How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming? The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees. |
The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees |
The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____. decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere |
Decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere |
The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____. promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon |
Promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon |
How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program? The planted trees will be cut down to produce paper products for the athletic program. |
The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow |
Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____. any use of electricity in the stadium |
Fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium |
Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment? carbon dioxide |
Carbon Dioxide |
All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy. solar |
Solar |
Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant? boiler |
Generator |
During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity? It almost always increases. |
It almost always increases |
What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel? black |
Black |
The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________. collects runoff water from lawns and parking lots to water lawns and gardens on campus |
Conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation |
The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________. to conserve water |
As biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere |
LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________. conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality |
Conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality |
One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________. processed foods that require little to no preparation before consumption |
Foods that are grown locally |
What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University? a shortage of water for irrigating lawns and landscaping |
The pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots |
Why has the earth experienced natural climate changes? The earth has experienced natural climate changes because the increased number of asteroids between the earth and the sun is blocking the amount of solar radiation the earth receives on an annual basis. |
In cycles of tens or often hundreds of thousands of years, the earth's tilt and its orbit around the sun gradually change. These natural changes have contributed to dramatic shifts in earth's climate |
Why is carbon dioxide so important? Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth's atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable. |
Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth's atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable |
What would earth's temperature be without the Greenhouse Effect? Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth's temperature would reach 26.6 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit). |
The global temperature would be minus 19 degrees Celsius |
What non-renewable resource, when burned, is the leading cause of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Natural gas |
Coal |
How can increased carbon dioxide uptake, or sequestration, by global forests change climate? Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth's climate. |
Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth's climate |
Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2001 to 2002? 3 mi |
3 km |
Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2002 to 2003? 10 km |
7km |
Which of the following statements regarding the glacier's retreat is correct? The glacier retreated more from 2003 to 2008 than from 2002 to 2003. |
The glacier retreated over 15km from 2001 to 2008 |
What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming? It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because of increased snow pack at extremely high elevations. |
It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting |
How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply? Cities may face long-term water surpluses as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will continue to increase as temperatures rise. |
Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink |
What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins? An increase in the leopard seal population, who feed on the penguins, Has impacted the penguin population. |
Populations of the penguin's major food source are decline because of melting sea ice |
What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period? Greenhouse gas levels have remained at roughly the same levels for the past 200 years. |
A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution |
What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration? Rising sea levels would have minimal effect as sea walls are easily to build. |
Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas |
The Triassic rocks must have been most likely tilted during or after the______________ period |
Triassic |
The Triassic and Cretaceous rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: __________________ |
An angular unconformity |
he Quaternary and Tertiary rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: ______________ |
A disconformity |
Due to an unconformity, the ______________ period is missing from the rock record. |
Jurassic |
The dike dates at least to the __________ period. |
Quarternary |
Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is correct? Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, and can provide information about absolute age. |
Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age |
What is the Principle of Original Horizontality? Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited. |
Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited |
