Final.7

The inattentive or shadow encoding of events

absentmindedness

A deficit in long-term memory, resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma, in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information from long-term memory. (See page 300)

amnesia

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories

anterograde amnesia

The temporary inability to remember something that is known.

blocking

A failure to notice large changes in one's environment.

change blindness

Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

chunking

The unintended false recollection of episodic memories

confabulation

A process by which immediate memories become lasting (or long-term) memories

consolidation

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

cryptomnesia

The cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

declarative memory

The processing of information so that it can be stored

encoding

The idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience

encoding specificity principle

Memory for one's personal past experiences.

episodic memory

The system underlying conscious memories

explicit memory

Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event.

flashbulb memories

The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

forgetting

the system underlying unconscious memories

implicit memory

The relatively permanent storage of information

long-term memory

The nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge.

memory

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.

memory bias

Learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues.

mnemonics

Processing multiple types of information at the same time.

parallel processing

The continual recurrence of unwanted memories.

persistence

When prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

proactive interference

A type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

procedural memory

Remembering to do something at some future time.

prospective memory

Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval.

reconsolidation

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed.

retrieval

Anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall information stored in long-term memory.

retrieval cue

When new information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

retroactive interference

A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information.

retrograde amnesia

Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information

schemas

Memory for knowledge about the world.

semantic memory

A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form.

sensory memory

The ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle.

serial position effect

A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness.

short-term memory

A type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information.

source amnesia

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory.

source misattribution

The retention of encoded representations over time.

storage

The development of biased memories from misleading information.

suggestibility

Forgetting over time.

transience

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use

working memory

Three steps in memory information processing

encoding storage retrieval

The storage phase of information processing lasts:
A. a fraction of a second C. several minutes
B. several seconds D. variable amounts of time

d

The idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is called:
A. concurrent storage C. connectivity
B. equity of distribution D. equipotentiality

d

Sleep disturbances disrupt memory because of:
A. consolidation C. consciousness
B. transience D. analogies

a

Lashley's idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is contradicted by the idea of:
A. equipotentiality C. fire together, wire together
B. consolidation D. concurrent storage

c

When you recall a memory of your best friend's face, you are activating the cortical circuits in the
_____ cortex involved in _____ her face.
A. visual; storing C. spatial; storing
B. visual; perceiving D. spatial; perceiving

b

Memory is stored in which area of the brain?
A. hippocampus C. amygdala
B. cerebellum D. all of the above

d

Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of:
A. retrieval C. consolidation
B. encoding D. rehearsal

c

When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and
strengthening the connections among neurons is the:
A. medial temporal lobe C. left frontal lobe
B. posterior parietal lobe D. right temporal lobe

a

In Treisman's model of visual attention, primitive features can be analyzed in parallel because:
A. a single system can handle all features simultaneously
B. separate systems analyze different features simultaneously
C. separate systems do rapid serial processing that mimics parallel processing
D. a single system focuses on a small subset of features simultaneously

b

Filter theory was developed to explain:
A. change blindness
B. the selective nature of attention
C. the processing of personally irrelevant information
D. shadowing

b

Children with attention deficit disorder are distracted by everything in the environment rather than
being able to choose what they want to focus on. These children are lacking in:
A. divided attention C. selective attention
B. automatic processing D. controlled processing

c

Broadbent's filter theory of attention assumed that selective attention was necessary because people
have limited _____ capacity and thus must focus on the most _____ information.
A. short-term memory; important C. short-term memory; transient
B. sensory memory; important D. sensory memory; transient

b

Storage in this memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience:
A. short-term memory C. sensory memory
B. long-term memory D. all of the above

c

You see all of a written word simultaneously, but you hear a spoken word over time. The memory that
accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is:
A. iconic memory C. working memory
B. sensory memory D. short-term memory

b

Animation works by presenting still pictures rapidly enough that they merge in iconic memory. How
much time can elapse between each successive picture if animation is to work?
A. several minutes C. 1/3 of a second
B. 1/1000th of a second D. variable amounts of time

c

When you read, your eyes fixate for a fraction ofa second, and then jump to a new point in the text.
Your reading experience is continuous because during the jump, the information from the last eye
fixation is held in:
A. short-term memory C. sensory memory
B. working memory D. echoic memory

