Final Exam Psychology

Which of the following statements is true of the socioemotional selectivity theory?

a) Younger adults embrace the present moment with increasing vitality.

b) Unlike younger adults, older adults tend to be preoccupied with the future.

c) Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.

d) Younger adults tend to be selective in their social interactions in order to maximize positive, meaningful experiences

c) Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

a) psychodynamic perspective
b) humanistic perspective
c) learning perspective
d) trait perspective

b) humanistic perspective

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the _____ principle.

a) pleasure
b) self-actualization
c) reality
d) all-or-none

c) reality

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that

a) children do not engage in prosocial behavior.
b) children are inherently selfish.
c) parenting style has little effect on children's prosocial behavior.
d) empathetic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

d) empathetic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

Individuals who have positive illusions about the self

a) are judged less positively by others.
b) are psychologically less healthy.
c) tend to show high levels of psychological well-being.
d) display self-views that are rooted in reality.

c) tend to show high levels of psychological well-being.

The _____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

a) psychodynamic
b) humanistic
c) trait
d) social cognitive

d) social cognitive

Which of the following is true of the three structures of personality described by Freud?

a) According to Freud, the id is completely conscious, whereas the ego is partly unconscious.

b) In Freud's view, the id has contact with reality.

c) The superego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the ego.

d) According to Freud, the ego abides by the reality principle.

d) According to Freud, the ego abides by the reality principle.

"Personology" refers to

a) an old, outdated term for personality psychology.
b) the study of the whole person.
c) the study of how individuals operate within groups.
d) the study of healthy, well-adjusted individuals.

b) the study of the whole person.

In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.

a) germinal
b) fetal
c) conception
d) embryonic

d) embryonic

According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are

a) temperament and attachment.
b) exploration and commitment.
c) parenting style and attachment.
d) accommodation and assimilation.

b) exploration and commitment.

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as

a) deindividuation.
b) validation.
c) perception.
d) attribution.

d) attribution.

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

a) superego
b) ego
c) id
d) animus

b) ego

_____ is based on a person's desire to be liked by a group.

a) Informational social influence
b) Normative social influence
c) Social loafing
d) Social facilitation

b) Normative social influence

Self-fulfilling prophecy

a) effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

b) shows that aspects of the environment prime us to behave aggressively.

c) examines the characteristics of cultures that are associated with the emergence of altruism and with the belief that everyone deserves fair treatment.

d) is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.

a) effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs so they contribute proportionately to the household income, and they equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John's happy marriage can best be explained by the

a) social exchange theory.
b) social contagion theory.
c) social identity theory.
d) elaboration likelihood model.

a) social exchange theory.

Which of the following statements is true of prenatal development in humans?

a) The beginnings of organs appear during the embryonic period.

b) The rate of cell differentiation decreases during the embryonic period.

c) The intestinal tract first appears in the fetal period of prenatal development.

d) The fetal period refers to the first and second week of conception.

a) The beginnings of organs appear during the embryonic period.

Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before, so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by

a) normative social influence.
b) informational social influence.
c) group polarization.
d) the bystander effect.

b) informational social influence.

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

a) his theory had very little impact on psychologists' understanding of how children's minds develop.

b) the popularity of his theory was short-lived.

c) his theory was never scientifically tested.

d) recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults.

d) recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults.

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

a) autonomy vs. shame
b) initiative vs. guilt
c) trust vs. mistrust
d) industry vs. inferiority

c) trust vs. mistrust

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

a) risk hedging.
b) social loafing.
c) risky shift.
d) group polarization.

c) risky shift.

Social loafing refers to the

a) tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

b) tendency for people to exert more effort when working in groups than when working alone.

c) tendency to spend more time being productive when in the company of one's peers.

d) social norm that obligates the general public to help those who may not be completely able to help themselves (e.g., children and the elderly).

a) tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

a) cognitive dissonance theory
b) the butterfly effect
c) self-fulfilling prophecy
d) self-serving bias

c) self-fulfilling prophecy

Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational

c) concrete operational

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

a) reciprocal determinism.
b) collective unconscious.
c) behavioral genetics.
d) conditions of worth.

a) reciprocal determinism.

If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development, which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

a) solve mathematical problems
b) represent the world with words and images
c) reverse mental operations
d) give logical reasons for knowing something

b) represent the world with words and images

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral-dilemma story, Sam says "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

a) preconventional
b) conventional
c) postconventional
d) hyper-conventional

a) preconventional

Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain?

a) Because of the quick development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents display stronger cognitive skills to control their impulses.

b) Adolescents display fewer emotions due to the slow growth of the amygdala.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

d) The developmental disjunction in the brain accounts for reduced risk-taking behavior of adolescents.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

a) When engaging in social comparison, people try to act like others and lose their true identity.

b) Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

c) Social comparison eliminates the ill effects of stereotype threat.

d) Social comparison is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

b) Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?

a) The synaptic connections decrease drastically during childhood.

b) The connection between neurons is the highest at birth.

c) The process of myelination begins prenatally.

d) The process of myelination stops at adolescence.

c) The process of myelination begins prenatally.

Face validity refers to

a) the extent to which two examiners agree about a person's personality traits.

b) the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

c) the degree to which a personality test predicts behavior outside the test situation.

d) the tendency of a person to give answers that make him or her look better.

b) the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team's performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?

a) the social identity theory
b) the realistic conflict theory
c) the social exchange theory
d) the self-perception theory

a) the social identity theory

_____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.

a) Habituation
b) Lateralization
c) Assimilation
d) Accommodation

b) Lateralization

Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift?

a) It is the tendency to shift to a group that makes less risky decisions.

b) It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone.

c) It refers to a person's risk of losing his or her of personal identity when he or she becomes a part of a group.

d) It refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

b) It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone.

In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology,

a) the same people are retested over a period of years.

b) a number of people are assessed at one point in time.

c) different characteristics of an individual are assessed simultaneously.

d) the behavior of an individual is assessed by different researchers.

b) a number of people are assessed at one point in time.