What is the Principle of Superposition? Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers in the middle of a sequence are older. |
Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older |
What is the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships? Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through. |
Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through |
Five layers of rock are cut by two faults. Both faults cut through all five layers of rock. Fault A breaks through to the surface, while Fault B does not. Which of the following statements about Faults A and B is correct? Fault A is younger than Fault B, and both are younger than the five layers of rock. |
Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are younger than the five layers of rock |
Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock? the Principle of Superposition |
The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships |
A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest? Deposition of the three sedimentary layers, S, is the youngest event. We know this because the fault underlies the igneous rocks. |
The intrusion of l1 or l2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest |
Based on the evidence found at the Kizimen placemark, which of the following would you be least likely to encounter at this location? magma |
Magma |
Based on the evidence in the Kaibab Trail Gigapan image, what type of rock is found in this part of the Grand Canyon? metamorphic |
Clastic Sedimentary |
How are metamorphic rocks formed? Preexisting sediment is altered through melting and pressure. |
Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure |
Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form? almost always |
Sometimes, but not always |
What is foliation? fracturing in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals |
Banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals |
How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented? perpendicular to the direction of plate movement |
Perpendicular to the direction of plate movement |
What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation? gneiss |
Gneiss |
What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth's surface? mantle conduits and volcanic chambers |
Magma chambers and volcanic conduits |
What is the difference between a dike and a sill? A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers. |
A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers |
What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion? a volcanic neck |
A volcanic neck |
Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth's surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation? Volcanic rocks are often older than surrounding rock. |
Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock |
What is a magma chamber called after it and the conduit have solidified and been exposed by erosion? a dike |
A batholith |
Where in Chile did the magnitude 8.2 earthquake strike in 2014? Off the coast of central Chile near the capital city of Concepción |
Off the coast of northern Chile near the town of Iquique |
What was the human impact of the earthquake? Approximately 500 deaths occurred and over 2 million people evacuated their homes. |
There were fewer than 10 deaths but almost 1 million people evacuated their homes |
How destructive was the tsunami generated by the earthquake? There was widespread damage along the South American coast and throughout the Pacific Ocean. |
The tsunami was approximately two meters high and destroyed some fishing boats |
What was the response of the Chilean government to the earthquake? Chilean governmental structures were badly damaged in the earthquake, so the United Nations temporarily took over emergency response operations. |
The Chilean government quickly evacuated low-lying areas and declared states of emergency |
How did the earthquake affect major economic activities of northern Chile? The earthquake closed Chile's major airports, halting international tourism to the country. |
Although major copper mining operations are nearby, they were unaffected by the earthquake |
Where are tectonic plates located? below Earth's surface, in the upper mantle |
At Earth's surface |
What are the three types of plate boundaries? divergent, converse, transform |
Divergent, convergent, transform |
Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is correct? Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots. |
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries |
Which plate boundary type is not associated with volcanic eruptions? transform |
Transform |
Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? transform motion |
Hot spots |
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building? convergent boundaries |
Convergent boundaries |
Which type of force causes folding? shear force |
Compressional force |
What is an anticline? a fault shaped like a right-side-up U |
A fold shaped like an upside-down U |
What is a syncline? a fold shaped like a right-side-up U |
A fold shaped like a right-side-up U |
Imagine that an anticline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface? Rocks would be youngest on the right and oldest on the left. |
Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle |
Imagine that a syncline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface? Rocks would be youngest on the left and oldest on the right. |
Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle |
What produces plunging folds? a combination of folding and rotating |
A combination of folding and tilting |
What does the term "plunging fold" mean? a fold that is bent down into the Earth |
A fold that is tilted down into the Earth |
Imagine that a fold has been eroded to a flat surface. In general, how would you know if this fold is plunging? Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines. |
Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines |
What is a fault? fractures along which rocks move |
Fractures along which rocks move |
What are rocks below and above a fault called? the footwall below and the hanging wall above |