c

In order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information, one experience is kept
in the brain while we move to the next experience. This overlap is a function of:
A. short-term memory C. working memory
B. long-term memory D. sensory memory

d

A children's flipbook consists of a series of pictures of Mickey Mouse with his feet in slightly
different positions. If you look at the pages one at a time, slowly, all you see are the individual
pictures of Mickey. However, if you flip the pages quickly, you see Mickey running. This illusion is
due to storage of the successive pictures in:
A. sensory memory C. working memory
B. echoic memory D. short-term memory

a

While you are at the movies, the person sitting nextto you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part
of an actor's line. However, you believe that you have heard the entire sentence, including the part
masked by the cough. Your perception is possible because of:
A. long-term memory C. iconic memory
B. sensory memory D. maintenance rehearsal

b

You are reading a book, and your friend John asks you a question. By the time you ask, "What did you
say?" you hear his question. This effect is due to storage of information in the _____ for audition.
A. short-term memory C. working memory
B. long-term memory D. sensory memory

d

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone, you realize that you do not have a pen to write
it down. Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your
short-term memory?
A. about half a minute C. less than half a second
B. several minutes D. less than 1 second

a

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the acronym OCEAN, where each
letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism). These students are using:
A. hierarchies C. chunking
B. linkage D. primitive features

c

Colt is an excellent quarterback. One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not
just as individuals, but as units that can be called on to make different plays. This skill enables him to
process the game more efficiently and to hold moreinformation about the game in his short-term
memory. Colt is using the memory strategy of:
A. visualization C. chunking
B. imaging D. linking

c

The brain is selective about the information thatgets stored in long-term memory. This selectivity
may be evolutionarily advantageous because:
A. only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory
B. information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized
C. increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence
D. selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory

b

Even though he has already memorized his notes, Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks
before the exam. This strategy is likely to _____ his performance due to _____.
A. hurt; cramming C. help; cramming
B. hurt; spreading out his practice D. help; spreading out his practice

d

Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own
experiences. According to the levels of processing model of memory, this would be considered:
A. deep processing C. shallow processing
B. consolidation D. transfiguration

a

Shannon has a biology exam next week. To be sure that she really knows the material, she should:
A. cram the night before the test C. make up multiple-choice questions
B. test herself on the material D. use maintenance rehearsal

b

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions. According to an evolutionary
perspective, this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions:
A. make information easier to rehearse
B. emphasize information important to survival
C. increase consolidation of information
D. act as mnemonics for information

b

Even though they probably look at coins on a daily basis, most people are unlikely to be able to
correctly identify which coin is a real quarterfrom an array of possible quarters because:
A. people do not pay attention to pennies
B. people do not pay attention to quarters
C. memories are transient
D. other things interfere with the memory of the quarter

b

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material, you will
learn more from _____ because of the increased _____ time.
A. reviewing; rehearsal C. testing; retrieval
B. reviewing; retrieval D. testing; rehearsa

c

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election.
Kumar's search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his:
A. working memory C. short-term memory
B. sensory memory D. long-term memory

d

Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes
that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish
information. He is incorrect because:
A. different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in
different parts of memory
B. the students' names would have been stored in short-term memory
C. long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information
D. the students' names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with
different information

c

In a serial position curve, words that are not part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are:
A. forgotten C. stored but not consolidated
B. only partially learned D. unprocessed

a

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:
A. brain damage can leave one butnot the other memory intact
B. recent events are remembered better than most past events
C. recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not
D. the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot

a

When you hear a story about a person you know, you will _____, which may lead to _____.
A. activate a script; additional recall of information you know about the person when you
are asked to retell the story
B. activate a schema; additional recall of information you know about the person when you
are asked to retell the story
C. activate a script; poorer understanding of the story
D. attach it to existing memories about the person; perfect memory of the story

b

Consider the many ways in which you could organize the books in your library. You could sort them
into groups with the same color cover. You could alphabetize them by the authors' last names or by
the titles of the books. You could also sort theminto groups with common themes. Which of these
ways of organizing your library would be most like the way in which memories are organized in
long-term memory?
A. alphabetize by title C. alphabetize by authors' names
B. group by common theme D. group by common color

