The nurse as a manager oversees the budget of a specific nursing unit or agency and is also responsible for coordinating the activities of the staff providing nursing care. As an advocate, the nurse protects the human and legal rights of the client. The nurse empowers the client with information required to make important health care decisions. The nurse is a caregiver when helping the client maintain and regain health, manage disease symptoms, and achieve a maximum level of functioning. |
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Which theory is based on the model of primacy of caring? |
4 The model of primacy of caring is the basis of Benner and Wrubel’s Theory. This theory focuses on client’s need for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness. According to Roy’s theory, the goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness. Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring defines the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the humanistic aspects of life. This theory promotes health, restoring the client to health, and preventing illness. Neuman’s theory is based on stress and the client’s reaction to the stressor. |
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A nurse is assigned to change a central line dressing. The agency policy is to clean the site with povidone-iodine and then cleanse with alcohol. The nurse recently attended a conference that presented information that alcohol should precede povidone-iodine in a dressing change. In addition, an article in a nursing journal stated that a new product was a more effective antibacterial than alcohol and povidone-iodine. The nurse has a sample of the new product. How should the nurse proceed? |
4 Agency policy determines procedures; if the procedure is out of date or problematic, the nurse should contact the primary healthcare provider for a change in the prescription. The nurse cannot use another product without a primary healthcare provider’s prescription. The nurse will be risking liability if agency policy is not followed unless the prescription is changed by the primary healthcare provider. |
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Which domain of the Nursing Interventions Classification taxonomy includes care that supports homeostatic regulation? |
2 Domain 2 of the Nursing Interventions Classification taxonomy includes care that supports homeostatic regulation. Domain 1 includes care that supports physical functioning. Domain 3 includes care that supports psychosocial functioning and facilitates life style changes. Domain 4 includes care that supports protection against harm. |
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Which factor is used to assess the quality of health care provided to a client? |
2 Health care providers determine the quality of care provided to the client by measuring outcomes that show how a client’s health status has changed. One method of measuring the quality of health care provided to the client is the functional health status of the client after discharge. The nursing staff should take necessary fall prevention measures for the client; however, this is not a measurable outcome. All health care personnel should practice hand hygiene to prevent infection, which is a quality measure, not an outcome of health care. Teamwork and coordination among health care personnel is important to provide efficient health care to the client. It is not an outcome of health care. |
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A hospital needs to hire a nursing staff for the intensive care of cancer clients. Which of these positions is most likely to be filled by the nurse? |
4 The hospital will most likely hire a clinical nurse specialist. A clinical nurse specialist is an expert in a specific area of practice and in a particular setting such as an intensive care unit. A nurse practitioner has expertise in taking care of clients in an outpatient, ambulatory care, or community care setting. A nurse administrator looks after the management of the care provided to clients within a health-care agency. A certified nurse-midwife provides care to women during their pregnancy, labor or delivery. |
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Which theory provides a basis for identifying and testing nursing care behaviors to determine if caring improves patient health outcomes? |
2 Swanson’s theory of caring provides a basis for identifying and testing nursing care behaviors to determine if caring improves patient health outcomes. Neuman’s system theory focuses on stressors perceived by the client or caregiver. Orem’s self-care deficit theory explains the factors within a client’s living situation that support or interfere with his or her self-care ability. Mishel’s theory of uncertainty in illness focuses on a client’s experiences with cancer while living with continual uncertainty. |
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A nursing student is listing the points that are applicable to grand theories of nursing. Which point mentioned by the nursing student needs correction? |
3 Mishel’s theory of uncertainty in illness is not an example of a grand theory; it is a middle-range theory. Neuman’s systems model is a grand theory. Grand theories require further specification through research. Grand theories are systematic and broad in scope and complexity. Grand theories do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions; instead they provide the structural framework for broad and abstract ideas about nursing. |
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Which feature according to Benner is observed in a nurse at the "proficient" level? |
4 The nurse at the proficient level has more than 2 or 3 years of experience in the same clinical position. The nurse focuses on managing care rather than managing and performing skills. The novice nurse learns by means of a set of rules, which are usually stepwise and linear. The advanced beginner has observational experience and is able to identify the principles of nursing care. The expert nurse is skilled at identifying client-centered problems, health care system-related problems, and the needs of the novice nurse. |
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A nurse questions the staff about a change in a client’s plan of care. What does this demonstrate? |
1 The nurse asking questions about a change in a client’s plan of care shows that the nurse has the power to make decisions. This is an example of the nurse’s authority over other staff members. Independence in making choices about client care and work is autonomy. Responsibility refers to the duties and activities that an individual is employed to perform. Accountability means that individuals are answerable for their actions. The nurse demonstrates accountability by checking on the client and family after discharge. |