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than working to succeed, she tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students that she hangs out with. She has at times answered questions incorrectly in class on purpose to be more like her friends. Joyce's behavior is due to

a) informational social influence.
b) ethnocentrism.
c) groupthink.
d) normative social influence.

d) normative social influence.

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

a) Thanatos
b) Sublimation
c) Repression
d) Fixation

c) Repression

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, _____ is the best way to build an infant's sense of trust.

a) engaging in establishing a sense that the world is a predictable and safe place

b) encouraging object permanence

c) discouraging egocentrism

d) engaging in authoritarian parenting and placing limits and controls on behavior

a) engaging in establishing a sense that the world is a predictable and safe place

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

a) phallic stage.
b) anal stage.
c) genital stage.
d) oral stage.

a) phallic stage.

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

a) a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

b) behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority

c) the ability of a person to overcome a social influence

d) unselfish interest in helping another person

a) a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the _____ level of moral development.

a) conventional
b) preconventional
c) postconventional
d) concrete

c) postconventional

The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is

a) to help people eliminate illogical thinking.
b) to help clients identify their own genuine feelings.
c) to reduce norepinephrine and serotonin levels.
d) to set off a seizure in the brain.

d) to set off a seizure in the brain.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

a) dissociative identity disorder.
b) severe depression.
c) schizophrenia.
d) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

b) severe depression.

Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?

a) family therapy
b) couples therapy
c) self-help support groups
d) humanistic therapy

c) self-help support groups

Lithium is commonly used to treat

a) panic attacks.
b) bipolar disorder.
c) schizophrenia.
d) major depression.

b) bipolar disorder.

Which of the following is a criticism of DSM-5?

a) It classifies individuals on the basis of five dimensions or axes.

b) It lays strong emphasis on a person's strengths and weaknesses to destigmatize psychological disorders.

c) It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

d) It does not rely on social norms and subjective judgments.

c) It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to

a) uncover unconscious conflicts.

b) gain self-awareness.

c) reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

d) be sensitive to the cultural and contextual needs of the client.

c) reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of

a) trichotillomania.
b) excoriation.
c) hoarding disorder.
d) body dysmorphic disorder.

c) hoarding disorder.

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

a) the sociocultural approach
b) the psychological approach
c) the humanistic approach
d) the biological approach

b) the psychological approach

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to

a) persuade clients to abandon their irrational, misery-inducing beliefs.

b) help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.

c) train clients to avoid maladaptive patterns of behavior through modeling of appropriate behaviors.

d) demonstrate unconditional positive regard toward the client.

b) help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.

_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

a) Anxiety
b) Fear
c) Anger
d) Depression

d) Depression

The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and

a) the client.
b) the American Psychiatric Association.
c) the local government.
d) other professional therapists who practice in the same state.

a) the client.

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?

a) tricyclics
b) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
c) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
d) benzodiazepines

c) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters

a) dopamine and GABA.
b) GABA and epinephrine.
c) oxytocin and serotonin.
d) serotonin and norepinephrine.

d) serotonin and norepinephrine.

When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.

a) biological approach
b) psychological approach
c) sociocultural approach
d) cognitive approach

c) sociocultural approach

Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in that humanistic therapies emphasize

a) change of behavior rather than underlying thoughts.

b) unconscious thoughts rather than conscious thoughts.

c) the past rather than the present.

d) self-fulfillment rather than illness.

d) self-fulfillment rather than illness.

As part of a smoking-cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in

a) aversive conditioning.
b) client-centered therapy.
c) rational emotive therapy.
d) systematic desensitization.

a) aversive conditioning.

Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that _____ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures.

a) psychoanalysis
b) humanistic therapy
c) family therapy
d) cognitive therapy

c) family therapy

Which of the following individuals would benefit from systematic desensitization?

a) a person who is addicted to alcohol
b) a person who is suffering from severe depression
c) a person who has a phobia of closed spaces
d) a person who is suffering from schizophrenia

c) a person who has a phobia of closed spaces

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

a) Individuals with OCD have an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.

b) Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

c) Individuals with OCD experience recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

d) Individuals with OCD have the ability to dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts by ignoring or effectively dismissing them.

b) Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

Which of the following is a class of antipsychotic drugs that is administered as a part of drug therapy?

a) tricyclics
b) neuroleptics
c) benzodiazepines
d) tetracyclics

b) neuroleptics

_____ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

a) Prozac
b) Paxil
c) Zoloft
d) Effexor

d) Effexor

Dr. Laura engages in reflective listening with Bill who suffers from depression. She waits for him to express his feelings and decide what he wants to do about his problems. According to this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Laura is practicing _____ therapy.

a) client-centered
b) cognitive-behavioral
c) classical conditioning
d) directive

a) client-centered

Taylor is a family therapist who intends to resolve a mother-child coalition that has formed in the case of her client Hannah, since Hannah's husband does not spend quality time with them. According to this information, it can be inferred that Taylor is likely to implement the _____ technique.

a) guided association
b) desensitization
c) structural change
d) reattribution

c) structural change

Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used drug therapies for treating

a) mood disorders.
b) anxiety disorders.
c) schizophrenia.
d) dissociative disorders.

b) anxiety disorders.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with

a) dissociative identity disorder.
b) bipolar disorder.
c) major depressive disorder.
d) social anxiety disorder.

c) major depressive disorder.

Which of the following is a characteristic of group therapy?

a) transference
b) altruism
c) self-efficacy
d) self-actualization

b) altruism

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?

a) Contemporary theorists strongly believe that stress is unrelated to the development of schizophrenia.

b) Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

c) Sociocultural background is considered as the primary cause of schizophrenia.

d) Individuals with schizophrenia in developing, non-industrialized nations tend to have worse outcomes than those in developed, industrialized nations.

b) Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Which of the following is a goal of couples therapy?

a) to improve the communication between the partners

b) to facilitate better sexual relations

c) to decrease the number of rules set for each of the partners

d) to increase the amount of warmth between the partners

a) to improve the communication between the partners

Robert's teacher, Martha, has complained about his behavior on several occasions. According to Martha, Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted. She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature. If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to Dr. Miller, a psychiatrist, he is likely to be diagnosed with

a) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
b) borderline personality disorder.
c) autism spectrum disorder.
d) mild neurocognitive impairment.

a) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?

a) aversive conditioning
b) psychotherapy
c) psychosurgery
d) drug therapy

c) psychosurgery

Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychoanalytic technique of dream analysis?

a) In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish.

b) Dreams represent unconscious conflicts which should be excluded while practicing psychodynamic therapy.

c) Dreams provide individuals with an outlet to express their conscious wishes and desires.

d) In dream analysis, a psychoanalyst asks a person to say aloud whatever comes to mind.

a) In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish.

