Final Labs Geog 100

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.
The athletic program collected money during games to recycle newspapers and plastics.
The athletic program eliminated all carbon emissions.
The athletic program used solar energy during games to remove carbon dioxide from the air.

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
decreased production of carbon dioxide
increased production of carbon dioxide

Decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon
eliminated consumption of all plastics throughout its program and athletic events
recycled all paper used in its program and at football games
replaced all vehicles with electric cars

Promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

The planted trees will be cut down to produce paper products for the athletic program.
The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
The planted trees will be cut down to produce construction materials for the athletic program.
The planted trees will be burned to generate electricity for the athletic program.

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow

Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

any use of electricity in the stadium
any use of hot water in the stadium, which is heated using gas
fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium
all plastic products used in the stadium to provide fans with food and beverages

Fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?

carbon dioxide
sulfur dioxide
methane gas
nitrous oxide
oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy.

solar
wind
renewable
geothermal
nuclear

Solar

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant?

boiler
control room
cooling tower
silo
generator

Generator

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity?

It almost always increases.
It almost always decreases.
Cost of electricity always stays the same.
It depends on where the power plant is located.
It depends on the time of the year.

It almost always increases

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel?

black
red
white
green
clear

Black

The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.

collects runoff water from lawns and parking lots to water lawns and gardens on campus
uses water from campus sinks and toilets to water lawns and gardens on campus
uses tap water to water lawns and gardens and then catches and reuses any water that runs off of these systems
conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

Conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________.

to conserve water
as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
to directly generate electricity from photosynthesis in the leaves
as landscaping, providing energy-saving shade to homes and businesses

As biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.

conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality
limit construction to the use of recycled materials
require that all energy used in the building comes from wind or solar sources
encourage the consumption of local foods

Conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality

One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________.

processed foods that require little to no preparation before consumption
food that is individually wrapped
meat instead of fruits and vegetables
foods that are grown locally

Foods that are grown locally

What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?

a shortage of water for irrigating lawns and landscaping
the local production of food
the production of biofuels used to generate electricity on campus
the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

The pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

Why has the earth experienced natural climate changes?

The earth has experienced natural climate changes because the increased number of asteroids between the earth and the sun is blocking the amount of solar radiation the earth receives on an annual basis.
The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of rapid deforestation of the tropical rainforest.
The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of increased burning of fossil fuels.
In cycles of tens or often hundreds of thousands of years, the earth's tilt and its orbit around the sun gradually change. These natural changes have contributed to dramatic shifts in earth's climate.
The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of the variability in solar irradiance, as evidenced by sun spot activity.

In cycles of tens or often hundreds of thousands of years, the earth's tilt and its orbit around the sun gradually change. These natural changes have contributed to dramatic shifts in earth's climate

Why is carbon dioxide so important?

Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth's atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable.
Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to global cooling.
Increased carbon dioxide decreases the number of global hurricanes (tropical cyclones).
Carbon dioxide is important because without it we wouldn't have carbonated drinks.
Without carbon dioxide, we wouldn't have important mineral rocks, like uranium.

Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth's atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable

What would earth's temperature be without the Greenhouse Effect?

Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth's temperature would reach 26.6 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit).
The Greenhouse Effect does not affect global temperatures; it only has local effect.
Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth's temperature would hover just above freezing the entire year.
The global temperature would be minus 19 degrees Celsius.
Without the Greenhouse Effect, the North and South Poles would disappear.

The global temperature would be minus 19 degrees Celsius

What non-renewable resource, when burned, is the leading cause of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Natural gas
Uranium
Coal
Wood
Oil

Coal

How can increased carbon dioxide uptake, or sequestration, by global forests change climate?

Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth's climate.
As forests expand, carbon dioxide is lost to the atmosphere.
Increased carbon sequestration leads to increased tsunami frequency.
Carbon dioxide uptake by forests led to the end of the Pleistocene epoch.
Increases in forest cover lead to increased flooding.

Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth's climate

Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2001 to 2002?

3 mi
2 km
10 km
3 km

3 km

Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2002 to 2003?

10 km
7 mi
7 km
4 km

7km

Which of the following statements regarding the glacier's retreat is correct?

The glacier retreated more from 2003 to 2008 than from 2002 to 2003.
The glacier retreated over 15 km from 2001 to 2008.
The glacier retreated almost 5 km from 2001 to 2008.
The glacier retreated more from 2001 to 2002 than from 2003 to 2008.

The glacier retreated over 15km from 2001 to 2008

What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming?

It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because of increased snow pack at extremely high elevations.
There is no evidence that the changes of O'Higgins are being affected by global warming.
It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of a dramatic decrease in snowfall at the source of the glacier.
It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting.
It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because warmer temperatures have caused melting along the edge of the glacier, allowing it to move more quickly.

It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting

How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply?

Cities may face long-term water surpluses as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will continue to increase as temperatures rise.
Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink.
Cities will likely be unaffected as increased runoff will form natural lakes where glaciers used to be.
Cities may face short-term water shortages but will have long-term water surpluses.
Cities will likely be unaffected as global warming affects melting only along the leading edge of the glacier.

Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink

What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins?

An increase in the leopard seal population, who feed on the penguins, Has impacted the penguin population.
Warmer temperatures have allowed diseases to spread through the Chinstrap population.
Unregulated hunting in the waters off Antarctica has decimated the population of these penguins.
Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.
The Chinstrap penguins are not able to migrate back to breeding grounds in Antarctica by way of sea ice because the ice is disappearing.

Populations of the penguin's major food source are decline because of melting sea ice

What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period?

Greenhouse gas levels have remained at roughly the same levels for the past 200 years.
A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
A sudden decline in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
Greenhouse gases are more concentrated in polar regions than they are in the tropics.
Greenhouse gases have steadily risen for the past 850,000 years.

A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution

What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration?

Rising sea levels would have minimal effect as sea walls are easily to build.
Rising sea levels would have virtually no effect as most of the world's population lives in inland locations.
Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas.
There would be a movement of people from inland locations to the coasts.
Large-scale migrations would occur from countries in the mid-latitudes to countries in the tropics.

Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas

The Triassic rocks must have been most likely tilted during or after the______________ period

Triassic

The Triassic and Cretaceous rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: __________________

An angular unconformity

he Quaternary and Tertiary rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: ______________

A disconformity

Due to an unconformity, the ______________ period is missing from the rock record.

Jurassic

The dike dates at least to the __________ period.

Quarternary

Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is correct?

Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, and can provide information about absolute age.
Relative age dating provides information about absolute ages, but does not place rocks and events in chronological order.
Relative age dating does not provide information about absolute ages, nor does it place rocks and events in chronological order.
Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age.

Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age

What is the Principle of Original Horizontality?

Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited.
Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when eroded.
Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when deposited.
Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when eroded.

Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited

What is the Principle of Superposition?

Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers in the middle of a sequence are older.
Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older.
Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers higher in the sequence are older.

Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older

What is the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships?

Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through.
Geologic features that cut through rocks must form at roughly the same time as the rocks that they cut through.
Geologic features that cut through rocks must form before the rocks that they cut through.

Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through

Five layers of rock are cut by two faults. Both faults cut through all five layers of rock. Fault A breaks through to the surface, while Fault B does not. Which of the following statements about Faults A and B is correct?

Fault A is younger than Fault B, and both are younger than the five layers of rock.
Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are younger than the five layers of rock.
Fault A is younger than Fault B, and both are older than the five layers of rock.
Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are older than the five layers of rock.

Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are younger than the five layers of rock

Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock?

the Principle of Superposition
the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
the Principle of Intrusive Relationships
the Principle of Original Horizontality

The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest?

Deposition of the three sedimentary layers, S, is the youngest event. We know this because the fault underlies the igneous rocks.
The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest.
The intrusion of I2 is the youngest event. We can know this because I2 sits on top of all other rocks.
Faulting of rock along F is the youngest event. We know this because all three layers of sedimentary rock have been broken.