The footwall below and the hanging wall above |
Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation? compressional force |
Tensional force |
Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation? shear force |
Compressional force |
Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation? compressional force |
Shear force |
Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it? shear fault |
Strike-Slip fault |
Which of the following are types of volcanoes? Cinder volcano |
Shield volcano, Composite volcano, and Cinder cone |
What information do geologists use to classify volcanoes? Shape and type of deposits |
Shape and type of deposits |
Cinder cones are made of________. pyrobasalt deposits |
Pyroclastic deposits |
In general, how often do most cinder cones erupt? Most cinder cones erupt seasonally. |
Most cinder cones erupt once |
What are shield volcanoes generally made of? Basalt flows |
Basalt flows |
What is the range of shield volcano height? 300 to 10,000 meters |
300 to 10,000 meters |
What are composite volcanoes made of? Basalt flows |
Basalt flows, Pyroclastic deposits |
Why are shield volcanoes wider than composite volcanoes? The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes. |
The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes |
What type of magma erupts out of dome complexes? Felmafic magma |
Felsic magma |
What type of volcanoes are the tallest? Dome complexes |
Shield volcanoes |
What is the range of dome complex height? 2,000 to 5,000 meters |
500 to 2,000 meters |
What type of volcano is Mount St. Helens? Composite |
Composite |
Which of these most directly triggered the main eruption? Outgassing of the magma |
A massive landslide |
There had been many earthquakes in the area prior to this eruption. Why did this last earthquake trigger a massive landslide? Clearing of trees allowed erosion on the mountain slopes. |
Moving magma had over-steepened the mountain slopes |
If previous eruptions had left Mount St. Helens with a different shape, what differences might have influenced the timing of the eruption? If the northern slopes had been less steep initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later. |
It the northern slopes had been less steep initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later If the volcano had been significantly shorter initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner |
How much material was removed from the volcano? 0.28 cubic kilometers of rock |
2.8 cubic kilometers of rock |
"Earth is both the planet we live on and the material we live from" (Suzuki, Chapter 4). From the following multiple choice selections below, which is not a specific statement covered in Chapter 4, Suzuki, Made from Soil. Soil offers far less to attract our attention than a marsh or tidal pool. |
Mechanical and chemical weathering and how it impacts soil destroys all and is a means which ultimately does not produce life |
How big is the range of soil degradation observed between continents? about 7% |
about 15% |
Which continent likely represents the largest absolute land area experiencing degradation? North America |
Asia |
For which continents is land degradation having the least impact on global grain production? Asia and Europe |
Africa and South America |
Assume you are advising the UN on global soil conservation projects. If you had to select one continent, where would you recommend the UN concentrate its efforts based on the information in this graph? South America |
Asia |
Which continent has the largest proportion of land with more than moderate degradation? Europe |
Africa |
Assume that these categories represent a progression of degradation through time. In other words, if left unchecked, lightly degraded soil progresses into moderately degraded soil and so forth. Which continent poses the greatest concern for future loss of agricultural productivity? North America |
Europe |
In the western half of North America, ultisols are most commonly found in which precipitation range? 60 inches and over |
60 inches and over |
What soil type is most commonly associated with the subtropical desert climate? aridisols |
Aridisols |
Which of the following vegetation types is most closely associated with gelisols? middle-latitude prairie |
Tundra |
Which combination of soil types comprises the majority of the soils found in areas with July temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius? aridisols and spodosols |
Aridisols and entisols |
Which soil type is the most commonly found in the tropical rainy climates of South America? gelisols |
Oxisols |
Which agricultural activity dominates regions with oxisols? pastoral nomadism |
Shifting cultivation |
What is the order, from most to least, of the amount of desertification among river basins in South America? La Plata, Orinoco, Amazon |
La Plata, Amazon, Orinoco |
Which of the following countries is most affected by desertification? Algeria |
Iran |
In which climate is desertification NOT currently occurring? midlatitude steppe |
Humid Subtropical |
Which climate is most associated with salinization? humid subtropical |
Desert |
Salinization appears to be most closely located geographically to which other environmental issue? forest areas |
Desertification |
Which Australian city is most at risk of encroaching desertification? Brisbane |
Perth |
Based on the radar image associated with the Gravitational Water folder, at which of the following locations would you expect to find relatively higher rates of gravitational water? Sulfur |
Sulfur |
Which of the following is true of lunar soil, when compared with terrestrial soil? It cannot support life. |
It cannot support life, It does not contain organic matter, It does not contain air |
Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary soil-forming factors? Human activity |
Human activity |
Which of the following best describes the composition of soil? Soil includes pebbles, gravel, cobbles, and a varying combination of sands, silts, and clays. |
Soil is composed of about 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore space containing air and water |