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What is the primary focus of the nurse when providing evidence-based care to the client? |
4 Evidence-based practice is first and foremost a problem-solving approach to care. This problem-solving approach incorporates application of current best practice along with knowledge from research studies and clinical expertise. |
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Which healthcare system focuses solely on palliative care? |
1 A hospice is a system of family-centered care that allows clients to live and remain at home with comfort, independence, and dignity while easing the pain of terminal illness. The focus of hospice care is palliative care, not curative treatment. Rehabilitation restores a person to his or her fullest physical, mental, social, vocational, and economic potential possible. Assisted living offers an attractive long-term care setting with an environment reminiscent of home and with some resident autonomy. An extended care facility provides intermediate medical, nursing, or custodial care to clients recovering from acute illnesses or clients with chronic illnesses or disabilities. |
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Which age is considered the phallic stage according to Sigmund Freud’s developmental theory? |
3 According to Sigmund Freud’s developmental theory, 3 to 6 years of age is considered the phallic stage. Birth to 18 months of age is considered the oral stage a. Six to 12 years of age is the latent stage. Eighteen months to 3 years of age is the anal stage. |
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Which nursing theory focuses on the client’s self-care needs? |
2 Orem’s self-care deficit theory focuses on the client’s self-care needs. According to Roy’s theory, the goal of nursing is to help a person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness. Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring defines the outcome of nursing activity with regards to the humanistic aspects of life. The major concept of Leininger’s theory is cultural diversity, with the goal of nursing care being to provide the client with culturally specific nursing care. |
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A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about the concepts that make up a theory. Which point noted by the nursing student needs correction? |
1 A theory consists of interrelated concepts. Concepts help describe or label phenomena. Concepts that affect the client system are physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental or spiritual. Concepts can be simple or complex and relate to an object or event that comes from individual perceptual experiences. |
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Which group benefits from Medicare? |
2 Medicare is a health insurance program for people 65 years or older. The payment for the plan is deducted from monthly individual social security checks. A Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plan is a contractual agreement between a set of providers and self-insured employers. It offers comprehensive health services at a discount to companies under contract. The Medicaid plan is a federally funded, state-run program that provides health insurance for low-income families. It finances a large portion of care for poor children, their parents, pregnant women, and disabled very poor adults. The State Children’s Health Insurance Programs (SCHIP) is a federally funded, state-run program for children who are not poor enough for Medicaid. |
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Which domain of the Nursing Interventions Classification taxonomy includes care that supports homeostatic regulation? |
2 Domain 2 of the Nursing Interventions Classification taxonomy includes care that supports homeostatic regulation. Domain 1 includes care that supports physical functioning. Domain 3 includes care that supports psychosocial functioning and facilitates life style changes. Domain 4 includes care that supports protection against harm. |
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Which statement is true about Betty Neuman’s theory? |
3 Betty Neuman’s theory is based on stress and the client’s reaction to the stressor. In this model, the client is the individual, group, family, or community. The system is composed of five concepts that interact with one another: physiologic, psychologic, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. Leininger’s theory is based on anthropology. Roy’s adaptation model views the client as an adaptive system. Jean Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring defines the outcome of the nursing activity with regard to the humanistic aspects of life. |
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A doctor asks a nurse to collect the medical history of a client. What nursing process should the nurse undertake? |
3 The documentation of the client’s information is part of an assessment. The nurse will collect all the relevant medical data of the client to help the doctor understand the client’s history a make an accurate diagnosis. During diagnosis, the collected data is analyzed to find out the client’s problems or issues. Evaluation is the process to see if the expected outcomes of the treatment are achieved or not. Before an evaluation, a plan is made to solve all the client’s problems and then the plan is implemented. |
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A client is in a state of ambivalence. Which of these stages of health behavior will the nurse suspect? |
3 The nurse will suspect the stage of contemplation. This stage of health behavior is characterized by a client’s attitude towards a change; the client is most likely to accept that change in the next six months. The stage of preparation is when a client believes that a change in his or her behavior is advantageous. During the maintenance stage, changes need to be implemented in the client’s lifestyle. In the precontemplation stage, the client is not willing to hear any information about the changes in the behavior. |
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How does a nurse prepare a "factual" record when performing a client documentation? |
4 A factual record contains descriptive and objective information about what a nurse sees, hears, feels, and smells. An organized record communicates the information in a logical order. The use of exact measurements establishes accuracy. The nurse prepares a complete record by providing a complete and appropriate record that includes all essential information. |