The intrusion of l1 or l2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest

Based on the evidence found at the Kizimen placemark, which of the following would you be least likely to encounter at this location?

magma
igneous rocks
pyroclastics
lava
basalt

Magma

Based on the evidence in the Kaibab Trail Gigapan image, what type of rock is found in this part of the Grand Canyon?

metamorphic
clastic sedimentary
extrusive igneous
intrusive igneous
organic sedimentary

Clastic Sedimentary

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Preexisting sediment is altered through melting and pressure.
Preexisting rock is altered through melting and pressure.
Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure.
Preexisting sediment is altered through heat and pressure.

Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure

Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form?

almost always
sometimes, but not always
often
never
rarely

Sometimes, but not always

What is foliation?

fracturing in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
fracturing in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
banding in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals

Banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals

How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented?

perpendicular to the direction of plate movement
oblique to the direction of plate movement
parallel to the direction of plate movement

Perpendicular to the direction of plate movement

What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation?

gneiss
limestone
lava
basalt
granite

Gneiss

What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth's surface?

mantle conduits and volcanic chambers
volcanic conduits and mantle chambers
magma conduits and volcanic chambers
magma chambers and volcanic conduits

Magma chambers and volcanic conduits

What is the difference between a dike and a sill?

A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers.
A dike leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a sill leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.
A sill intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a dike intrudes between sedimentary layers.
A sill leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a dike leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.

A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers

What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion?

a volcanic neck
a volcanic conduit
a volcano
a hot spot

A volcanic neck

Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth's surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation?

Volcanic rocks are often older than surrounding rock.
Volcanic rocks are often younger than surrounding rock.
Volcanic rocks are often more susceptible to erosion than surrounding rock.
Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock.

Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock

What is a magma chamber called after it and the conduit have solidified and been exposed by erosion?

a dike
a batholith
a sill
a volcanic conduit
a volcanic neck

A batholith

Where in Chile did the magnitude 8.2 earthquake strike in 2014?

Off the coast of central Chile near the capital city of Concepción
In the mountains near the capital city of Santiago
Off the coast of southern Chile near Tierra del Fuego
Off the coast of northern Chile near the town of Iquique
Near Easter Island

Off the coast of northern Chile near the town of Iquique

What was the human impact of the earthquake?

Approximately 500 deaths occurred and over 2 million people evacuated their homes.
Remarkably, there were no deaths and only a few people were injured by falling debris.
Approximately 100,000 deaths occurred and up to 3 million people were left homeless.
There were fewer than 10 deaths but almost 1 million people evacuated their homes.
Approximately 100 deaths occurred and over 2 million people evacuated their homes.

There were fewer than 10 deaths but almost 1 million people evacuated their homes

How destructive was the tsunami generated by the earthquake?

There was widespread damage along the South American coast and throughout the Pacific Ocean.
The tsunami was approximately two meters high and destroyed some fishing boats.
There was no damage, as the tsunami was less than one meter high.
There was widespread damage along the South American coast.
There was limited damage along the South American coast but widespread damage as the tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean.

The tsunami was approximately two meters high and destroyed some fishing boats

What was the response of the Chilean government to the earthquake?

Chilean governmental structures were badly damaged in the earthquake, so the United Nations temporarily took over emergency response operations.
The Chilean government did nothing and received widespread condemnation within Chile and abroad.
The Chilean government quickly evacuated low-lying areas and declared states of emergency.
The Chilean government immediately asked neighboring countries for assistance in search and rescue operations.
The Chilean government was slow to respond to the crisis, resulting in avoidable deaths in the affected areas.

The Chilean government quickly evacuated low-lying areas and declared states of emergency

How did the earthquake affect major economic activities of northern Chile?

The earthquake closed Chile's major airports, halting international tourism to the country.
Although major copper mining operations are nearby, they were unaffected by the earthquake.
Landslides caused by the earthquake dammed major rivers and wiped out the growing salmon industry.
The earthquake stopped production in the nearby copper mines, which cause global copper prices to rise dramatically.
The earthquake struck Chile's major financial center, closing banks for several months.

Although major copper mining operations are nearby, they were unaffected by the earthquake

Where are tectonic plates located?

below Earth's surface, in the upper mantle
below Earth's surface, near the core
just under Earth's surface
at Earth's surface

At Earth's surface

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

divergent, converse, transform
divergent, converse, transverse
digressive, convergent, transform
divergent, convergent, transform
divergent, convergent, transverse

Divergent, convergent, transform

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is correct?

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots.
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots.
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries.

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries

Which plate boundary type is not associated with volcanic eruptions?

transform
converse
divergent
convergent

Transform

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?

transform motion
divergence
subduction
hot spots
earthquakes

Hot spots

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building?

convergent boundaries
transform boundaries
hot spot boundaries
divergent boundaries

Convergent boundaries

Which type of force causes folding?

shear force
compressional force
tensional force

Compressional force

What is an anticline?

a fault shaped like a right-side-up U
a fold shaped like a right-side-up U
a fold shaped like an upside-down U
a fault shaped like an upside-down U

A fold shaped like an upside-down U

What is a syncline?

a fold shaped like a right-side-up U
a fault shaped like a right-side-up U
a fault shaped like an upside-down U
a fold shaped like an upside-down U

A fold shaped like a right-side-up U

Imagine that an anticline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?

Rocks would be youngest on the right and oldest on the left.
Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle.
Rocks would be youngest on the left and oldest on the right.
Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle.

Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle

Imagine that a syncline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?

Rocks would be youngest on the left and oldest on the right.
Rocks would be youngest on the right and oldest on the left.
Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle.
Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle.

Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle

What produces plunging folds?

a combination of folding and rotating
a combination of folding and tilting
a combination of rotating and tilting

A combination of folding and tilting

What does the term "plunging fold" mean?

a fold that is bent down into the Earth
a fold that is faulted down into the Earth
a fold that is tilted down into the Earth
a fold that is synclined down into the Earth
a fold that is pushed down into the Earth

A fold that is tilted down into the Earth

Imagine that a fold has been eroded to a flat surface. In general, how would you know if this fold is plunging?

Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines.
Nonplunging folds look like wavy lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like straight lines.
Nonplunging folds look like valleys at the surface, and plunging folds look like hills.
Nonplunging folds look like hills at the surface, and plunging folds look like valleys.

Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines

What is a fault?

fractures along which rocks move
folds along which rocks bend
folds along which rocks move
fractures along which rocks bend

Fractures along which rocks move

What are rocks below and above a fault called?

the footwall below and the hanging wall above
the lower wall below and the upper wall above
the footwall below and the upper wall above
the lower wall below and the hanging wall above
the hanging wall below and the footwall above

The footwall below and the hanging wall above

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation?

compressional force
shear force
tensional force

Tensional force

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation?

shear force
tensional force
compressional force

Compressional force

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation?

compressional force
shear force
tensional force

Shear force

Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it?

shear fault
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault

Strike-Slip fault

Which of the following are types of volcanoes?
Choose all that apply.

Cinder volcano
Shield volcano
Caldera
Composite volcano
Cinder cone

Shield volcano, Composite volcano, and Cinder cone

What information do geologists use to classify volcanoes?

Shape and type of deposits
Shape and height of peak
Color and height of peak
Color and type of deposits
Height of peak and type of deposits

Shape and type of deposits

Cinder cones are made of________.

pyrobasalt deposits
basalt flows
pyroclastic deposits
granite flows

Pyroclastic deposits

In general, how often do most cinder cones erupt?

Most cinder cones erupt seasonally.
Most cinder cones erupt several times each decade.
Most cinder cones do not erupt.
Most cinder cones erupt once.
Most cinder cones erupt annually.

Most cinder cones erupt once

What are shield volcanoes generally made of?

Basalt flows
Pyrobasalt deposits
Pyroclastic deposits
Granite flows

Basalt flows

What is the range of shield volcano height?

300 to 10,000 meters
3,000 to 10,000 meters
300 to 1,000 meters
1,000 to 3,000 meters

300 to 10,000 meters

What are composite volcanoes made of?
Choose all that apply.