b

Fayd is studying for his English literature exam. For each novel he has read for the course, he tries to
think of how the novel relates to his own life. Thisactivity requires that he really think about the
themes and characters in the book. Fayd is using the mnemonic strategy of:
A. maintenance rehearsal C. chunking
B. practice D. elaborative rehearsal

d

Shushant makes up a rhyme to remember what she needs to buy at the grocery store, "Garrett said to
buy milk and bread." Shushant is trying to remember her list by using:
A. maintenance rehearsal C. elaborative rehearsal
B. acoustic rehearsal D. linkage rehearsal

c

Suppose you need to learn the following list: "pen, ship, log, cup, paper, radio, rose, sun, chair, glass,
fork, wave." Which of the following types ofstudy would lead you to the best recall?
A. count the number of vowels in each word
B. relate each word to a fond childhood memory
C. think about whether each word rhymes with den
D. passively listen to the list while counting backward from 100 by 3s

b

Geoff is trying to remember his shopping list byrepeating the items over and over again to himself.
He is using:
A. maintenance rehearsal C. elaborative rehearsal
B. acoustic rehearsal D. linkage rehearsal

a

Research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when
the memory is formed. These earlier beliefs are part of cognitive:
A. nodes C. biases
B. schemas D. frames

b

Sergio tells Monica that his roommate goes to a lot of parties. After this conversation, Monica tells
Genevra that Sergio's roommate drinks a great deal. Monica believes this about Sergio's roommate
because:
A. she used her schema of a party person
B. she did not remember what Sergio had told her
C. she is biased against people who like to party
D. her elaboration made the story more interesting

a

Your friend James asks you to entertain his youngersister when she comes to visit him at school. He
tells you that his sister is great fun but quite shy. As a result, you decide to take his sister to a concert
rather than to a big party. In making this decision, you used your:
A. episodic memory of things you had enjoyed in high school
B. semantic memory of things to do on campus
C. schemas in memory of people who are shy
D. autobiographical memories of visiting your older brother

c

Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the
material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning. As the class progresses, the
information seems to become better structured, and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret
new material. One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing _____
that allow them to make sense of, organize, and utilize information in memory.
A. prototypes C. frames
B. schemas D. feature lists

b

Cognitive structures that helpus perceive, organize, process, and use information are referred to as:
A. sensory memory C. working memory
B. schemas D. none of the above

b

A psychologist who agreed with associative network theories would suggest that the best way to set
up a computer hard drive to mimic human memorywould be to organize the information into:
A. alphabetically tagged files C. temporally flagged files
B. nested files D. hierarchical files

d

According to associative network theories, concepts in memory are localized in:
A. nodes C. feature lists
B. associations D. feature hierarchies

a

According to the network of association theory, what words would come to mind when you hear the
trigger word red?
A. rose; fire engine C. cherry; police car
B. flower; vehicle D. pansy; toy wagon

a

On his way to get an afternoon snack, Jed walks by a billboard advertising hamburgers. He had
intended to order an ice cream cone, but instead orders french fries. According to the spreading
activation model, the hamburger made Jed want french fries because:
A. hamburgers and french fries are part of the prospective memory
B. hamburgers activated the nodes for french fries
C. hamburgers were encoded with french fries
D. hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory

b

Consider a psychology experiment where someone isasked to say, as rapidly as possible, whether a
sentence appearing on a computer screen is true orfalse. Research has shown that people will be
faster to say that it is true that a sandal is a shoe than to say that it is true that a sandal is a piece of
clothing. Which model of human memorycould easily account for this finding?
A. levels of processing model C. prototype model
B. modal memory model D. spreading activation model

d

When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the
way her house smells triggers the memory. This phenomenon is referred to as:
A. context-dependent memory C. memory nodes
B. an association network D. none of the above

a

Karl's grandmother, who came from Poland, died when he was three. He can remember very little
about her. In fact, he has no conscious memories of the wonderful Polish food she used to cook. One
day, Karl walks by a Polish restaurant and is flooded with memories of his grandmother. The food
served as a _____ for Karl's memories of his grandmother.
A. mnemonic C. frame
B. mental image D. retrieval cue

d

The encoding specificity principle states that:
A. only similar kinds of information can be encoded together
B. anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information
C. similar kinds of information are encoded into common schemas
D. associative networks are formed of similarly encoded pieces of information

