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The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called: |
differential association theory |
|
What do we call norm violations that are codified into law? |
crimes |
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In the United States, legislatures, police, courts, and prisons make up the: |
criminal justice system |
|
What system of stratification is commonly used in capitalist societies? |
social class |
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What do sociologists call awareness of our own and others’ class statuses? |
class consciousness |
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Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit? |
meritocracy |
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A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another is: |
racism |
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An action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his membership in a racial or ethnic group is called: |
discrimination |
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The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group’s political borders is called: |
internal colonialism |
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People who see gender as immutable and deriving solely from biology are called: |
essentialists. |
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How is patriarchy defined? |
male domination |
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The roles, traits, and behaviors that are associated with a particular gender are called: |
Gender identity |
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What two roles did the structuralist Talcott Parsons identify within the family? |
Instrumental and expressive |
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According to Friedrich Engels, how do capitalists benefit from a patriarchal system? |
… |
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The process of learning behavior and meanings through social interaction is called: |
social learning |
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Social movements organized around a belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called: |
Feminism |
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According to Talcott Parsons and other functionalists, which role are women better suited for? |
the expressive role. |
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The family member who is task driven, bread winning, and authoritative is taking the ____________ role. |
instrumental |
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When does gender role socialization begin? |
before birth |
|
How do teachers treat boys and girls differently? |
They are more than likely to allow boys to interrupt them and give boys more praise, criticism and suggestions for remediation that girls. |
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Who is most likely to be mocked by their peers for violating gender norms? |
children especially boys |
|
In terms of health and life expectancy, what is "the great equalizer"? |
Smoking |
|
Which of the following disorders occurs more often in women than in men? |
… |
|
For what two categories of crime are women more likely to be arrested than men? |
prostitution and running away |
|
Why are female runaways more likely to be reported as missing by their parents? |
Girls are seen as weak and needing protection. |
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A political system that denies ordinary people participation or representation in their government is called? |
authoritarian |
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The methods and tactics of managing a political entity are called: |
politics |
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What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting? |
disenfranchisement |
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Organizations formed expressly to raise and spend money in order to influence elected officials are called: |
special interest groups |
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What is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to it members? |
education |
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When students are tested, and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.), this process is called: |
tracking |
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Public schools that are run by private entities are called: |
charter schools |
|
Schools that blend high school and college are called: |
… |
|
Why do critics object to school vouchers? |
Do not improve public education-do opposite and drain funds |
|
New innovations in farming like mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation were part of what macro-level social change? |
… |
|
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? |
… |
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Someone who works primarily with information and develops or uses knowledge in the workplace is called: |
knowledge worker |
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Which of the following is one of the primary principles of capitalism? |
… |
|
The economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production and collective distribution of goods and services is called: |
socialism |
|
What are the benefits of telecommuting? |
Businesses get increased productivity and fewer sick days. |
|
Tactics that let workers take back some degree of control over the conditions in which they work are called: |
resistance strategies |
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What effect did the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 have on unions? |
It instituted limits on secondary strikes and boycotts. |
|
The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called: |
globalization |
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Firms that purposely transcend national borders so that their products can be manufactured at sites all over the world are called: |
transnational corporations |
|
what is a sweatshop? |
A workplace where workers are subject to extreme exploitation, including below-standard wages, long hours, and poor working conditions that may pose health or safety hazards (page 342) |
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According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as: |
a sweatshop |
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Why would a company outsource or contract out labor they might otherwise employ their own staff to perform? |
It’s cheaper |
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The ability to direct one’s individual destiny is: |
autonomy |
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What is the group of nonprofit organizations that are designed to run as cost effectively as possible and to direct any earnings back into the causes they support called? |
… |
|
Differential Association Theory |
… |
|
Crime |
… |
|
Criminal justice system |
… |
|
Social Class |
… |
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