Basalt flows
Pyroclastic deposits
Pyrobasalt deposits
Granite flows

Basalt flows, Pyroclastic deposits

Why are shield volcanoes wider than composite volcanoes?

The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.
The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.
The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.
The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.

The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes

What type of magma erupts out of dome complexes?

Felmafic magma
Mafelsic
Mafic magma
Felsic magma

Felsic magma

What type of volcanoes are the tallest?

Dome complexes
Composite volcanoes
Shield volcanoes
Cinder cones

Shield volcanoes

What is the range of dome complex height?

2,000 to 5,000 meters
200 to 500 meters
500 to 2,000 meters
20 to 500 meters

500 to 2,000 meters

What type of volcano is Mount St. Helens?

Composite
Shield
Cinder cone
Plinian

Composite

Which of these most directly triggered the main eruption?

Outgassing of the magma
The formation of a bulge on the north slope
Mud flows in the Toutle river
Avalanches of pyroclastic debris
A massive landslide

A massive landslide

There had been many earthquakes in the area prior to this eruption. Why did this last earthquake trigger a massive landslide?

Clearing of trees allowed erosion on the mountain slopes.
Extensive rain had weakened the mountain slopes.
Moving magma had over-steepened the mountain slopes.

Moving magma had over-steepened the mountain slopes

If previous eruptions had left Mount St. Helens with a different shape, what differences might have influenced the timing of the eruption?
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

If the northern slopes had been less steep initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later.
If the northern slopes had been steeper initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later.
If the volcano had been significantly taller initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner.
If the volcano had been significantly shorter initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner.

It the northern slopes had been less steep initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later If the volcano had been significantly shorter initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner

How much material was removed from the volcano?

0.28 cubic kilometers of rock
2.8 cubic kilometers of rock
28 cubic kilometers of rock
280 cubic kilometers of rock

2.8 cubic kilometers of rock

"Earth is both the planet we live on and the material we live from" (Suzuki, Chapter 4). From the following multiple choice selections below, which is not a specific statement covered in Chapter 4, Suzuki, Made from Soil.

Soil offers far less to attract our attention than a marsh or tidal pool.
Soil is a complex mixture of mineral particles, organic material, gases and nutrients.
Mechanical and chemical weathering and how it impacts soil destroys all and is a means which ultimately does not produce life.
Gaia or Gaea, is the mother goddess from whom everything else came forth. All growth, every harvest, comes from the dark, rich realm of the soil.
The profile of fertile soil includes organic matter, air, water, and mineral matter.

Mechanical and chemical weathering and how it impacts soil destroys all and is a means which ultimately does not produce life

How big is the range of soil degradation observed between continents?

about 7%
about 15%
about 22%
about 50%

about 15%

Which continent likely represents the largest absolute land area experiencing degradation?

North America
South America
Africa
Europe
Asia

Asia

For which continents is land degradation having the least impact on global grain production?

Asia and Europe
Africa and Asia
North and South America
Europe and North America
Africa and South America

Africa and South America

Assume you are advising the UN on global soil conservation projects. If you had to select one continent, where would you recommend the UN concentrate its efforts based on the information in this graph?

South America
Africa
Asia
North America
Europe

Asia

Which continent has the largest proportion of land with more than moderate degradation?

Europe
Africa
North America
Asia
South America

Africa

Assume that these categories represent a progression of degradation through time. In other words, if left unchecked, lightly degraded soil progresses into moderately degraded soil and so forth. Which continent poses the greatest concern for future loss of agricultural productivity?

North America
South America
Africa
Europe
Asia

Europe

In the western half of North America, ultisols are most commonly found in which precipitation range?

60 inches and over
40 to 59 inches
20 to 39 inches
10 to 19 inches
under 10 inches

60 inches and over

What soil type is most commonly associated with the subtropical desert climate?

aridisols
alfisols
mollisols
ultisols
histosols

Aridisols

Which of the following vegetation types is most closely associated with gelisols?

middle-latitude prairie
tropical forest
broadleaf forest
tundra
desert shrub

Tundra

Which combination of soil types comprises the majority of the soils found in areas with July temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius?

aridisols and spodosols
histosols and ultisols
gelisols and entisols
oxisols and andisols
aridisols and entisols

Aridisols and entisols

Which soil type is the most commonly found in the tropical rainy climates of South America?

gelisols
aridisols
ultisols
oxisols
inceptisols

Oxisols

Which agricultural activity dominates regions with oxisols?

pastoral nomadism
plantation
shifting cultivation
intensive subsistence
grain

Shifting cultivation

What is the order, from most to least, of the amount of desertification among river basins in South America?

La Plata, Orinoco, Amazon
La Plata, Amazon, Orinoco
Amazon, Orinoco, La Plata
Orinoco, Amazon, La Plata
Amazon, La Plata, Orinoco

La Plata, Amazon, Orinoco

Which of the following countries is most affected by desertification?

Algeria
South Sudan
Sudan
Oman
Iran

Iran

In which climate is desertification NOT currently occurring?

midlatitude steppe
highland
humid continental
midlatitude desert
humid subtropical

Humid Subtropical

Which climate is most associated with salinization?

humid subtropical
desert
subtropical steppe
tropical wet
tropical monsoon

Desert

Salinization appears to be most closely located geographically to which other environmental issue?

forest areas
acid rain
desertification
extensive deforestation
All of these are closely associated with salinization.

Desertification

Which Australian city is most at risk of encroaching desertification?

Brisbane
Alice Springs
Perth
Auckland
Cairns

Perth

Based on the radar image associated with the Gravitational Water folder, at which of the following locations would you expect to find relatively higher rates of gravitational water?

Sulfur
Alexandria
Crowley
Beaumont
Silsbee

Sulfur

Which of the following is true of lunar soil, when compared with terrestrial soil?
Select all that apply.

It cannot support life.
It does not contain mineral matter.
It does not contain organic matter.
It does not contain air.

It cannot support life, It does not contain organic matter, It does not contain air

Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary soil-forming factors?

Human activity
Topography
Parent material
Biological activity
Climate

Human activity

Which of the following best describes the composition of soil?

Soil includes pebbles, gravel, cobbles, and a varying combination of sands, silts, and clays.
Soil consists of approximately 45% organic matter, 50% mineral matter, and 5% water and/or air.
Soil is primarily mineral matter (approximately 72%), but also consists of organic matter (10%), and water (18%).
Soil is composed of about 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore space containing air and water.

Soil is composed of about 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore space containing air and water

In regards to soil-formation, which of the following best describes the role of climate?

Because all soils are ancient, they show the climatic conditions of the period in which they formed.
Relative humidity and atmospheric pressure are the dominant climatic factors that influence soil development.
Of the five principle soil-forming factors, climate is the least significant with little correlation between soil and climates worldwide.
Temperature and moisture determine the chemical reactions, organic activity, and water movement within soils.

Temperature and moisture determine the chemical reactions, organic activity, and water movement within soils

Which of the following best describes the role of biological activity in soil development?

Earthworms increase soil porosity and contribute to soil movement and organic content.
Broadleaf trees tend to increase the alkalinity of soil, whereas needleleaf trees increase the acidity.
Plant roots provide channels for air and water movement in soils.
All organisms living in, on, and over the soil, influence soil development and characteristics: they can influence the pH, the organic matter, chemical content, and biological content of soils.

All organisms living in, on, and over the soil, influences soil development and characteristics: they can influence the pH, the organic matter, chemical content, and biological content of soils

Which soil horizon facilitates chemical links between nutrients and plants?

C horizon
E horizon
O horizon
A horizon

A horizon

Which of the following is an output of the soil system?

Nutrients from rock and sediment
Microorganisms
Plant ecosystems
Water

Plant ecosystems

Which of the following is NOT a physical property used to distinguish soils?

Texture
Temperature
Moisture
Porosity
Color

Temperature

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding soil color?