Janet is worried about her son, Patrick. She finds him restless and impulsive. At times, Janet finds it exhausting to handle him because he is high-strung and shows very little concentration during his studies. She has also received several complaints from Patrick's teachers regarding his poor performance in class and his lack of focus. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Patrick is exhibiting the symptoms of

a) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b) mild neurocognitive impairment.
c) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
d) schizophrenia.

c) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Clients of therapists who do not monitor the quality of the therapeutic alliance are

a) more likely to drop out of therapy.

b) less likely to experience negative outcomes as a result of therapy.

c) likely to feel more hopeful about overcoming their disorder.

d) likely to feel more respected and supported by the therapist.

a) more likely to drop out of therapy.

Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices

a) psychodynamic therapy.
b) humanistic therapy.
c) behavioral therapy.
d) cognitive therapy.

d) cognitive therapy.

Catatonia

a) is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

b) means giving personal meaning to completely random events.

c) refers to false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.

d) refers to sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

a) is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?

a) Neuroleptic drugs treat the causes of schizophrenia, not its symptoms.

b) Neuroleptic drugs have substantially increased the length of hospital stays for individuals with schizophrenia.

c) Neuroleptic drugs are widely used to treat bipolar disorder.

d) If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

d) If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

a) specific phobia
b) generalized anxiety disorder
c) social anxiety disorder
d) post-traumatic stress disorder

a) specific phobia

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

a) symptom-oriented
b) nondirective
c) skill-development
d) insight-oriented

b) nondirective

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems?

a) psychodynamic therapies
b) humanistic therapies
c) social learning therapies
d) biological therapies

a) psychodynamic therapies

Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat

a) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b) major depressive disorder.
c) schizophrenia.
d) panic disorder.

c) schizophrenia.

The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by

a) damage to DNA.

b) the body's lowered resistance to stress and disease.

c) biological constraints on cell division.

d) nutritional deficiencies.

a) damage to DNA.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

a) conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

b) conception, embryonic period, zygote, fetal period

c) conception, fetal period, embryonic period, zygote

d) conception, fetal period, zygote, embryonic period

a) conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain?

a) Because of the quick development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents display stronger cognitive skills to control their impulses.

b) Adolescents display fewer emotions due to the slow growth of the amygdala.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

d) The developmental disjunction in the brain accounts for reduced risk-taking behavior of adolescents.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their
a) 20s.
b) 30s.
c) 40s.
d) 50s.

a) 20s.

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

a) the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

b) the prefrontal cortex is developed earlier than the amygdala.

c) growth in the hippocampus is halted.

d) the corpus callosum becomes severed.

a) the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Baby Janice knows that when she is put in the highchair, it is time to eat. So when her father puts her in the highchair and hands her a book, Janice puts the corner of the book in her mouth. According to Piaget, Janice's behavior can be best explained by

a) schematic thinking.
b) the assimilation process.
c) the accommodation process.
d) deferred imitation.

b) the assimilation process.

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to

a) accommodate in later life.

b) see things from the point of view of another person.

c) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

d) retain earlier schemas when confronted with new experiences.

c) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

Twelve-year-old Jennifer believes that she is unique and cannot be harmed. She thinks others are preoccupied with her and that they are watching her always. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

a) accommodation.
b) object permanence.
c) conservation.
d) egocentrism.

d) egocentrism.

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) egocentric

c) concrete operational

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has most likely reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) formal operational
d) object permanence

c) formal operational

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?

a) Julius, who always dresses neatly but not very stylishly

b) Patrick, who displays superior cognitive functioning and IQ

c) Archie, who maintains a very good romantic relationship with his girlfriend

d) Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

d) Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

a) Bert will be happier than Ernie.

b) Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

c) Bert is less neurotic than Ernie.

d) Ernie has been denied unconditional positive regard.

b) Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?

a) Neuroticism is low in anxious and insecure individuals.

b) Neuroticism is high when a person is positive.

c) Neuroticism is high when a person is emotionally stable.

d) Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.

d) Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.

_____ is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of his or her life in general.

a) Unconditional positive regard
b) Self-efficacy
c) An archetype
d) Subjective well-being

d) Subjective well-being

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness?

a) Edmund, who suffers in silence

b) Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance

c) Peter, who experiences more negative than positive emotions

d) Alvin, who loves talking to many people constantly

b) Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

a) internal/external causes
b) known/unknown causes
c) regular/irregular causes
d) consistent/inconsistent causes

a) internal/external causes

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

a) stereotype
b) hypothesis
c) proposition
d) classification

a) stereotype

Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the of attitudes

a) evolutionary theory.
b) social learning theory.
c) self-perception theory.
d) social identity theory.

c) self-perception theory.

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

a) cognitive dissonance theory
b) the butterfly effect
c) self-fulfilling prophecy
d) self-serving bias

c) self-fulfilling prophecy

Attribution theory

a) is an explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes.

b) views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

c) suggests that we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.

d) is a theory of social comparison which posits that when individuals lack objective means to evaluate their opinions and abilities, they compare themselves with others.

b) views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

a) Egoism
b) Altruism
c) Ethnocentrism
d) Utilitarianism

a) Egoism

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

a) low levels of hostility
b) low levels of irritability
c) low levels of neuroticism
d) low levels of conscientiousness

d) low levels of conscientiousness

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

a) It states that besides frustration, no other experiences can cause aggression.

b) It states that frustration always leads to aggression.

c) It states that aggression usually leads to obedience.

d) It states that aggression stems from an attitude of altruism.

b) It states that frustration always leads to aggression.