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Which of these is true about SOAP progress note method? |
4 SOAP progress notes include assessment information or diagnoses based on data. The A in SOAP stands for assessment and not action. The P stands for plan, not problem. SOAP progress note originate from medical records. |
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Which statement made by a nursing student about Swanson’s theory of caring needs correction? |
3 Swanson’s theory of caring provides a basis for identifying and testing nurse caring behaviors to determine if caring will improve client health outcomes. Middle-range theories provide a basis to help nurses understand how clients cope with uncertainty and the illness response. The components of Swanson’s theory of caring provide a foundation of knowledge for nurses to direct and deliver caring nursing practices. Swanson’s theory of caring defines five components of caring: knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief. Swanson’s theory of caring was developed by Kristin Swanson by conducting extensive interviews with clients and their professional caregivers. |
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A nurse has made a nursing diagnosis without validating the data obtained from the client. Into what category does this error fall? |
1 The nurse’s error of failure to validate the data is categorized as labeling. Errors at the collecting level include inaccurate data, missing data, and disorganization. Errors at the clustering level include insufficient clusters of cues, premature or early closure, and incorrect clustering. At the interpreting level, errors include failure to consider conflicting cues and failure to consider cultural influences or developmental stage. |
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What is the primary focus of nursing care in the "family as context" approach? |
2 In the "family as context" approach, the primary focus is the health and development of an individual in a specific environment. The relationship and family processes are the primary focus when the family is viewed as client. When the family is viewed as context, the focus is the ability of the family to meet the basic needs of the individual, not their own needs. The process followed by the family when caring for the sick family member is assessed when family is viewed as client. |
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Which basic human needs belongs to the fourth level as per Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. |
12 Fourth level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs encompasses self-esteem needs, which involve self-confidence, usefulness, self-worth, and achievement. Security needs are included in the second level. Belonging needs such as friendship, social relationships, and sexual love come under the third level. Self-actualization is the basic human need, which belongs to the final level. |
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Which of these databases should the nurse use to obtain a broad view on biomedical and pharmaceutical studies? |
2 The EMBASE database is a good source of biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. PubMed is the health science library at the National Library of Medicine; this database offers free access to many journal articles. MEDLINE includes studies in medicine, nursing, dentistry, psychiatry, veterinary medicine, and allied health. PsycINFO is a good resource for psychology and psychology-related healthcare disciplines. |
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What is the correct order of phases of the nursing process? 2. 3. 4. 5. |
The first phase of the nursing process is assessment of the client data. During this phase, the nurse collects the biological data of the client. Next, during the nursing diagnosis phase, the nurse makes a diagnosis on the basis of the client data, and then the nurse makes plans to address the issues and evaluates the expected outcomes. These plans are carried out in the implementation phase. Finally, in the evaluation phase, the outcomes are evaluated and shared with others. this order |
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With reference to the nursing process as a system, what is content? |
3 With reference to the nursing process as a system, the content is the product and information obtained from the system. Output is the end product of a system. Feedback serves to inform a system about how it functions. Input is the data or information that comes from a client’s assessment. |
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Which feature distinguishes an associate degree program from a baccalaureate program for a registered nurse (RN) in the United States? |
1 The associate degree program is a two-year program offered by a community college or a university. The baccalaureate program includes four years of study in a college or a university. Both the programs focus on basic sciences and theoretical and clinical courses. In addition, the baccalaureate program also includes courses in social sciences, arts, and humanities. The Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) in the United States is equivalent to the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BScN) in Canada. Graduates of both associate degree and baccalaureate programs are eligible to take the NCLEX for RNs. |
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What is the definition of descriptive research? |
2 Descriptive research is defined as a study that measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Historical research is designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables without any active intervention by the researcher. |
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A nurse changing the dressing on the client’s perineum would fall into which zone? |
2 Changing a client’s dressing on the perineum falls under the intimate zone. For this action, the appropriate interpersonal distance between the nurse and the client should be between 0 and 18 inches. A nurse lecturing a class of students or speaking at a community forum lies within a public zone. A personal zone refers to a nurse sitting on the client’s bedside, taking a client’s history, or teaching a client individually. The vulnerable zone is where special care is needed. |
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The school nurse conducts a class in nutrition planning for parents. What is the goal of school health nursing programs? |