In regards to soil-formation, which of the following best describes the role of climate? Because all soils are ancient, they show the climatic conditions of the period in which they formed. |
Temperature and moisture determine the chemical reactions, organic activity, and water movement within soils |
Which of the following best describes the role of biological activity in soil development? Earthworms increase soil porosity and contribute to soil movement and organic content. |
All organisms living in, on, and over the soil, influences soil development and characteristics: they can influence the pH, the organic matter, chemical content, and biological content of soils |
Which soil horizon facilitates chemical links between nutrients and plants? C horizon |
A horizon |
Which of the following is an output of the soil system? Nutrients from rock and sediment |
Plant ecosystems |
Which of the following is NOT a physical property used to distinguish soils? Texture |
Temperature |
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding soil color? Soil color is a relatively unimportant physical property of soil. |
Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil |
The practice of leaving crop residue on the field between plantings to help prevent soil erosion is known as no-till agriculture. |
No-till agriculture |
The phenomenon of desert expansion along the margins of semiarid and arid lands is known as permeability. |
Desertification |
In which of the following regions would one likely find Spodosols? Tropical rainforests |
Northern coniferous forests |
Most of the glacially derived till and outwash materials from New York through the Appalachians are Gelisols |
Inceptisols |
Warming temperatures have accelerated the thawing of Gelisols. This efffect is of particular concern because Gelisols are the youngest, least developed soils on the planet. Warming will further stifle the horizontal development of these soils. |
Gelisols contain about half of the pool of global carbon in the form of frozen carbon dioxide and methane and their release into the atmosphere could further affect warming climate |
Why do farmers apply nitrogen to their fields in the spring and fall? Nitrogen prices are cheapest in spring and fall. |
Nitrogen provides nutrients to the plants for the coming growing season |
From where do the majority of the nutrients found in the northern Gulf of Mexico originate? Fertilizer manufacturing plants in Florida and Alabama |
Farms located in the American Midwest |
Why is the northern Gulf of Mexico described as a "dead zone"? Overfishing has disrupted the food chain in the Gulf, resulting in a cascade of localized extinctions |
Nutrients enrichment starts a chain of events that depletes the water of oxygen, making it difficult for aquatic life to survive |
Why have local nutrient reduction strategies been slow to be implemented? The Environmental Protection Agency has implemented federal water quality standards rather than local reduction standards. |
Farming is a business and nutrient reduction likely will not occur unless there is a clear economic benefit to doing so |
Why are researchers exploring the use of the radish as a cover crop? Global consumption of radishes has increased dramatically in recent years. |
It may be able to conserve most fall-applied nitrogen on the same fields where it is applied, this preventing nutrient runoff |
What are krill? a type of shellfish related to mussels |
Small shrimp-like organisms |
Where do amphipods live? on kelp in the kelp forest |
In bottom mud |
How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms? They use their countershading to sneak up on their prey items. |
They use their baleen to filter prey from their environment |
Where are the Solomon Islands located? in the Mediterranean Sea |
In the South Pacific |
Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept? white-eye bird |
White-eye bird |
Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species? It is rare for new species to form on islands. |
Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process |
Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species? Its call was unique. |
Its call was unique |
When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today. marine biology |
Genetics |
What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit? spray zone |
Middle intertidal |
What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as? a cloud |
A harmless flower |
When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening? It shoots water out of its tissues, which creates a vacuum that makes it feel like your finger is being pulled in. |
It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin |
How does a sea anemone feed? By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles. |
By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles |
What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body? Shells and rocks are used to help sea anemones camouflage into the environment. |
Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide |
The scientist who in 1758 created a system that is the basis of the modern system of classification of organisms is __________. Carolus Linnaeus |
Carolus Linnaeus |
The scientific discipline concerned with naming and grouping organisms is called __________. taxonomic classification |
Taxonomic classification |
The two most specific groupings in taxonomic classification are __________. class and family |
Genus and species |
The correct sequence of taxonomic groupings, from the most to the least comprehensive, is __________. kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species |
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
Which of the following is the correct genus and species name of the common dolphin, a marine mammal? Delphinus |
Delphinus delphis |
Earth's biosphere is more a theoretical construct than an observable sphere of study. |
Extends from the ocean floor to an altitude of approx 8 km (5mi) into the atmosphere |
Which of the following is NOT a biotic component of an ecosystem? Bacteria |
Mineral nutrients |