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

a) relational aggression.
b) institutional aggression.
c) overt aggression.
d) physical aggression.

a) relational aggression.

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting

a) relational aggression.
b) subtle aggression.
c) overt aggression.
d) covert aggression.

c) overt aggression.

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

a) proximity
b) similarity
c) physical attractiveness
d) reciprocity

a) proximity

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying

a) romantic love.
b) affectionate love.
c) the mere exposure effect.
d) passionate love.

b) affectionate love.

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?

a) crowd psychology
b) herd mentality
c) crowdsourcing
d) groupthink

c) crowdsourcing

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called

a) social identity.
b) ethnocentrism.
c) deindividuation.
d) groupthink.

b) ethnocentrism.

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

a) equity.
b) physical attractiveness.
c) the availability of attractive alternative partners.
d) passionate love.

a) equity.

The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

a) Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)

b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

c) International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10)

d) Latin American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis (GLDP)

b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT

a) behavior that is deviant.

b) behavior that is maladaptive.

c) behavior that is inconsistent.

d) behavior that involves personal distress over a long period of time.

c) behavior that is inconsistent.

The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

a) psychological
b) sociocultural
c) biological
d) evolutionary

c) biological

Thirty-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he will need later, so his home is filled with old junk. Armand's neighbors have complained about this and he feels embarrassed. Which criteria that define abnormality is applicable in this case?

a) Armand's behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture and is distressing for him.

b) Armand's behavior has drawn the attention of other people.

c) Armand's behavior suggests that he is schizophrenic.

d) Saving junk suggests that Armand is paranoid.

a) Armand's behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture and is distressing for him.

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the

a) sociocultural approach.
b) biological approach.
c) psychological approach.
d) social cognitive approach.

b) biological approach.

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

a) reduced interest or pleasure in all or most activities.

b) significant weight gain or loss.

c) trouble sleeping or sleeping too much.

d) a history of manic episodes.

d) a history of manic episodes.

Depressive disorders are _____, whereas bipolar disorder is _____.

a) more common among men/equally common in men and women

b) more common among women/equally common in men and women

c) equally common in men and women/more common among women

d) equally common in men and women/more common among men

b) more common among women/equally common in men and women

It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from

a) major depressive disorder.
b) bipolar disorder.
c) social anxiety disorder.
d) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

a) major depressive disorder.

_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

a) Major depressive disorder
b) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
c) Bipolar disorder
d) Generalized anxiety disorder

c) Bipolar disorder

Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with

a) major depressive disorder.
b) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
c) bipolar disorder.
d) schizophrenia.

c) bipolar disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

a) In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

b) Individuals with DID have two or more ambiguous personalities with overlapping memories and behaviors.

c) The majority of individuals who have been sexually abused develop DID.

d) The vast majority of individuals with DID are men.

a) In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

a) dissociative amnesia
b) dissociative identity disorder
c) dissociative fugue
d) schizophrenia

b) dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

a) bipolar disorder.
b) post-traumatic stress disorder.
c) antisocial personality disorder.
d) panic disorder.

b) post-traumatic stress disorder.

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a) a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

b) excessive levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

c) a very small cerebral cortex.

d) very few receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin.

a) a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

a) Dissociative amnesia
b) Dissociative identity disorder
c) Dissociative fugue
d) Schizophrenia

b) Dissociative identity disorder

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

a) Social anxiety disorder
b) Anorexia nervosa
c) Generalized anxiety disorder
d) Schizophrenia

d) Schizophrenia

A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing

a) a delusion.
b) a hallucination.
c) a mirage.
d) flat affect.

a) a delusion.

When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing

a) hallucinations.
b) delusions.
c) mirages.
d) catatonia.

a) hallucinations.

All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT

a) hallucinations.
b) delusions.
c) referential thinking.
d) flat affect.

d) flat affect.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

a) a person who shows an excessive attachment to moral codes and is excessively orderly in daily life

b) a person who is prone to mood swings, excessive self-criticism, and extreme judgment of others

c) a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

d) a person who perceives himself as helpless and depends on others for emotional and physical needs

c) a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?

a) College students who experience negative symptoms of schizophrenia are very susceptible to mental-health issues.

b) Doctors are always correct in their diagnosis of schizophrenia.

c) Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

d) If you are treated for schizophrenia at an early age, you are likely to recover fully.

c) Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

a) Schizophrenia
b) Dissociative identity disorder
c) Antisocial personality disorder
d) Borderline personality disorder

d) Borderline personality disorder

The Americans with Disabilities Act

a) made it illegal to hold social stigmas against those with mental disorders.

b) made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

c) was designed to eliminate the cultural stereotypes of people with mental disorders.

d) was designed to provide additional healthcare coverage to people with mental disorders who were stereotyped as violent.

b) made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?

a) borderline personality disorder
b) narcissistic personality disorder
c) antisocial personality disorder
d) schizotypal personality disorder

c) antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?

a) self-efficacy
b) insight
c) self-awareness
d) cultural sensitivity

a) self-efficacy

Integrative therapy is most compatible with the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

a) psychodynamic
b) humanistic
c) biopsychosocial
d) cognitive

c) biopsychosocial

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE?

a) Psychosurgery is a biological therapy that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment.

b) A prefrontal lobotomy is a type of psychosurgery that involves severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe and the thalamus.

c) The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

d) Present-day psychosurgery involves making just a small lesion in the amygdala or another part of the limbic system.

c) The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered the drug Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug?

a) nervousness
b) increased appetite
c) memory difficulties
d) suicidal thoughts

c) memory difficulties

In addition to providing treatment for depression, antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for

a) schizophrenia.
b) anxiety disorders and eating disorders.
c) dissociative amnesia.
d) antisocial personality disorder.

b) anxiety disorders and eating disorders.