1 The goal of school health nursing programs is health promotion through a school curriculum. A class on nutritional planning for parents contributes to health promotion. Disease management is one of the many programs of community health centers. These centers provide primary care to a specific client population within a community. Nurse-managed clinics provide nursing care with a focus on acute and chronic care management. The occupational health nurse may conduct an environmental surveillance for health promotion and accident prevention in the work setting. |
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Which statement is true about prescriptive theories? |
1 Prescriptive theories are action-oriented. They test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention. These theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the conditions under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Descriptive theories help to explain client assessment. A middle-range theory tends to focus on a specific field of nursing. Descriptive theories are the first level of theory development. |
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Which group benefits from Medicare? |
2 Medicare is a health insurance program for people 65 years or older. The payment for the plan is deducted from monthly individual social security checks. A Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plan is a contractual agreement between a set of providers and self-insured employers. It offers comprehensive health services at a discount to companies under contract. The Medicaid plan is a federally funded, state-run program that provides health insurance for low-income families. It finances a large portion of care for poor children, their parents, pregnant women, and disabled very poor adults. The State Children’s Health Insurance Programs (SCHIP) is a federally funded, state-run program for children who are not poor enough for Medicaid. |
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A nurse is assigned to change a central line dressing. The agency policy is to clean the site with povidone-iodine and then cleanse with alcohol. The nurse recently attended a conference that presented information that alcohol should precede povidone-iodine in a dressing change. In addition, an article in a nursing journal stated that a new product was a more effective antibacterial than alcohol and povidone-iodine. The nurse has a sample of the new product. How should the nurse proceed? |
4 Agency policy determines procedures; if the procedure is out of date or problematic, the nurse should contact the primary healthcare provider for a change in the prescription. The nurse cannot use another product without a primary healthcare provider’s prescription. The nurse will be risking liability if agency policy is not followed unless the prescription is changed by the primary healthcare provider. |
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Which domain of the nursing intervention phase includes electrolyte and acid-base management? |
2 Domain 2 of the nursing intervention phase includes electrolyte and acid-base management. Domain 2, or the physiologic complex, includes care that supports homeostatic regulation. Domain 1 includes care that supports physical functioning. Domain 3 incorporates care that supports psychosocial functioning and facilitates lifestyle changes. Domain 4 involves care that supports protection against harm. |
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Which statement is true about prescriptive theories? |
1 Prescriptive theories are action-oriented. They test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention. These theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the conditions under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Descriptive theories help to explain client assessment. A middle-range theory tends to focus on a specific field of nursing. Descriptive theories are the first level of theory development. |
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Which factor is used to assess the quality of health care provided to a client? |
2 Health care providers determine the quality of care provided to the client by measuring outcomes that show how a client’s health status has changed. One method of measuring the quality of health care provided to the client is the functional health status of the client after discharge. The nursing staff should take necessary fall prevention measures for the client; however, this is not a measurable outcome. All health care personnel should practice hand hygiene to prevent infection, which is a quality measure, not an outcome of health care. Teamwork and coordination among health care personnel is important to provide efficient health care to the client. It is not an outcome of health care. |
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A nurse is in the process of conducting research. What action indicates that the nurse is designing the study? |
4 The stage of designing the study is when the nurse chooses the instrumentation for conducting the study. In this stage, the nurse prepares questionnaires and selects physiological measures, interviews, and treatments necessary for the study. The first stage of the research process involves identifying of the problem. At this stage the nurse may gather all relevant articles and review literature for the purpose of conducting the research. The stage of conducting the study involves the nurse obtaining approval from the appropriate authorities and enlisting research subjects. The nurse also monitors whether all investigators are following the appropriate study protocol in order to ensure accuracy of the findings. |
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A theory contains a set of components such as concepts, definitions, assumptions or propositions. What do these components help to explain? |
3 A theory contains a set of components such as concepts, definitions, assumptions or propositions that explain a phenomenon. The domain is the perspective of a profession. A paradigm is a pattern of thought that is useful in describing the domain of a discipline. Environment or situation includes all possible conditions affecting clients and the settings in which their health care needs occur. |
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Which is an example of an actual nursing diagnosis? |
2 Impaired social interaction is an example of an actual nursing diagnosis. Actual nursing diagnoses are the responses of a person to a health condition. "Risk for" nursing diagnoses define human responses to conditions that have not occurred yet. Risk for acute confusion is an example of this kind of diagnosis. A health promotion nursing diagnosis is the clinical judgment of an individual’s or family’s willingness to improve health. Readiness for enhanced nutrition and readiness for enhanced family coping are examples of health promotion nursing diagnoses. |