b

The memory enhancement that occurs when the situations during encoding and recall match is called
_____ memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when the internal states during encoding and
recall match is called _____ memory.
A. context-dependent; state-dependent C. episodic; semantic
B. semantic; episodic D. state-dependent; context-dependent

a

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam
than if you had studied somewhere else. This outcome occurs because of _____ memory, which is a
form of _____.
A. context-dependent; hierarchical storage C. context-dependent; encoding specificity
B. state-dependent; hierarchical storage D. state-dependent; encoding specificity

c

Samantha has just broken up with her boyfriend and is feeling very sad. She resolves to change her
mood by thinking about happy things, but finds that she just keeps remembering other sad things.
Samantha's experience can best be explained in terms of:
A. context-dependent memory C. depth of processing
B. cognitive schemas D. state-dependent memory

d

People usually remember how many days there are in the months of September, October, and May by
using:
A. verbal mnemonics C. semantic memory
B. episodic memory D. elaborative retrieval

a

An older view of human memory argued that all memories were essentially of the same type. Newer
views disagree, arguing that memories involve different:
A. strengths C. interacting systems
B. types of neurons D. independent processes

c

The memory of your weddingday is an example of a(n):
A. procedural memory C. episodic memory
B. declarative memory D. semantic memory

c

If someone asks you who is running for president, you will answer from your _____ memory. If
someone asks who you plan to vote for, you will answer from your _____ memory.
A. episodic; semantic C. procedural; explicit
B. semantic; episodic D. explicit; procedural

b

Akila's brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of Texas and Montana. She instantly
knows that the capital of Texas is Austin, and she does not know the capital of Montana. Akila is
using her _____ memory to retrieve _____ memories.
A. explicit; declarative C. episodic; autobiographical
B. implicit; tacit D. procedural; semantic

a

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of the
50 states, then you have excellent _____ memory but somewhat poor _____ memory.
A. episodic; semantic C. procedural; explicit
B. semantic; episodic D. explicit; procedural

a

One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal. In this
way, you are taking advantage of your _____ memory to aid retrieval from your _____ memory.
A. implicit; explicit C. episodic; semantic
B. semantic; episodic D. explicit; implicit

c

Patient H.M. suffered from seizures and had part of his medial temporal lobes removed. As a result,
he could no longer:
A. remember his past C. form new explicit memories
B. form new implicit memories D. remember anything at all

c

Understanding how to serve a ball in tennis involves _____ memory, but actually serving the ball
involves _____ memory.
A. declarative; procedural C. procedural; declarative
B. episodic; procedural D. procedural; episodic

a

People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to list the steps involved in
putting on that shirt. This difference suggests that_____ memory is more useful in getting dressed
than _____ memory.
A. declarative; procedural C. episodic; semantic
B. procedural; declarative D. semantic; episodic

b

As a research participant, you read a list of names of unknown individuals. On another day, you read a
list that includes some of those names, and you are asked if anyone on the list is famous. According to
the _____, you will remember the individuals from the first list as famous.
A. procedural memory schema C. shadowing effect
B. prospective memory effect D. false fame effect

d

Attitude formation falls under which memory category?
A. implicit C. semantic
B. explicit D. episodic

a

On the bus last week, Kyohei heard two women talking about someone named Enisa for the entire 30
minutes of the trip. Today, the woman sitting next to Kyohei in class told her friend that Enisa was
coming. Kyohei assumed that Enisa was someone famous and wondered why she did not know her.
Kyohei is experiencing the:
A. misinformation effect C. false fame effect
B. repetition priming effect D. source attribution effect

c

Many movies involve product placement. For example, the main character in a movie may drink only
Dr. Pepper. Companies pay for product placement because they assume that it increases the likelihood
that audience members will later buy the product. Ifa person's shopping is unconsciously influenced
by the appearance of a product in a movie, this effect is likely due to existence of the item in:
A. explicit memory C. implicit memory
B. semantic memory D. procedural memory

c

Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of which type of memory?
A. declarative C. sensory
B. procedural D. explicit

b

Ivaylo goes skiing after many years away from the sport. What kind of memory makes it possible for
him to get back on the slopes without taking new skiing lessons?
A. declarative memory C. explicit memory
B. episodic memory D. procedural memory