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Final Exam Psychology

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Which of the following statements is true of the socioemotional selectivity theory?

a) Younger adults embrace the present moment with increasing vitality.

b) Unlike younger adults, older adults tend to be preoccupied with the future.

c) Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.

d) Younger adults tend to be selective in their social interactions in order to maximize positive, meaningful experiences

c) Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

a) psychodynamic perspective
b) humanistic perspective
c) learning perspective
d) trait perspective

b) humanistic perspective

According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the _____ principle.

a) pleasure
b) self-actualization
c) reality
d) all-or-none

c) reality

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that

a) children do not engage in prosocial behavior.
b) children are inherently selfish.
c) parenting style has little effect on children’s prosocial behavior.
d) empathetic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

d) empathetic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

Individuals who have positive illusions about the self

a) are judged less positively by others.
b) are psychologically less healthy.
c) tend to show high levels of psychological well-being.
d) display self-views that are rooted in reality.

c) tend to show high levels of psychological well-being.

The _____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

a) psychodynamic
b) humanistic
c) trait
d) social cognitive

d) social cognitive

Which of the following is true of the three structures of personality described by Freud?

a) According to Freud, the id is completely conscious, whereas the ego is partly unconscious.

b) In Freud’s view, the id has contact with reality.

c) The superego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the ego.

d) According to Freud, the ego abides by the reality principle.

d) According to Freud, the ego abides by the reality principle.

"Personology" refers to

a) an old, outdated term for personality psychology.
b) the study of the whole person.
c) the study of how individuals operate within groups.
d) the study of healthy, well-adjusted individuals.

b) the study of the whole person.

In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.

a) germinal
b) fetal
c) conception
d) embryonic

d) embryonic

According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are

a) temperament and attachment.
b) exploration and commitment.
c) parenting style and attachment.
d) accommodation and assimilation.

b) exploration and commitment.

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others’ behavior is known as

a) deindividuation.
b) validation.
c) perception.
d) attribution.

d) attribution.

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

a) superego
b) ego
c) id
d) animus

b) ego

_____ is based on a person’s desire to be liked by a group.

a) Informational social influence
b) Normative social influence
c) Social loafing
d) Social facilitation

b) Normative social influence

Self-fulfilling prophecy

a) effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

b) shows that aspects of the environment prime us to behave aggressively.

c) examines the characteristics of cultures that are associated with the emergence of altruism and with the belief that everyone deserves fair treatment.

d) is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual’s position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.

a) effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs so they contribute proportionately to the household income, and they equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John’s happy marriage can best be explained by the

a) social exchange theory.
b) social contagion theory.
c) social identity theory.
d) elaboration likelihood model.

a) social exchange theory.

Which of the following statements is true of prenatal development in humans?

a) The beginnings of organs appear during the embryonic period.

b) The rate of cell differentiation decreases during the embryonic period.

c) The intestinal tract first appears in the fetal period of prenatal development.

d) The fetal period refers to the first and second week of conception.

a) The beginnings of organs appear during the embryonic period.

Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She’s never been served a 10-course meal before, so she’s unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by

a) normative social influence.
b) informational social influence.
c) group polarization.
d) the bystander effect.

b) informational social influence.

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is that

a) his theory had very little impact on psychologists’ understanding of how children’s minds develop.

b) the popularity of his theory was short-lived.

c) his theory was never scientifically tested.

d) recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults.

d) recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults.

According to Erikson’s theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

a) autonomy vs. shame
b) initiative vs. guilt
c) trust vs. mistrust
d) industry vs. inferiority

c) trust vs. mistrust

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

a) risk hedging.
b) social loafing.
c) risky shift.
d) group polarization.

c) risky shift.

Social loafing refers to the

a) tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

b) tendency for people to exert more effort when working in groups than when working alone.

c) tendency to spend more time being productive when in the company of one’s peers.

d) social norm that obligates the general public to help those who may not be completely able to help themselves (e.g., children and the elderly).

a) tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers’ expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

a) cognitive dissonance theory
b) the butterfly effect
c) self-fulfilling prophecy
d) self-serving bias

c) self-fulfilling prophecy

Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational

c) concrete operational

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

a) reciprocal determinism.
b) collective unconscious.
c) behavioral genetics.
d) conditions of worth.

a) reciprocal determinism.

If a child is in Piaget’s preoperational stage of development, which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

a) solve mathematical problems
b) represent the world with words and images
c) reverse mental operations
d) give logical reasons for knowing something

b) represent the world with words and images

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral-dilemma story, Sam says "Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn’t take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

a) preconventional
b) conventional
c) postconventional
d) hyper-conventional

a) preconventional

Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain?

a) Because of the quick development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents display stronger cognitive skills to control their impulses.

b) Adolescents display fewer emotions due to the slow growth of the amygdala.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

d) The developmental disjunction in the brain accounts for reduced risk-taking behavior of adolescents.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

a) When engaging in social comparison, people try to act like others and lose their true identity.

b) Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

c) Social comparison eliminates the ill effects of stereotype threat.

d) Social comparison is an individual’s fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

b) Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?

a) The synaptic connections decrease drastically during childhood.

b) The connection between neurons is the highest at birth.

c) The process of myelination begins prenatally.

d) The process of myelination stops at adolescence.

c) The process of myelination begins prenatally.

Face validity refers to

a) the extent to which two examiners agree about a person’s personality traits.

b) the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

c) the degree to which a personality test predicts behavior outside the test situation.

d) the tendency of a person to give answers that make him or her look better.

b) the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team’s performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?

a) the social identity theory
b) the realistic conflict theory
c) the social exchange theory
d) the self-perception theory

a) the social identity theory

_____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.

a) Habituation
b) Lateralization
c) Assimilation
d) Accommodation

b) Lateralization

Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift?

a) It is the tendency to shift to a group that makes less risky decisions.

b) It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone.

c) It refers to a person’s risk of losing his or her of personal identity when he or she becomes a part of a group.

d) It refers to each person’s tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

b) It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone.

In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology,

a) the same people are retested over a period of years.

b) a number of people are assessed at one point in time.

c) different characteristics of an individual are assessed simultaneously.

d) the behavior of an individual is assessed by different researchers.

b) a number of people are assessed at one point in time.

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than working to succeed, she tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students that she hangs out with. She has at times answered questions incorrectly in class on purpose to be more like her friends. Joyce’s behavior is due to

a) informational social influence.
b) ethnocentrism.
c) groupthink.
d) normative social influence.

d) normative social influence.