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Which internal variable influences health beliefs and practices? |
4 Intellectual background is an internal factor that affects the client’s health beliefs and practices. A client’s knowledge, educational background, and past experiences influence how a client thinks about health. Family practices, cultural background, and socioeconomic factors are among the external factors that influence health beliefs and practices. |
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Which domain of the Nursing Interventions Classification taxonomy includes care that supports homeostatic regulation? |
2 Domain 2 of the Nursing Interventions Classification taxonomy includes care that supports homeostatic regulation. Domain 1 includes care that supports physical functioning. Domain 3 includes care that supports psychosocial functioning and facilitates life style changes. Domain 4 includes care that supports protection against harm. |
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According to Sigmund Freud’s developmental theory, which developmental age is called the latent stage? |
3 According to Sigmund Freud’s developmental theory, middle childhood age is the latent stage. Early childhood and toddlers are in the anal stage. Preschool is the phallic stage. Adolescence is the genital stage. |
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The Magnet Recognition Program for health care organizations is based on fourteen forces of magnetism related to five magnet model components. Which force of magnetism is assessed to review the structural empowerment of the organization? |
4 Health care organizations that apply for Magnet status must demonstrate innovations in professional practice. One of the forces of magnetism that impacts the structural empowerment of the organization is its personnel policies and programs. Personnel policies of an organization should provide an innovative environment in which the staff are developed and empowered. Empirical quality outcomes are reviewed by assessing the quality of care. New knowledge, innovations, and improvements are reviewed by assessing the quality improvement of the health care organization. Interdisciplinary relationships are assessed to review exemplary professional practice. |
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Which of the following statements about a case manager is correct? |
2 A case manager has the ability to establish an appropriate care plan based on the assessment of clients and families. A change agent helps identify and implement new and more effective approaches to problems. A counselor helps clients identify and clarify health problems and choose appropriate courses of action. A caregiver applies a critical thinking approach to ensure appropriate, individualized nursing care for clients and their families. |
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An injured client with an open wound is brought to the hospital. The doctor asks the nurse to administer a tetanus toxoid injection. Which standard of the nursing practice as defined by the American Nurses Association does the nurse follow? |
4 The nurse will administer the tetanus as per the doctor’s regime. The American Nurses Association identifies this standard of nursing practice as implementation. Diagnosis refers to analysis of the client’s biological and psychosocial data to find out the relevant issues and problems. Evaluation is the procedure of assessing the desired outcomes of treatment. Assessment is done at the very beginning when the nurse collects the data about the client to make an accurate diagnosis. |
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Which statement is true about Betty Neuman’s theory? |
3 Betty Neuman’s theory is based on stress and the client’s reaction to the stressor. In this model, the client is the individual, group, family, or community. The system is composed of five concepts that interact with one another: physiologic, psychologic, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. Leininger’s theory is based on anthropology. Roy’s adaptation model views the client as an adaptive system. Jean Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring defines the outcome of the nursing activity with regard to the humanistic aspects of life. |
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The school nurse conducts a class in nutrition planning for parents. What is the goal of school health nursing programs? |
1 The goal of school health nursing programs is health promotion through a school curriculum. A class on nutritional planning for parents contributes to health promotion. Disease management is one of the many programs of community health centers. These centers provide primary care to a specific client population within a community. Nurse-managed clinics provide nursing care with a focus on acute and chronic care management. The occupational health nurse may conduct an environmental surveillance for health promotion and accident prevention in the work setting. |
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A client with bone cancer is receiving hospice care at home. The hospice program also provides respite care. What is the purpose of respite care? |
2 Hospice programs are focused at providing pain relief to the client. Some hospice programs also provide short-term relief or "time-off" to the family caregiver. This enables the caregiver to leave the home to attend to other activities while the client is looked after by a responsible person. Services in an assisted living facility provide meals and personal care to the clients. A skilled nursing facility or an intermediate care facility provides skilled interventions such as intravenous administration of fluids, wound care, or long-term ventilator management. Psychiatric facilities provide counseling and treatment to clients for behavioral problems. |
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What is the primary focus of the nurse when providing evidence-based care to the client? |
4 Evidence-based practice is first and foremost a problem-solving approach to care. This problem-solving approach incorporates application of current best practice along with knowledge from research studies and clinical expertise. |
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Which step in the research process is similar to the assessment step of the nursing process? |
4 Identifying the problem, which includes reviewing literature, formulating a theoretical framework, and identifying the study variables is similar to assessment in the nursing process. Analyzing the results of research is similar to the evaluation phase of the nursing process. Conducting the study is similar to the implementation phase of the nursing process. Developing the hypothesis coincides with the diagnosis phase of the nursing process. |