d

Your father has not ridden a bicycle since he was in college, about 20 years ago. Your father's
remembering how to ride the bike without falling will call upon _____ memory. His remembering the
names of the parts of the bike will call upon _____ memory.
A. episodic; declarative C. procedural; semantic
B. semantic; episodic D. declarative; episodic

c

Sue is trying to remember how to complete a motor task, Joe is trying to remember an event that
occurred in the past, and Mark is trying to remember the capital of Oklahoma. Joe is using _____
memory, Sue is using _____ memory, and Mark is using _____ memory.
A. procedural; semantic; episodic C. episodic; procedural; semantic
B. episodic; semantic; procedural D. episodic; declarative; procedural

c

Remembering that he needed to pick up milk on the way home from work, Jon is using his _____
memory system.
A. implicit C. prospective
B. procedural D. explicit

c

How does prospective memory limit the cognitive resources available for other tasks?
A. It reduces the available capacity of working memory.
B. It interferes with retrieval from long-term memory.
C. It causes confusion in encoding items in short-term memory.
D. It disrupts information in sensory memory.

a

If a retrieval cue is present in the environment,then a(n) _____ process is used to recall a prospective
memory. If a retrieval cue is not present, then a(n) _____ process is used to recall the prospective
memory.
A. automatic; automatic C. controlled; automatic
B. controlled; controlled D. automatic; controlled

d

Which of the following actions isan example of prospective memory?
A. learning history dates for your test tomorrow
B. daydreaming about your date next Friday night
C. planning to stop for a library book on your way home
D. deciding which of several things you will do this weekend

c

When Rhuju walks past the chemistry building, she remembers that she has a lab report due the next
day. The chemistry building served as a _____ that _____ triggered her prospective memory.
A. priming stimulus; automatically C. retrieval cue; automatically
B. priming stimulus; consciously D. retrieval cue; consciously

c

The inability to retrieve information from long-term memory is:
A. forgetting C. inattention
B. memory loss D. none of the above

a

Peter took an Italian class in college, but forgot much of what he knew. Before his honeymoon to
Italy, he took another class so that he could get along while there. If he learns information more
quickly this time around, you would say that _____ is helpful because it results in _____.
A. recognition; traces C. relearning; savings
B. relearning; return D. reconstruction; savings

c

Aaron took calculus as a freshman in high school, but he is now taking it again as a college senior to
fulfill requirements for his major. Based on your knowledge of memory, you could predict that the
material would take _____ in his college class as it did in his high school class.
A. as much effort and as much time to learn C. as much effort but less time to learn
B. less effort but as much time to learn D. less effort and less time to learn

d

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven sins of memory?
A. blocking C. absentmindedness
B. bias D. boredom

d

According to Schacter, blocking is a type of _____, whereas misattribution is a type of_____.
A. forgetting; distortion C. forgetting; forgetting
B. distortion; forgetting D. distortion; distortion

a

You memorize your four-digit PIN number for yourbank card, but you also store this number on your
phone. You keep your bank card and your phone in your backpack, and a thief steals your backpack.
When you get your new bank card, you have to make up a new PIN, but every time you try to
withdraw money, you can only remember the old PIN. What best explains this combination of
remembering and forgetting?
A. schemas C. amnesia
B. decay D. interference

d

Most forgetting is due to _____ not _____.
A. decay; interference C. transience; absentmindedness
B. interference; transience D. absentmindedness; transience

b

Forgetting over time is referred to as:
A. bias C. transience
B. blocking D. absentmindedness

c

You are following the plot of a complicated Shakespeare play quite clearly while you are watching it.
However, the next week you find that you cannot remember the details. Your loss of memory is most
likely due to:
A. transience C. blocking
B. interference D. absentmindedness

a

Your school requires you to change your e-mail password every 3 months. Now, when you try to
remember the new password, you can only remember the old one. This effect is most likely due to:
A. blocking C. interference
B. transience D. anterograde amnesia

c

You study Spanish during your freshman and sophomore years of college, but then take a Portuguese
class your senior year. You have trouble learning Portuguese because of all the Spanish you learned.
This effect is most likely due to:
A. proactive interference C. relearning
B. retroactive interference D. both B and C