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

a) Thanatos
b) Sublimation
c) Repression
d) Fixation

c) Repression

According to Erikson’s theory of socioemotional development, _____ is the best way to build an infant’s sense of trust.

a) engaging in establishing a sense that the world is a predictable and safe place

b) encouraging object permanence

c) discouraging egocentrism

d) engaging in authoritarian parenting and placing limits and controls on behavior

a) engaging in establishing a sense that the world is a predictable and safe place

According to Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

a) phallic stage.
b) anal stage.
c) genital stage.
d) oral stage.

a) phallic stage.

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

a) a change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

b) behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority

c) the ability of a person to overcome a social influence

d) unselfish interest in helping another person

a) a change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the _____ level of moral development.

a) conventional
b) preconventional
c) postconventional
d) concrete

c) postconventional

The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is

a) to help people eliminate illogical thinking.
b) to help clients identify their own genuine feelings.
c) to reduce norepinephrine and serotonin levels.
d) to set off a seizure in the brain.

d) to set off a seizure in the brain.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

a) dissociative identity disorder.
b) severe depression.
c) schizophrenia.
d) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

b) severe depression.

Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?

a) family therapy
b) couples therapy
c) self-help support groups
d) humanistic therapy

c) self-help support groups

Lithium is commonly used to treat

a) panic attacks.
b) bipolar disorder.
c) schizophrenia.
d) major depression.

b) bipolar disorder.

Which of the following is a criticism of DSM-5?

a) It classifies individuals on the basis of five dimensions or axes.

b) It lays strong emphasis on a person’s strengths and weaknesses to destigmatize psychological disorders.

c) It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

d) It does not rely on social norms and subjective judgments.

c) It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to

a) uncover unconscious conflicts.

b) gain self-awareness.

c) reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

d) be sensitive to the cultural and contextual needs of the client.

c) reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana’s excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of

a) trichotillomania.
b) excoriation.
c) hoarding disorder.
d) body dysmorphic disorder.

c) hoarding disorder.

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

a) the sociocultural approach
b) the psychological approach
c) the humanistic approach
d) the biological approach

b) the psychological approach

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to

a) persuade clients to abandon their irrational, misery-inducing beliefs.

b) help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.

c) train clients to avoid maladaptive patterns of behavior through modeling of appropriate behaviors.

d) demonstrate unconditional positive regard toward the client.

b) help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.

_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

a) Anxiety
b) Fear
c) Anger
d) Depression

d) Depression

The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and

a) the client.
b) the American Psychiatric Association.
c) the local government.
d) other professional therapists who practice in the same state.

a) the client.

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?

a) tricyclics
b) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
c) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
d) benzodiazepines

c) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters

a) dopamine and GABA.
b) GABA and epinephrine.
c) oxytocin and serotonin.
d) serotonin and norepinephrine.

d) serotonin and norepinephrine.

When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person’s difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.

a) biological approach
b) psychological approach
c) sociocultural approach
d) cognitive approach

c) sociocultural approach

Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in that humanistic therapies emphasize

a) change of behavior rather than underlying thoughts.

b) unconscious thoughts rather than conscious thoughts.

c) the past rather than the present.

d) self-fulfillment rather than illness.

d) self-fulfillment rather than illness.

As part of a smoking-cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in

a) aversive conditioning.
b) client-centered therapy.
c) rational emotive therapy.
d) systematic desensitization.

a) aversive conditioning.

Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that _____ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures.

a) psychoanalysis
b) humanistic therapy
c) family therapy
d) cognitive therapy

c) family therapy

Which of the following individuals would benefit from systematic desensitization?

a) a person who is addicted to alcohol
b) a person who is suffering from severe depression
c) a person who has a phobia of closed spaces
d) a person who is suffering from schizophrenia

c) a person who has a phobia of closed spaces

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

a) Individuals with OCD have an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.

b) Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

c) Individuals with OCD experience recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

d) Individuals with OCD have the ability to dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts by ignoring or effectively dismissing them.

b) Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

Which of the following is a class of antipsychotic drugs that is administered as a part of drug therapy?

a) tricyclics
b) neuroleptics
c) benzodiazepines
d) tetracyclics

b) neuroleptics

_____ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

a) Prozac
b) Paxil
c) Zoloft
d) Effexor

d) Effexor

Dr. Laura engages in reflective listening with Bill who suffers from depression. She waits for him to express his feelings and decide what he wants to do about his problems. According to this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Laura is practicing _____ therapy.

a) client-centered
b) cognitive-behavioral
c) classical conditioning
d) directive

a) client-centered

Taylor is a family therapist who intends to resolve a mother-child coalition that has formed in the case of her client Hannah, since Hannah’s husband does not spend quality time with them. According to this information, it can be inferred that Taylor is likely to implement the _____ technique.

a) guided association
b) desensitization
c) structural change
d) reattribution

c) structural change

Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used drug therapies for treating

a) mood disorders.
b) anxiety disorders.
c) schizophrenia.
d) dissociative disorders.

b) anxiety disorders.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn’t eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with

a) dissociative identity disorder.
b) bipolar disorder.
c) major depressive disorder.
d) social anxiety disorder.

c) major depressive disorder.

Which of the following is a characteristic of group therapy?

a) transference
b) altruism
c) self-efficacy
d) self-actualization

b) altruism

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?

a) Contemporary theorists strongly believe that stress is unrelated to the development of schizophrenia.

b) Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

c) Sociocultural background is considered as the primary cause of schizophrenia.

d) Individuals with schizophrenia in developing, non-industrialized nations tend to have worse outcomes than those in developed, industrialized nations.

b) Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Which of the following is a goal of couples therapy?

a) to improve the communication between the partners

b) to facilitate better sexual relations

c) to decrease the number of rules set for each of the partners

d) to increase the amount of warmth between the partners

a) to improve the communication between the partners

Robert’s teacher, Martha, has complained about his behavior on several occasions. According to Martha, Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted. She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature. If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to Dr. Miller, a psychiatrist, he is likely to be diagnosed with

a) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
b) borderline personality disorder.
c) autism spectrum disorder.
d) mild neurocognitive impairment.

a) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?

a) aversive conditioning
b) psychotherapy
c) psychosurgery
d) drug therapy

c) psychosurgery

Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychoanalytic technique of dream analysis?

a) In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish.

b) Dreams represent unconscious conflicts which should be excluded while practicing psychodynamic therapy.

c) Dreams provide individuals with an outlet to express their conscious wishes and desires.

d) In dream analysis, a psychoanalyst asks a person to say aloud whatever comes to mind.

a) In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish.