Soil color is a relatively unimportant physical property of soil.
Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil.
Dark soils always indicate high organic content.
Soil color is used solely to determine the moisture content of soil—darker soils have a higher moisture content, whereas lighter soils have less water content.

Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil

The practice of leaving crop residue on the field between plantings to help prevent soil erosion is known as

no-till agriculture.
swidden.
slash and burn agriculture.
shifting cultivation.

No-till agriculture

The phenomenon of desert expansion along the margins of semiarid and arid lands is known as

permeability.
erosion.
deflation.
desertification.

Desertification

In which of the following regions would one likely find Spodosols?

Tropical rainforests
Savannas and grasslands
Northern coniferous forests
Deserts and semiarid areas

Northern coniferous forests

Most of the glacially derived till and outwash materials from New York through the Appalachians are

Gelisols
Inceptisols
Spodosols
Histosols

Inceptisols

Warming temperatures have accelerated the thawing of Gelisols. This efffect is of particular concern because

Gelisols are the youngest, least developed soils on the planet. Warming will further stifle the horizontal development of these soils.
Gelisols contain about half of the pool of global carbon in the form of frozen carbon dioxide and methane and their release into the atmosphere could further affect warming climate.
Gelisols are an important soils for growing speciality cold weather crops. The thawing of the Gelisols will adversely impact this lucrative market.
as the permafrost melts, the meltwater will runoff, further contributing to global sea-level rise.

Gelisols contain about half of the pool of global carbon in the form of frozen carbon dioxide and methane and their release into the atmosphere could further affect warming climate

Why do farmers apply nitrogen to their fields in the spring and fall?

Nitrogen prices are cheapest in spring and fall.
Nitrogen is depleted through the use of pesticides on fields.
Nitrogen is used to eradicate insects that will consume crop seedlings.
Nitrogen provides nutrients to the plants for the coming growing season.
Nitrogen is used to eradicate weeds and other plants that will compete with crops for soil nutrients.

Nitrogen provides nutrients to the plants for the coming growing season

From where do the majority of the nutrients found in the northern Gulf of Mexico originate?

Fertilizer manufacturing plants in Florida and Alabama
Factories located along rivers in the Mississippi River system
Farms located in the American Midwest
Farms in northern Mexico
Farms in the southeastern United States

Farms located in the American Midwest

Why is the northern Gulf of Mexico described as a "dead zone"?

Overfishing has disrupted the food chain in the Gulf, resulting in a cascade of localized extinctions
Nutrient enrichment starts a chain of events that depletes the water of oxygen, making it difficult for aquatic life to survive.
Nutrient enrichment makes ocean water less acidic and more difficult for aquatic life to survive in.
The dead zone in the northern Gulf is nothing more than the expansion of an existing dead zone in the southern Gulf.
Increased levels of nutrients are poisonous to fish and have resulted in Gulf-wide fish kills.

Nutrients enrichment starts a chain of events that depletes the water of oxygen, making it difficult for aquatic life to survive

Why have local nutrient reduction strategies been slow to be implemented?

The Environmental Protection Agency has implemented federal water quality standards rather than local reduction standards.
The impact of nutrient runoff is merely speculation and not supported by research.
Midwestern states will not adopt reduction strategies unless they are applied nationally.
Land in the Midwestern United States is unable to support agriculture without large quantities of fertilizer.
Farming is a business and nutrient reduction likely will not occur unless there is a clear economic benefit to doing so.

Farming is a business and nutrient reduction likely will not occur unless there is a clear economic benefit to doing so

Why are researchers exploring the use of the radish as a cover crop?

Global consumption of radishes has increased dramatically in recent years.
It may be able to conserve most fall-applied nitrogen on the same fields where it is applied, thus preventing nutrient runoff.
Radishes are increasingly being used as a biofuel.
Radishes can eliminate the need for fertilizers during the spring and fall.
Radishes are ground up and used as fertilizer.

It may be able to conserve most fall-applied nitrogen on the same fields where it is applied, this preventing nutrient runoff

What are krill?

a type of shellfish related to mussels
small shrimp-like organisms
small fish
a type of barnacle
a type of marine macro-algae

Small shrimp-like organisms

Where do amphipods live?

on kelp in the kelp forest
within the water column
only in surface waters
in bottom mud
in shallow, rocky tidepools

In bottom mud

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms?

They use their countershading to sneak up on their prey items.
They emit high-pitched sounds that drive their prey items into tight masses.
They use cooperative behavior to corral them into a group and then swallow their prey items whole.
They use a technique called bubble-net feeding.
They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.

They use their baleen to filter prey from their environment

Where are the Solomon Islands located?

in the Mediterranean Sea
in the South Pacific
off the coast of California
off the southern tip of Florida

In the South Pacific

Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept?

white-eye bird
frog
snake
sea turtle

White-eye bird

Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species?

It is rare for new species to form on islands.
Different species are typically very different in appearance, even if they are closely related.
Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process.
New species typically form as a consequence of new parasites or predators in the environment.

Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process

Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species?

Its call was unique.
It jumped higher than other known frogs.
It was larger than any known frog.
Its coloration was different from other known frogs.

Its call was unique

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today.

marine biology
genetics
zoology
botany

Genetics

What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?

spray zone
upper intertidal
middle intertidal
lower intertidal

Middle intertidal

What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?

a cloud
a type of bottom-dwelling marine macro-algae
a patch of sand
a harmless flower
a sea butterfly

A harmless flower

When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening?

It shoots water out of its tissues, which creates a vacuum that makes it feel like your finger is being pulled in.
A natural adhesive is deployed that feels sticky.
It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin.
The tentacles are actually a suction device that is designed to grab onto any surface.
A series of tiny suction cups grab onto you.

It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin

How does a sea anemone feed?

By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles.
By lunging toward prey items with its mouth open.
By releasing poison into the water to kill its prey items.
By sneaking up on unsuspecting prey items.
By using strong suction cups to grab onto any passing prey item.

By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles

What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body?

Shells and rocks are used to help sea anemones camouflage into the environment.
Shells and rocks are a decorative advantage over other animals.
Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide.
Males use these so that they become attractive to females.
Sea anemones use shells and rocks to armor themselves to make themselves resistant to predators.

Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide

The scientist who in 1758 created a system that is the basis of the modern system of classification of organisms is __________.

Carolus Linnaeus
Charles Darwin
Robert Hooke
Aristotle
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Carolus Linnaeus

The scientific discipline concerned with naming and grouping organisms is called __________.

taxonomic classification
systematics
phylogenetics
evolution
binomial nomenclature

Taxonomic classification

The two most specific groupings in taxonomic classification are __________.

class and family
order and species
family and species
genus and species
kingdom and phylum

Genus and species

The correct sequence of taxonomic groupings, from the most to the least comprehensive, is __________.

kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus
phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species
family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Which of the following is the correct genus and species name of the common dolphin, a marine mammal?

Delphinus
delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
common dolphin
delphis

Delphinus delphis

Earth's biosphere

is more a theoretical construct than an observable sphere of study.
consists of only terrestrial organisms, while the hydrosphere includes aquatic and marine organisms.
only includes the biotic components of an ecosystem, with the abiotic components being considered part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, or atmosphere, respectively.
extends from the ocean floor to an altitude of approximately 8 km (5 mi) into the atmosphere.

Extends from the ocean floor to an altitude of approx 8 km (5mi) into the atmosphere

Which of the following is NOT a biotic component of an ecosystem?

Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Mineral nutrients

Mineral nutrients

Final Labs Geog 100 - Subjecto.com

Final Labs Geog 100

Your page rank:

Total word count: 7658
Pages: 28

Calculate the Price

- -
275 words
Looking for Expert Opinion?
Let us have a look at your work and suggest how to improve it!
Get a Consultant

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.
The athletic program collected money during games to recycle newspapers and plastics.
The athletic program eliminated all carbon emissions.
The athletic program used solar energy during games to remove carbon dioxide from the air.

