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HIV can be transmitted from mother to fetus, and approximately 1/3 of infected infants will die within a few years of birth. The risk of mother-infant transmission can be significantly reduced if the infected mother ______ while she is pregnant.

takes highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and receives routine obstetrical care

Adequate folate intake for neural tube development is especially important in the ______ trimester.

first

Breast milk production requires approximately ____ kilocalories per day.

800

Dana is 33 years old and pregnant for the first time. She is concerned that she might be too old to have a healthy pregnancy. Her obstetrician informed Dana that the ideal age range for pregnancy is

20-35 years old.

An infant born at 38 weeks of gestation and weighing 5 pounds is

LBW and SGA.

Dana is pregnant for the first time and she is reading a book about healthy pregnancies. The book says that the goal of pregnancy is to achieve optimal health for both the baby and the mother. Two widely accepted criteria for a healthy pregnancy are

gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds.

Low iodide status during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to

congenital hypothyroidism.

Patricia’s physician tells her she needs more folate in her diet during pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

Drink orange juice.

The need for extra iron during pregnancy is greatest during which trimester(s)?

Second and third

The duration of pregnancy normally is ______ weeks.

38-42

The RDA for protein increases by an additional ______ grams per day during pregnancy.

25

During each feeding, human milk changes composition in which of the following ways?

fat increases

Advantages of breastfeeding include all of the following EXCEPT

breast milk provides more vitamin D than infant formula. AND breast milk is free of environmental contaminants.

Barb wants to make sure she gets adequate folate during her pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

Which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects?

First

Which of the following is true about lactation?

The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother’s womb is called the

placenta.

During the second and third trimesters, pregnant women should gain approximately ______ pound(s) per week.

1

Toxicity of ______ is linked to birth defects.

vitamin A

During pregnancy, it is particularly important to make sure to consume adequate

essential fatty acids.

Carol has heartburn during her pregnancy. She should do all of the following EXCEPT

lie down after she eats (other options: avoid spicy food, eat less fat, and consume liquids between rather than with meals)

All of the following are barriers to breastfeeding EXCEPT

expense. (other options: misinformation, fear of appearing immodest, and lack of role models)

Constipation is a common problem during pregnancy. All the of following practices can be helpful EXCEPT

avoiding too much fluid. (other options: engaging in aerobic exercise regularly, consuming more dietary fiber, and consuming dried fruits such as raisins.

Which of the following is true about lifestyle habits and pregnancy?

Repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus.

During pregnancy, a woman should follow MyPlate’s Daily Food Plan and consume

3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the milk and cheese group.

A mineral that is especially important for male fertility is

zinc

The best way for a calcium-deficient pregnant woman to get the calcium she needs is to consume

low-fat milk and cheese.

Which of the following is a federal program for reducing infant mortality by providing nutritional support and counseling?

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

To reduce oxidative damage to her eggs, a woman should consume

brightly colored fruits and vegetables.

Healthy People 2020 includes a goal of increasing by ______ the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal folate status.

10%

A low-birth-weight infant weighs ______ pounds.

less than 5.5

Requirements for ______ increase by 50% during pregnancy.

folate

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants, including those who are exclusively breastfed, should be given how much supplemental vitamin D per day?

400 IU

Fertility can be impaired by

either too little or too much body fat.

Low levels of body fat decrease ______ fertility.

both male or female

Which of the following types of physical activity is NOT advised during pregnancy?

scuba diving

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is

oxytocin

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

a low-birth-weight infant.

For a woman with a prepregnancy BMI of 22, total pregnancy weight gain should fall within the range of ______ pounds.

25 to 35

Mineral needs generally are increased during pregnancy. All of the following are needed in higher quantities EXCEPT

sodium

Which of the following statements is important for infant feeding?

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a child’s life.

During the first trimester, a woman should gain ______ pounds.

2 to 4

All of the following are true about folate and pregnancy EXCEPT

it is impossible for pregnant women to meet their nutrient needs without supplementation.

Most of the extra calcium for pregnancy is needed during which trimester(s)?

Calcium needs do not increase during pregnancy.

Rachel is pregnant and has morning sickness. She should do all the following EXCEPT

eat large, less frequent meals.

During pregnancy, symptoms such as high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine, edema, changes in blood clotting, and seizures are associated with a condition called

eclampsia

Sue’s prepregnancy BMI is 38. Her weight-gain goal should be ______ pounds.

11 to 20

All of the following are advantages of breastfeeding EXCEPT

breast milk is free of environmental contaminants.

Extra kilocalories for pregnancy are needed mostly during which trimester(s)?

second and third

Which of the following is true about lactation?

The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

Which of the following is NOT true about the let-down reflex?

It is triggered by the release of the hormone estrogen.

Rich in immune factors, the milk made by the mother’s breast during the first few days after birth is

colostrum

The U.S. Public Health Service and the March of Dimes recommend that all women of childbearing age should take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains

400 micrograms of folic acid