Janet is worried about her son, Patrick. She finds him restless and impulsive. At times, Janet finds it exhausting to handle him because he is high-strung and shows very little concentration during his studies. She has also received several complaints from Patrick’s teachers regarding his poor performance in class and his lack of focus. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Patrick is exhibiting the symptoms of

a) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b) mild neurocognitive impairment.
c) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
d) schizophrenia.

c) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Clients of therapists who do not monitor the quality of the therapeutic alliance are

a) more likely to drop out of therapy.

b) less likely to experience negative outcomes as a result of therapy.

c) likely to feel more hopeful about overcoming their disorder.

d) likely to feel more respected and supported by the therapist.

a) more likely to drop out of therapy.

Cindy’s therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy’s therapist practices

a) psychodynamic therapy.
b) humanistic therapy.
c) behavioral therapy.
d) cognitive therapy.

d) cognitive therapy.

Catatonia

a) is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

b) means giving personal meaning to completely random events.

c) refers to false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.

d) refers to sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

a) is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?

a) Neuroleptic drugs treat the causes of schizophrenia, not its symptoms.

b) Neuroleptic drugs have substantially increased the length of hospital stays for individuals with schizophrenia.

c) Neuroleptic drugs are widely used to treat bipolar disorder.

d) If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

d) If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred’s fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

a) specific phobia
b) generalized anxiety disorder
c) social anxiety disorder
d) post-traumatic stress disorder

a) specific phobia

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

a) symptom-oriented
b) nondirective
c) skill-development
d) insight-oriented

b) nondirective

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems?

a) psychodynamic therapies
b) humanistic therapies
c) social learning therapies
d) biological therapies

a) psychodynamic therapies

Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat

a) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b) major depressive disorder.
c) schizophrenia.
d) panic disorder.

c) schizophrenia.

The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by

a) damage to DNA.

b) the body’s lowered resistance to stress and disease.

c) biological constraints on cell division.

d) nutritional deficiencies.

a) damage to DNA.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

a) conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

b) conception, embryonic period, zygote, fetal period

c) conception, fetal period, embryonic period, zygote

d) conception, fetal period, zygote, embryonic period

a) conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain?

a) Because of the quick development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents display stronger cognitive skills to control their impulses.

b) Adolescents display fewer emotions due to the slow growth of the amygdala.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

d) The developmental disjunction in the brain accounts for reduced risk-taking behavior of adolescents.

c) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their
a) 20s.
b) 30s.
c) 40s.
d) 50s.

a) 20s.

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

a) the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

b) the prefrontal cortex is developed earlier than the amygdala.

c) growth in the hippocampus is halted.

d) the corpus callosum becomes severed.

a) the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Baby Janice knows that when she is put in the highchair, it is time to eat. So when her father puts her in the highchair and hands her a book, Janice puts the corner of the book in her mouth. According to Piaget, Janice’s behavior can be best explained by

a) schematic thinking.
b) the assimilation process.
c) the accommodation process.
d) deferred imitation.

b) the assimilation process.

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to

a) accommodate in later life.

b) see things from the point of view of another person.

c) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

d) retain earlier schemas when confronted with new experiences.

c) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

Twelve-year-old Jennifer believes that she is unique and cannot be harmed. She thinks others are preoccupied with her and that they are watching her always. This best illustrates Piaget’s concept of

a) accommodation.
b) object permanence.
c) conservation.
d) egocentrism.

d) egocentrism.

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) egocentric

c) concrete operational

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has most likely reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) formal operational
d) object permanence

c) formal operational

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?

a) Julius, who always dresses neatly but not very stylishly

b) Patrick, who displays superior cognitive functioning and IQ

c) Archie, who maintains a very good romantic relationship with his girlfriend

d) Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

d) Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

a) Bert will be happier than Ernie.

b) Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

c) Bert is less neurotic than Ernie.

d) Ernie has been denied unconditional positive regard.

b) Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?

a) Neuroticism is low in anxious and insecure individuals.

b) Neuroticism is high when a person is positive.

c) Neuroticism is high when a person is emotionally stable.

d) Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.

d) Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.

_____ is a person’s assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of his or her life in general.

a) Unconditional positive regard
b) Self-efficacy
c) An archetype
d) Subjective well-being

d) Subjective well-being

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness?

a) Edmund, who suffers in silence

b) Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance

c) Peter, who experiences more negative than positive emotions

d) Alvin, who loves talking to many people constantly

b) Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

a) internal/external causes
b) known/unknown causes
c) regular/irregular causes
d) consistent/inconsistent causes

a) internal/external causes

A _____ is a generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

a) stereotype
b) hypothesis
c) proposition
d) classification

a) stereotype

Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the of attitudes

a) evolutionary theory.
b) social learning theory.
c) self-perception theory.
d) social identity theory.

c) self-perception theory.

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers’ expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

a) cognitive dissonance theory
b) the butterfly effect
c) self-fulfilling prophecy
d) self-serving bias

c) self-fulfilling prophecy

Attribution theory

a) is an explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes.

b) views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

c) suggests that we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.

d) is a theory of social comparison which posits that when individuals lack objective means to evaluate their opinions and abilities, they compare themselves with others.

b) views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

a) Egoism
b) Altruism
c) Ethnocentrism
d) Utilitarianism

a) Egoism

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

a) low levels of hostility
b) low levels of irritability
c) low levels of neuroticism
d) low levels of conscientiousness

d) low levels of conscientiousness

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

a) It states that besides frustration, no other experiences can cause aggression.

b) It states that frustration always leads to aggression.

c) It states that aggression usually leads to obedience.

d) It states that aggression stems from an attitude of altruism.

b) It states that frustration always leads to aggression.