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
decreased production of carbon dioxide
increased production of carbon dioxide

Decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

The University of Florida’s athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon
eliminated consumption of all plastics throughout its program and athletic events
recycled all paper used in its program and at football games
replaced all vehicles with electric cars

Promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

The planted trees will be cut down to produce paper products for the athletic program.
The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
The planted trees will be cut down to produce construction materials for the athletic program.
The planted trees will be burned to generate electricity for the athletic program.

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow

Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

any use of electricity in the stadium
any use of hot water in the stadium, which is heated using gas
fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium
all plastic products used in the stadium to provide fans with food and beverages

Fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?

carbon dioxide
sulfur dioxide
methane gas
nitrous oxide
oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy.

solar
wind
renewable
geothermal
nuclear

Solar

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant?

boiler
control room
cooling tower
silo
generator

Generator

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity?

It almost always increases.
It almost always decreases.
Cost of electricity always stays the same.
It depends on where the power plant is located.
It depends on the time of the year.

It almost always increases

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel?

black
red
white
green
clear

Black

The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.

collects runoff water from lawns and parking lots to water lawns and gardens on campus
uses water from campus sinks and toilets to water lawns and gardens on campus
uses tap water to water lawns and gardens and then catches and reuses any water that runs off of these systems
conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

Conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________.

to conserve water
as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
to directly generate electricity from photosynthesis in the leaves
as landscaping, providing energy-saving shade to homes and businesses

As biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.

conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality
limit construction to the use of recycled materials
require that all energy used in the building comes from wind or solar sources
encourage the consumption of local foods

Conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality

One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________.

processed foods that require little to no preparation before consumption
food that is individually wrapped
meat instead of fruits and vegetables
foods that are grown locally

Foods that are grown locally

What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?

a shortage of water for irrigating lawns and landscaping
the local production of food
the production of biofuels used to generate electricity on campus
the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

The pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

Why has the earth experienced natural climate changes?

The earth has experienced natural climate changes because the increased number of asteroids between the earth and the sun is blocking the amount of solar radiation the earth receives on an annual basis.
The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of rapid deforestation of the tropical rainforest.
The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of increased burning of fossil fuels.
In cycles of tens or often hundreds of thousands of years, the earth’s tilt and its orbit around the sun gradually change. These natural changes have contributed to dramatic shifts in earth’s climate.
The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of the variability in solar irradiance, as evidenced by sun spot activity.

In cycles of tens or often hundreds of thousands of years, the earth’s tilt and its orbit around the sun gradually change. These natural changes have contributed to dramatic shifts in earth’s climate

Why is carbon dioxide so important?

Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth’s atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable.
Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to global cooling.
Increased carbon dioxide decreases the number of global hurricanes (tropical cyclones).
Carbon dioxide is important because without it we wouldn’t have carbonated drinks.
Without carbon dioxide, we wouldn’t have important mineral rocks, like uranium.

Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth’s atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable

What would earth’s temperature be without the Greenhouse Effect?

Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth’s temperature would reach 26.6 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit).
The Greenhouse Effect does not affect global temperatures; it only has local effect.
Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth’s temperature would hover just above freezing the entire year.
The global temperature would be minus 19 degrees Celsius.
Without the Greenhouse Effect, the North and South Poles would disappear.

The global temperature would be minus 19 degrees Celsius

What non-renewable resource, when burned, is the leading cause of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Natural gas
Uranium
Coal
Wood
Oil

Coal

How can increased carbon dioxide uptake, or sequestration, by global forests change climate?

Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth’s climate.
As forests expand, carbon dioxide is lost to the atmosphere.
Increased carbon sequestration leads to increased tsunami frequency.
Carbon dioxide uptake by forests led to the end of the Pleistocene epoch.
Increases in forest cover lead to increased flooding.

Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth’s climate

Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2001 to 2002?

3 mi
2 km
10 km
3 km

3 km

Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2002 to 2003?

10 km
7 mi
7 km
4 km

7km

Which of the following statements regarding the glacier’s retreat is correct?

The glacier retreated more from 2003 to 2008 than from 2002 to 2003.
The glacier retreated over 15 km from 2001 to 2008.
The glacier retreated almost 5 km from 2001 to 2008.
The glacier retreated more from 2001 to 2002 than from 2003 to 2008.

The glacier retreated over 15km from 2001 to 2008

What evidence is there that the O’Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming?

It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because of increased snow pack at extremely high elevations.
There is no evidence that the changes of O’Higgins are being affected by global warming.
It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of a dramatic decrease in snowfall at the source of the glacier.
It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting.
It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because warmer temperatures have caused melting along the edge of the glacier, allowing it to move more quickly.

It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting

How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply?

Cities may face long-term water surpluses as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will continue to increase as temperatures rise.
Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink.
Cities will likely be unaffected as increased runoff will form natural lakes where glaciers used to be.
Cities may face short-term water shortages but will have long-term water surpluses.
Cities will likely be unaffected as global warming affects melting only along the leading edge of the glacier.

Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink

What is causing a decline in Antarctica’s Chinstrap penguins?

An increase in the leopard seal population, who feed on the penguins, Has impacted the penguin population.
Warmer temperatures have allowed diseases to spread through the Chinstrap population.
Unregulated hunting in the waters off Antarctica has decimated the population of these penguins.
Populations of the penguin’s major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.
The Chinstrap penguins are not able to migrate back to breeding grounds in Antarctica by way of sea ice because the ice is disappearing.

Populations of the penguin’s major food source are decline because of melting sea ice

What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period?

Greenhouse gas levels have remained at roughly the same levels for the past 200 years.
A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
A sudden decline in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
Greenhouse gases are more concentrated in polar regions than they are in the tropics.
Greenhouse gases have steadily risen for the past 850,000 years.

A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution

What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration?

Rising sea levels would have minimal effect as sea walls are easily to build.
Rising sea levels would have virtually no effect as most of the world’s population lives in inland locations.
Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas.
There would be a movement of people from inland locations to the coasts.
Large-scale migrations would occur from countries in the mid-latitudes to countries in the tropics.

Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas

The Triassic rocks must have been most likely tilted during or after the______________ period

Triassic

The Triassic and Cretaceous rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: __________________

An angular unconformity

he Quaternary and Tertiary rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: ______________

A disconformity

Due to an unconformity, the ______________ period is missing from the rock record.

Jurassic

The dike dates at least to the __________ period.

Quarternary

Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is correct?

Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, and can provide information about absolute age.
Relative age dating provides information about absolute ages, but does not place rocks and events in chronological order.
Relative age dating does not provide information about absolute ages, nor does it place rocks and events in chronological order.
Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age.

Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age

What is the Principle of Original Horizontality?

Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited.
Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when eroded.
Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when deposited.
Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when eroded.

Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited

What is the Principle of Superposition?

Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth’s surface, rock layers in the middle of a sequence are older.
Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth’s surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older.
Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth’s surface, rock layers higher in the sequence are older.

Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth’s surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older

What is the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships?

Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through.
Geologic features that cut through rocks must form at roughly the same time as the rocks that they cut through.
Geologic features that cut through rocks must form before the rocks that they cut through.

Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through

Five layers of rock are cut by two faults. Both faults cut through all five layers of rock. Fault A breaks through to the surface, while Fault B does not. Which of the following statements about Faults A and B is correct?

Fault A is younger than Fault B, and both are younger than the five layers of rock.
Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are younger than the five layers of rock.
Fault A is younger than Fault B, and both are older than the five layers of rock.
Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are older than the five layers of rock.

Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are younger than the five layers of rock

Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock?

the Principle of Superposition
the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
the Principle of Intrusive Relationships
the Principle of Original Horizontality

The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest?

Deposition of the three sedimentary layers, S, is the youngest event. We know this because the fault underlies the igneous rocks.
The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest.
The intrusion of I2 is the youngest event. We can know this because I2 sits on top of all other rocks.
Faulting of rock along F is the youngest event. We know this because all three layers of sedimentary rock have been broken.