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Which statement about Orem’s theory needs to be corrected? |
4 Orem’s theory explains the factors within a client’s living situation. These factors may support or interfere with the client’s self-care abilities, but they do not refer to the family’s health. This theory interprets data that determine a client’s self-care needs, self-care deficits, and self-care abilities. Orem’s theory explains, predicts, or describes nursing care that will help the client in bettering his or her health. The theory also aids in the design of nursing interventions for the promotion of self-care by the client during times of illness, such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, or arthritis. |
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The nurse interviews a client about a current health problem. The nurse then obtains and documents the client’s temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate. Which step of the nursing process is involved in this situation? |
3 The scenario is an example of the assessment phase of the nursing process. Assessment involves the collection of comprehensive data pertinent to the client’s health. During the planning level of nursing care, the nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes. The nurse analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses during the diagnosis level of nursing practice. The nurse implements the health care plan identified for the client during the implementation level of the standards of nursing practice. This level may include administering prescribed medications or healthcare procedures. |
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A nurse questions the staff about a change in a client’s plan of care. What does this demonstrate? |
1 The nurse asking questions about a change in a client’s plan of care shows that the nurse has the power to make decisions. This is an example of the nurse’s authority over other staff members. Independence in making choices about client care and work is autonomy. Responsibility refers to the duties and activities that an individual is employed to perform. Accountability means that individuals are answerable for their actions. The nurse demonstrates accountability by checking on the client and family after discharge. |
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What is a stressor? |
1 A stressor is any stimuli that can produce tension and cause instability within the system. Internal factors exist within the client system, like the physiological and behavioral responses to illnesses. External factors exist outside the client system; these stressors include changes in healthcare policies or increased crime rates. A phenomenon is a term, description, or label given to describe an idea or responses about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations. |
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Which statement is true about prescriptive theories? |
1 Prescriptive theories are action-oriented. They test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention. These theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the conditions under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Descriptive theories help to explain client assessment. A middle-range theory tends to focus on a specific field of nursing. Descriptive theories are the first level of theory development. |
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Which statement defines "information" gathered by the nurse? |
3 Information is defined as the organization and interpretation of data or pieces of reality. Datum is an individual piece of reality. When data are combined and relationships among data are identified, the nurse obtains knowledge. |
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What is the definition of descriptive research? |
2 Descriptive research is defined as a study that measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Historical research is designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables without any active intervention by the researcher. |
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Which type of theory is the Neuman systems model? |
1 Neuman systems model is an example of a grand theory that provides a comprehensive foundation for scientific nursing practice, education, and research. Theories related to growth and development are descriptive theories. Prescriptive theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the condition under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Mishel’s theory of uncertainty is a prescriptive theory. Middle-range theories tend to focus on a specific field of nursing. Mishel’s theory of uncertainty in illness is a middle-range theory. |
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According to Sigmund Freud’s developmental theory, which developmental age is called the latent stage? |
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What is the definition of descriptive research? |
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Which healthcare system is required after a physical or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction? |
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A theory contains a set of components such as concepts, definitions, assumptions or propositions. What do these components help to explain? |
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A 70-year-old client needs to undergo heart surgery but cannot afford it. The client seeks the assistance of a nurse. Which is the preferred program that the nurse may suggest? |
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What is the purpose of block and parish nursing? |
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Which statement is true about prescriptive theories? |
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Which theorist suggested that the goal of nursing is to use communication to help clients reestablish a positive adaptations to their environments? |
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What is the primary focus of the nurse when providing evidence-based care to the client? |
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A nurse questions the staff about a change in a client’s plan of care. What does this demonstrate? |
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A registered nurse is educating a nursing student about descriptive theories. Which point stated by the nursing student needs correction? |
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