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

a) relational aggression.
b) institutional aggression.
c) overt aggression.
d) physical aggression.

a) relational aggression.

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting

a) relational aggression.
b) subtle aggression.
c) overt aggression.
d) covert aggression.

c) overt aggression.

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

a) proximity
b) similarity
c) physical attractiveness
d) reciprocity

a) proximity

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying

a) romantic love.
b) affectionate love.
c) the mere exposure effect.
d) passionate love.

b) affectionate love.

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?

a) crowd psychology
b) herd mentality
c) crowdsourcing
d) groupthink

c) crowdsourcing

The tendency to favor one’s own cultural group over other groups is called

a) social identity.
b) ethnocentrism.
c) deindividuation.
d) groupthink.

b) ethnocentrism.

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

a) equity.
b) physical attractiveness.
c) the availability of attractive alternative partners.
d) passionate love.

a) equity.

The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

a) Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)

b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

c) International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10)

d) Latin American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis (GLDP)

b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT

a) behavior that is deviant.

b) behavior that is maladaptive.

c) behavior that is inconsistent.

d) behavior that involves personal distress over a long period of time.

c) behavior that is inconsistent.

The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

a) psychological
b) sociocultural
c) biological
d) evolutionary

c) biological

Thirty-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he will need later, so his home is filled with old junk. Armand’s neighbors have complained about this and he feels embarrassed. Which criteria that define abnormality is applicable in this case?

a) Armand’s behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture and is distressing for him.

b) Armand’s behavior has drawn the attention of other people.

c) Armand’s behavior suggests that he is schizophrenic.

d) Saving junk suggests that Armand is paranoid.

a) Armand’s behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture and is distressing for him.

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna’s doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob’s diagnosis, Jenna’s depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the

a) sociocultural approach.
b) biological approach.
c) psychological approach.
d) social cognitive approach.

b) biological approach.

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

a) reduced interest or pleasure in all or most activities.

b) significant weight gain or loss.

c) trouble sleeping or sleeping too much.

d) a history of manic episodes.

d) a history of manic episodes.

Depressive disorders are _____, whereas bipolar disorder is _____.

a) more common among men/equally common in men and women

b) more common among women/equally common in men and women

c) equally common in men and women/more common among women

d) equally common in men and women/more common among men

b) more common among women/equally common in men and women

It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from

a) major depressive disorder.
b) bipolar disorder.
c) social anxiety disorder.
d) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

a) major depressive disorder.

_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

a) Major depressive disorder
b) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
c) Bipolar disorder
d) Generalized anxiety disorder

c) Bipolar disorder

Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily’s psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can’t sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with

a) major depressive disorder.
b) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
c) bipolar disorder.
d) schizophrenia.

c) bipolar disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

a) In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

b) Individuals with DID have two or more ambiguous personalities with overlapping memories and behaviors.

c) The majority of individuals who have been sexually abused develop DID.

d) The vast majority of individuals with DID are men.

a) In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

a) dissociative amnesia
b) dissociative identity disorder
c) dissociative fugue
d) schizophrenia

b) dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

a) bipolar disorder.
b) post-traumatic stress disorder.
c) antisocial personality disorder.
d) panic disorder.

b) post-traumatic stress disorder.

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a) a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

b) excessive levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

c) a very small cerebral cortex.

d) very few receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin.

a) a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

a) Dissociative amnesia
b) Dissociative identity disorder
c) Dissociative fugue
d) Schizophrenia

b) Dissociative identity disorder

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

a) Social anxiety disorder
b) Anorexia nervosa
c) Generalized anxiety disorder
d) Schizophrenia

d) Schizophrenia

A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing

a) a delusion.
b) a hallucination.
c) a mirage.
d) flat affect.

a) a delusion.

When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing

a) hallucinations.
b) delusions.
c) mirages.
d) catatonia.

a) hallucinations.

All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT

a) hallucinations.
b) delusions.
c) referential thinking.
d) flat affect.

d) flat affect.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

a) a person who shows an excessive attachment to moral codes and is excessively orderly in daily life

b) a person who is prone to mood swings, excessive self-criticism, and extreme judgment of others

c) a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

d) a person who perceives himself as helpless and depends on others for emotional and physical needs

c) a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?

a) College students who experience negative symptoms of schizophrenia are very susceptible to mental-health issues.

b) Doctors are always correct in their diagnosis of schizophrenia.

c) Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

d) If you are treated for schizophrenia at an early age, you are likely to recover fully.

c) Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

a) Schizophrenia
b) Dissociative identity disorder
c) Antisocial personality disorder
d) Borderline personality disorder

d) Borderline personality disorder

The Americans with Disabilities Act

a) made it illegal to hold social stigmas against those with mental disorders.

b) made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person’s condition does not prevent performance of the job’s essential functions.

c) was designed to eliminate the cultural stereotypes of people with mental disorders.

d) was designed to provide additional healthcare coverage to people with mental disorders who were stereotyped as violent.

b) made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person’s condition does not prevent performance of the job’s essential functions.

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?

a) borderline personality disorder
b) narcissistic personality disorder
c) antisocial personality disorder
d) schizotypal personality disorder

c) antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?

a) self-efficacy
b) insight
c) self-awareness
d) cultural sensitivity

a) self-efficacy

Integrative therapy is most compatible with the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

a) psychodynamic
b) humanistic
c) biopsychosocial
d) cognitive

c) biopsychosocial

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE?

a) Psychosurgery is a biological therapy that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual’s adjustment.

b) A prefrontal lobotomy is a type of psychosurgery that involves severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe and the thalamus.

c) The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

d) Present-day psychosurgery involves making just a small lesion in the amygdala or another part of the limbic system.

c) The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered the drug Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug?

a) nervousness
b) increased appetite
c) memory difficulties
d) suicidal thoughts

c) memory difficulties

In addition to providing treatment for depression, antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for

a) schizophrenia.
b) anxiety disorders and eating disorders.
c) dissociative amnesia.
d) antisocial personality disorder.

b) anxiety disorders and eating disorders.

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