The intrusion of l1 or l2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest

Based on the evidence found at the Kizimen placemark, which of the following would you be least likely to encounter at this location?

magma
igneous rocks
pyroclastics
lava
basalt

Magma

Based on the evidence in the Kaibab Trail Gigapan image, what type of rock is found in this part of the Grand Canyon?

metamorphic
clastic sedimentary
extrusive igneous
intrusive igneous
organic sedimentary

Clastic Sedimentary

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Preexisting sediment is altered through melting and pressure.
Preexisting rock is altered through melting and pressure.
Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure.
Preexisting sediment is altered through heat and pressure.

Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure

Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form?

almost always
sometimes, but not always
often
never
rarely

Sometimes, but not always

What is foliation?

fracturing in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
fracturing in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
banding in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals

Banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals

How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented?

perpendicular to the direction of plate movement
oblique to the direction of plate movement
parallel to the direction of plate movement

Perpendicular to the direction of plate movement

What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation?

gneiss
limestone
lava
basalt
granite

Gneiss

What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth’s surface?

mantle conduits and volcanic chambers
volcanic conduits and mantle chambers
magma conduits and volcanic chambers
magma chambers and volcanic conduits

Magma chambers and volcanic conduits

What is the difference between a dike and a sill?

A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers.
A dike leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a sill leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.
A sill intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a dike intrudes between sedimentary layers.
A sill leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a dike leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.

A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers

What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion?

a volcanic neck
a volcanic conduit
a volcano
a hot spot

A volcanic neck

Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth’s surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation?

Volcanic rocks are often older than surrounding rock.
Volcanic rocks are often younger than surrounding rock.
Volcanic rocks are often more susceptible to erosion than surrounding rock.
Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock.

Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock

What is a magma chamber called after it and the conduit have solidified and been exposed by erosion?

a dike
a batholith
a sill
a volcanic conduit
a volcanic neck

A batholith

Where in Chile did the magnitude 8.2 earthquake strike in 2014?

Off the coast of central Chile near the capital city of Concepción
In the mountains near the capital city of Santiago
Off the coast of southern Chile near Tierra del Fuego
Off the coast of northern Chile near the town of Iquique
Near Easter Island

Off the coast of northern Chile near the town of Iquique

What was the human impact of the earthquake?

Approximately 500 deaths occurred and over 2 million people evacuated their homes.
Remarkably, there were no deaths and only a few people were injured by falling debris.
Approximately 100,000 deaths occurred and up to 3 million people were left homeless.
There were fewer than 10 deaths but almost 1 million people evacuated their homes.
Approximately 100 deaths occurred and over 2 million people evacuated their homes.

There were fewer than 10 deaths but almost 1 million people evacuated their homes

How destructive was the tsunami generated by the earthquake?

There was widespread damage along the South American coast and throughout the Pacific Ocean.
The tsunami was approximately two meters high and destroyed some fishing boats.
There was no damage, as the tsunami was less than one meter high.
There was widespread damage along the South American coast.
There was limited damage along the South American coast but widespread damage as the tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean.

The tsunami was approximately two meters high and destroyed some fishing boats

What was the response of the Chilean government to the earthquake?

Chilean governmental structures were badly damaged in the earthquake, so the United Nations temporarily took over emergency response operations.
The Chilean government did nothing and received widespread condemnation within Chile and abroad.
The Chilean government quickly evacuated low-lying areas and declared states of emergency.
The Chilean government immediately asked neighboring countries for assistance in search and rescue operations.
The Chilean government was slow to respond to the crisis, resulting in avoidable deaths in the affected areas.

The Chilean government quickly evacuated low-lying areas and declared states of emergency

How did the earthquake affect major economic activities of northern Chile?

The earthquake closed Chile’s major airports, halting international tourism to the country.
Although major copper mining operations are nearby, they were unaffected by the earthquake.
Landslides caused by the earthquake dammed major rivers and wiped out the growing salmon industry.
The earthquake stopped production in the nearby copper mines, which cause global copper prices to rise dramatically.
The earthquake struck Chile’s major financial center, closing banks for several months.

Although major copper mining operations are nearby, they were unaffected by the earthquake

Where are tectonic plates located?

below Earth’s surface, in the upper mantle
below Earth’s surface, near the core
just under Earth’s surface
at Earth’s surface

At Earth’s surface

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

divergent, converse, transform
divergent, converse, transverse
digressive, convergent, transform
divergent, convergent, transform
divergent, convergent, transverse

Divergent, convergent, transform

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is correct?

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots.
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots.
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries.

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries

Which plate boundary type is not associated with volcanic eruptions?

transform
converse
divergent
convergent

Transform

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?

transform motion
divergence
subduction
hot spots
earthquakes

Hot spots

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building?

convergent boundaries
transform boundaries
hot spot boundaries
divergent boundaries

Convergent boundaries

Which type of force causes folding?

shear force
compressional force
tensional force

Compressional force

What is an anticline?

a fault shaped like a right-side-up U
a fold shaped like a right-side-up U
a fold shaped like an upside-down U
a fault shaped like an upside-down U

A fold shaped like an upside-down U

What is a syncline?

a fold shaped like a right-side-up U
a fault shaped like a right-side-up U
a fault shaped like an upside-down U
a fold shaped like an upside-down U

A fold shaped like a right-side-up U

Imagine that an anticline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?

Rocks would be youngest on the right and oldest on the left.
Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle.
Rocks would be youngest on the left and oldest on the right.
Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle.

Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle

Imagine that a syncline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?

Rocks would be youngest on the left and oldest on the right.
Rocks would be youngest on the right and oldest on the left.
Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle.
Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle.

Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle

What produces plunging folds?

a combination of folding and rotating
a combination of folding and tilting
a combination of rotating and tilting

A combination of folding and tilting

What does the term "plunging fold" mean?

a fold that is bent down into the Earth
a fold that is faulted down into the Earth
a fold that is tilted down into the Earth
a fold that is synclined down into the Earth
a fold that is pushed down into the Earth

A fold that is tilted down into the Earth

Imagine that a fold has been eroded to a flat surface. In general, how would you know if this fold is plunging?

Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines.
Nonplunging folds look like wavy lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like straight lines.
Nonplunging folds look like valleys at the surface, and plunging folds look like hills.
Nonplunging folds look like hills at the surface, and plunging folds look like valleys.

Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines

What is a fault?

fractures along which rocks move
folds along which rocks bend
folds along which rocks move
fractures along which rocks bend

Fractures along which rocks move

What are rocks below and above a fault called?

the footwall below and the hanging wall above
the lower wall below and the upper wall above
the footwall below and the upper wall above
the lower wall below and the hanging wall above
the hanging wall below and the footwall above

The footwall below and the hanging wall above

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation?

compressional force
shear force
tensional force

Tensional force

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation?

shear force
tensional force
compressional force

Compressional force

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation?

compressional force
shear force
tensional force

Shear force

Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it?

shear fault
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault

Strike-Slip fault

Which of the following are types of volcanoes?
Choose all that apply.

Cinder volcano
Shield volcano
Caldera
Composite volcano
Cinder cone

Shield volcano, Composite volcano, and Cinder cone

What information do geologists use to classify volcanoes?

Shape and type of deposits
Shape and height of peak
Color and height of peak
Color and type of deposits
Height of peak and type of deposits

Shape and type of deposits

Cinder cones are made of________.

pyrobasalt deposits
basalt flows
pyroclastic deposits
granite flows

Pyroclastic deposits

In general, how often do most cinder cones erupt?

Most cinder cones erupt seasonally.
Most cinder cones erupt several times each decade.
Most cinder cones do not erupt.
Most cinder cones erupt once.
Most cinder cones erupt annually.

Most cinder cones erupt once

What are shield volcanoes generally made of?

Basalt flows
Pyrobasalt deposits
Pyroclastic deposits
Granite flows

Basalt flows

What is the range of shield volcano height?

300 to 10,000 meters
3,000 to 10,000 meters
300 to 1,000 meters
1,000 to 3,000 meters

300 to 10,000 meters

What are composite volcanoes made of?
Choose all that apply.

Basalt flows
Pyroclastic deposits
Pyrobasalt deposits
Granite flows

Basalt flows, Pyroclastic deposits

Why are shield volcanoes wider than composite volcanoes?

The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.
The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.
The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.
The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.

The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes

What type of magma erupts out of dome complexes?

Felmafic magma
Mafelsic
Mafic magma
Felsic magma

Felsic magma

What type of volcanoes are the tallest?

Dome complexes
Composite volcanoes
Shield volcanoes
Cinder cones

Shield volcanoes

What is the range of dome complex height?

2,000 to 5,000 meters
200 to 500 meters
500 to 2,000 meters
20 to 500 meters

500 to 2,000 meters

What type of volcano is Mount St. Helens?

Composite
Shield
Cinder cone
Plinian

Composite

Which of these most directly triggered the main eruption?

Outgassing of the magma
The formation of a bulge on the north slope
Mud flows in the Toutle river
Avalanches of pyroclastic debris
A massive landslide

A massive landslide

There had been many earthquakes in the area prior to this eruption. Why did this last earthquake trigger a massive landslide?

Clearing of trees allowed erosion on the mountain slopes.
Extensive rain had weakened the mountain slopes.
Moving magma had over-steepened the mountain slopes.

Moving magma had over-steepened the mountain slopes

If previous eruptions had left Mount St. Helens with a different shape, what differences might have influenced the timing of the eruption?
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

If the northern slopes had been less steep initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later.
If the northern slopes had been steeper initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later.
If the volcano had been significantly taller initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner.
If the volcano had been significantly shorter initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner.

It the northern slopes had been less steep initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later If the volcano had been significantly shorter initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner

How much material was removed from the volcano?

0.28 cubic kilometers of rock
2.8 cubic kilometers of rock
28 cubic kilometers of rock
280 cubic kilometers of rock

2.8 cubic kilometers of rock

"Earth is both the planet we live on and the material we live from" (Suzuki, Chapter 4). From the following multiple choice selections below, which is not a specific statement covered in Chapter 4, Suzuki, Made from Soil.

Soil offers far less to attract our attention than a marsh or tidal pool.
Soil is a complex mixture of mineral particles, organic material, gases and nutrients.
Mechanical and chemical weathering and how it impacts soil destroys all and is a means which ultimately does not produce life.
Gaia or Gaea, is the mother goddess from whom everything else came forth. All growth, every harvest, comes from the dark, rich realm of the soil.
The profile of fertile soil includes organic matter, air, water, and mineral matter.

Mechanical and chemical weathering and how it impacts soil destroys all and is a means which ultimately does not produce life

How big is the range of soil degradation observed between continents?

about 7%
about 15%
about 22%
about 50%

about 15%

Which continent likely represents the largest absolute land area experiencing degradation?

North America
South America
Africa
Europe
Asia

Asia

For which continents is land degradation having the least impact on global grain production?

Asia and Europe
Africa and Asia
North and South America
Europe and North America
Africa and South America

Africa and South America

Assume you are advising the UN on global soil conservation projects. If you had to select one continent, where would you recommend the UN concentrate its efforts based on the information in this graph?

South America
Africa
Asia
North America
Europe

Asia

Which continent has the largest proportion of land with more than moderate degradation?

Europe
Africa
North America
Asia
South America

Africa

Assume that these categories represent a progression of degradation through time. In other words, if left unchecked, lightly degraded soil progresses into moderately degraded soil and so forth. Which continent poses the greatest concern for future loss of agricultural productivity?

North America
South America
Africa
Europe
Asia

Europe

In the western half of North America, ultisols are most commonly found in which precipitation range?

60 inches and over
40 to 59 inches
20 to 39 inches
10 to 19 inches
under 10 inches

60 inches and over

What soil type is most commonly associated with the subtropical desert climate?

aridisols
alfisols
mollisols
ultisols
histosols

Aridisols

Which of the following vegetation types is most closely associated with gelisols?

middle-latitude prairie
tropical forest
broadleaf forest
tundra
desert shrub

Tundra

Which combination of soil types comprises the majority of the soils found in areas with July temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius?

aridisols and spodosols
histosols and ultisols
gelisols and entisols
oxisols and andisols
aridisols and entisols

Aridisols and entisols

Which soil type is the most commonly found in the tropical rainy climates of South America?

gelisols
aridisols
ultisols
oxisols
inceptisols

Oxisols

Which agricultural activity dominates regions with oxisols?

pastoral nomadism
plantation
shifting cultivation
intensive subsistence
grain

Shifting cultivation

What is the order, from most to least, of the amount of desertification among river basins in South America?

La Plata, Orinoco, Amazon
La Plata, Amazon, Orinoco
Amazon, Orinoco, La Plata
Orinoco, Amazon, La Plata
Amazon, La Plata, Orinoco

La Plata, Amazon, Orinoco

Which of the following countries is most affected by desertification?

Algeria
South Sudan
Sudan
Oman
Iran

Iran

In which climate is desertification NOT currently occurring?

midlatitude steppe
highland
humid continental
midlatitude desert
humid subtropical

Humid Subtropical

Which climate is most associated with salinization?

humid subtropical
desert
subtropical steppe
tropical wet
tropical monsoon

Desert

Salinization appears to be most closely located geographically to which other environmental issue?

forest areas
acid rain
desertification
extensive deforestation
All of these are closely associated with salinization.

Desertification

Which Australian city is most at risk of encroaching desertification?

Brisbane
Alice Springs
Perth
Auckland
Cairns

Perth

Based on the radar image associated with the Gravitational Water folder, at which of the following locations would you expect to find relatively higher rates of gravitational water?

Sulfur
Alexandria
Crowley
Beaumont
Silsbee

Sulfur

Which of the following is true of lunar soil, when compared with terrestrial soil?
Select all that apply.

It cannot support life.
It does not contain mineral matter.
It does not contain organic matter.
It does not contain air.

It cannot support life, It does not contain organic matter, It does not contain air

Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary soil-forming factors?

Human activity
Topography
Parent material
Biological activity
Climate

Human activity

Which of the following best describes the composition of soil?

Soil includes pebbles, gravel, cobbles, and a varying combination of sands, silts, and clays.
Soil consists of approximately 45% organic matter, 50% mineral matter, and 5% water and/or air.
Soil is primarily mineral matter (approximately 72%), but also consists of organic matter (10%), and water (18%).
Soil is composed of about 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore space containing air and water.

Soil is composed of about 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore space containing air and water

In regards to soil-formation, which of the following best describes the role of climate?

Because all soils are ancient, they show the climatic conditions of the period in which they formed.
Relative humidity and atmospheric pressure are the dominant climatic factors that influence soil development.
Of the five principle soil-forming factors, climate is the least significant with little correlation between soil and climates worldwide.
Temperature and moisture determine the chemical reactions, organic activity, and water movement within soils.

Temperature and moisture determine the chemical reactions, organic activity, and water movement within soils

Which of the following best describes the role of biological activity in soil development?

Earthworms increase soil porosity and contribute to soil movement and organic content.
Broadleaf trees tend to increase the alkalinity of soil, whereas needleleaf trees increase the acidity.
Plant roots provide channels for air and water movement in soils.
All organisms living in, on, and over the soil, influence soil development and characteristics: they can influence the pH, the organic matter, chemical content, and biological content of soils.

All organisms living in, on, and over the soil, influences soil development and characteristics: they can influence the pH, the organic matter, chemical content, and biological content of soils

Which soil horizon facilitates chemical links between nutrients and plants?

C horizon
E horizon
O horizon
A horizon

A horizon

Which of the following is an output of the soil system?

Nutrients from rock and sediment
Microorganisms
Plant ecosystems
Water

Plant ecosystems

Which of the following is NOT a physical property used to distinguish soils?

Texture
Temperature
Moisture
Porosity
Color

Temperature

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding soil color?

Soil color is a relatively unimportant physical property of soil.
Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil.
Dark soils always indicate high organic content.
Soil color is used solely to determine the moisture content of soil—darker soils have a higher moisture content, whereas lighter soils have less water content.

Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil

The practice of leaving crop residue on the field between plantings to help prevent soil erosion is known as

no-till agriculture.
swidden.
slash and burn agriculture.
shifting cultivation.

No-till agriculture

The phenomenon of desert expansion along the margins of semiarid and arid lands is known as

permeability.
erosion.
deflation.
desertification.

Desertification

In which of the following regions would one likely find Spodosols?

Tropical rainforests
Savannas and grasslands
Northern coniferous forests
Deserts and semiarid areas

Northern coniferous forests

Most of the glacially derived till and outwash materials from New York through the Appalachians are

Gelisols
Inceptisols
Spodosols
Histosols

Inceptisols

Warming temperatures have accelerated the thawing of Gelisols. This efffect is of particular concern because

Gelisols are the youngest, least developed soils on the planet. Warming will further stifle the horizontal development of these soils.
Gelisols contain about half of the pool of global carbon in the form of frozen carbon dioxide and methane and their release into the atmosphere could further affect warming climate.
Gelisols are an important soils for growing speciality cold weather crops. The thawing of the Gelisols will adversely impact this lucrative market.
as the permafrost melts, the meltwater will runoff, further contributing to global sea-level rise.

Gelisols contain about half of the pool of global carbon in the form of frozen carbon dioxide and methane and their release into the atmosphere could further affect warming climate

Why do farmers apply nitrogen to their fields in the spring and fall?

Nitrogen prices are cheapest in spring and fall.
Nitrogen is depleted through the use of pesticides on fields.
Nitrogen is used to eradicate insects that will consume crop seedlings.
Nitrogen provides nutrients to the plants for the coming growing season.
Nitrogen is used to eradicate weeds and other plants that will compete with crops for soil nutrients.

Nitrogen provides nutrients to the plants for the coming growing season

From where do the majority of the nutrients found in the northern Gulf of Mexico originate?

Fertilizer manufacturing plants in Florida and Alabama
Factories located along rivers in the Mississippi River system
Farms located in the American Midwest
Farms in northern Mexico
Farms in the southeastern United States

Farms located in the American Midwest

Why is the northern Gulf of Mexico described as a "dead zone"?

Overfishing has disrupted the food chain in the Gulf, resulting in a cascade of localized extinctions
Nutrient enrichment starts a chain of events that depletes the water of oxygen, making it difficult for aquatic life to survive.
Nutrient enrichment makes ocean water less acidic and more difficult for aquatic life to survive in.
The dead zone in the northern Gulf is nothing more than the expansion of an existing dead zone in the southern Gulf.
Increased levels of nutrients are poisonous to fish and have resulted in Gulf-wide fish kills.

Nutrients enrichment starts a chain of events that depletes the water of oxygen, making it difficult for aquatic life to survive

Why have local nutrient reduction strategies been slow to be implemented?

The Environmental Protection Agency has implemented federal water quality standards rather than local reduction standards.
The impact of nutrient runoff is merely speculation and not supported by research.
Midwestern states will not adopt reduction strategies unless they are applied nationally.
Land in the Midwestern United States is unable to support agriculture without large quantities of fertilizer.
Farming is a business and nutrient reduction likely will not occur unless there is a clear economic benefit to doing so.

Farming is a business and nutrient reduction likely will not occur unless there is a clear economic benefit to doing so

Why are researchers exploring the use of the radish as a cover crop?

Global consumption of radishes has increased dramatically in recent years.
It may be able to conserve most fall-applied nitrogen on the same fields where it is applied, thus preventing nutrient runoff.
Radishes are increasingly being used as a biofuel.
Radishes can eliminate the need for fertilizers during the spring and fall.
Radishes are ground up and used as fertilizer.

It may be able to conserve most fall-applied nitrogen on the same fields where it is applied, this preventing nutrient runoff

What are krill?

a type of shellfish related to mussels
small shrimp-like organisms
small fish
a type of barnacle
a type of marine macro-algae

Small shrimp-like organisms

Where do amphipods live?

on kelp in the kelp forest
within the water column
only in surface waters
in bottom mud
in shallow, rocky tidepools

In bottom mud

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms?

They use their countershading to sneak up on their prey items.
They emit high-pitched sounds that drive their prey items into tight masses.
They use cooperative behavior to corral them into a group and then swallow their prey items whole.
They use a technique called bubble-net feeding.
They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.

They use their baleen to filter prey from their environment

Where are the Solomon Islands located?

in the Mediterranean Sea
in the South Pacific
off the coast of California
off the southern tip of Florida

In the South Pacific

Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the ‘poster child’ for the biological species concept?

white-eye bird
frog
snake
sea turtle

White-eye bird

Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation–the process by which one species splits into two or more species?

It is rare for new species to form on islands.
Different species are typically very different in appearance, even if they are closely related.
Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process.
New species typically form as a consequence of new parasites or predators in the environment.

Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process

Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species?

Its call was unique.
It jumped higher than other known frogs.
It was larger than any known frog.
Its coloration was different from other known frogs.

Its call was unique

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today.

marine biology
genetics
zoology
botany

Genetics

What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?

spray zone
upper intertidal
middle intertidal
lower intertidal

Middle intertidal

What is a sea anemone — a vicious predatory toxic animal — carefully disguised as?

a cloud
a type of bottom-dwelling marine macro-algae
a patch of sand
a harmless flower
a sea butterfly

A harmless flower

When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening?

It shoots water out of its tissues, which creates a vacuum that makes it feel like your finger is being pulled in.
A natural adhesive is deployed that feels sticky.
It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin.
The tentacles are actually a suction device that is designed to grab onto any surface.
A series of tiny suction cups grab onto you.

It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin

How does a sea anemone feed?

By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles.
By lunging toward prey items with its mouth open.
By releasing poison into the water to kill its prey items.
By sneaking up on unsuspecting prey items.
By using strong suction cups to grab onto any passing prey item.

By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles

What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone’s body?

Shells and rocks are used to help sea anemones camouflage into the environment.
Shells and rocks are a decorative advantage over other animals.
Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide.
Males use these so that they become attractive to females.
Sea anemones use shells and rocks to armor themselves to make themselves resistant to predators.

Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide

The scientist who in 1758 created a system that is the basis of the modern system of classification of organisms is __________.

Carolus Linnaeus
Charles Darwin
Robert Hooke
Aristotle
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Carolus Linnaeus

The scientific discipline concerned with naming and grouping organisms is called __________.

taxonomic classification
systematics
phylogenetics
evolution
binomial nomenclature

Taxonomic classification

The two most specific groupings in taxonomic classification are __________.

class and family
order and species
family and species
genus and species
kingdom and phylum

Genus and species

The correct sequence of taxonomic groupings, from the most to the least comprehensive, is __________.

kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus
phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species
family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Which of the following is the correct genus and species name of the common dolphin, a marine mammal?

Delphinus
delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
common dolphin
delphis

Delphinus delphis

Earth’s biosphere

is more a theoretical construct than an observable sphere of study.
consists of only terrestrial organisms, while the hydrosphere includes aquatic and marine organisms.
only includes the biotic components of an ecosystem, with the abiotic components being considered part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, or atmosphere, respectively.
extends from the ocean floor to an altitude of approximately 8 km (5 mi) into the atmosphere.

Extends from the ocean floor to an altitude of approx 8 km (5mi) into the atmosphere

Which of the following is NOT a biotic component of an ecosystem?

Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Mineral nutrients

Mineral nutrients

Share This
Flashcard

More flashcards like this

NCLEX 10000 Integumentary Disorders

When assessing a client with partial-thickness burns over 60% of the body, which finding should the nurse report immediately? a) ...

Read more

NCLEX 300-NEURO

A client with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) tells the nurse, "Sometimes I feel so frustrated. I can’t do anything without ...

Read more

NASM Flashcards

Which of the following is the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body? Diffusion ...

Read more

Unfinished tasks keep piling up?

Let us complete them for you. Quickly and professionally.

Check Price

Successful message
sending