a

Jacob learned French in high school and is now learning Spanish incollege. He finds that sometimes
when he intends to write a Spanish word he instead writes a French word. Jacob's problem is due to:
A. blocking C. proactive interference
B. persistence D. retroactive interference

c

Jon is trying to remember his class schedule from last semester, but he keeps thinking of his current
classes instead. This phenomenon is an example of which type of interference?
A. retroactive C. blocking
B. proactive D. absentmindedness

a

Sally used to live in a small town in Iowa, but she moved to New York City about 10 years ago. When
she sends holiday cards to her friends in Iowa, she has trouble remembering their zip codes and can
think of only ones in New York. This phenomenon is most likely due to:
A. retroactive interference C. proactive interference
B. retrograde amnesia D. anterograde amnesia

a

Nadia changed her computer password on Monday. OnFriday, she realizes that she failed to change
the password in one system. When she tries to get in with her old password, she cannot remember it;
her new password keeps coming to mind. Nadia's problem is due to:
A. blocking C. proactive interference
B. persistence D. retroactive interference

d

Your roommate asks you which section of political science you are taking next semester. You have
just registered, and you confidently turn to tell her the section. You are astonished to realize that you
cannot remember. Your memory lapse is an example of:
A. change blindness C. blocking
B. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon D. absentmindedness

c

You start to answer an exam question. Even though you know the word for the answer, you cannot
remember it. You can remember the shape of the word, the first letter, where on the page of your notes
the word is, but not the word itself. You are suffering from:
A. change blindness C. suggestibility
B. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon D. absentmindedness

b

Why do people sometimes fail to remember an uncommon word, but have a feeling that it is on the
"tip-of-the-tongue"?
A. interference from words similar in sound C. both A and B
B. blocking D. persistence

c

The difference between absentmindedness and blocking is that in absentmindedness the information
is:
A. less deeply encoded C. more vulnerable to suggestibility
B. lacking in hierarchical organization D. less well rehearsed

a

Inattention and shallow encoding can often result in _____, which leads to forgetting.
A. blocking C. absentmindedness
B. transience D. all of the above

c

Sam has to buy his girlfriend something for her birthday. One of the main reasons that Sam could
forget to do this is _____ due to _____.
A. absentmindedness; decay C. absentmindedness; shallow encoding
B. transience; chunking D. transience; shallow encoding

c

Amnesia is caused by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. brain injury C. disease
B. coma D. trauma

b

In the context of memory, persistence is:
A. transience C. unwanted remembering
B. a type of distortion D. PTSD

c

Melanie goes to the hospital emergency room hysterical and hurt because she has just been attacked.
If the ER doctor wants to be sure that Melanie will not develop posttraumatic stress disorder as a
result of the attack, he could give her _____, which block(s) postsynaptic _____ receptors.
A. antidepressants; glucose C. antidepressants; norepinephrine
B. propranolol; norepinephrine D. propranolol; glucose

b

Srimoyee and Richa, who are college seniors, are reminiscing about their high school prom. Srimoyee
enjoyed the prom, but it was not particularly important to her. For Richa, the prom was a very
significant event. That was the night her boyfriend told her that he was going to break up with her
because he had been secretly involved with Richa's best friend for quite a while. You would expect
that Srimoyee would have trouble _____ the prom and Richa would have trouble _____ the prom.
A. remembering; remembering C. forgetting; remembering
B. forgetting; forgetting D. remembering; forgetting

d

Which of the following phenomena does memory bias NOT result from?
A. The human tendency to exaggerate successes.
B. The human tendency to minimize failures.
C. The human tendency to have consistent beliefs.
D. The human tendency to accurately report events.

d

The tendency to make memories consistent with current beliefs or attitudes is referred to as:
A. confabulation C. persistence
B. repressed memories D. memory bias

d

At a party, you get into an argument with someone by making an insulting remark. The next day, you
remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually
to blame because of:
A. alcohol blocking C. memory bias
B. absentmindedness D. confabulation

c

After a group project, the teacher asks each group member to rate the contribution of everyone in the
group. All the group members have given their highest ratings to themselves. The teacher will be less
puzzled by this outcome if she understands the concept of:
A. alcohol blocking C. memory bias
B. absentmindedness D. confabulation

c

Javier convinces Suzanne to go with him to the sequel of a science fiction movie that he loved.
Though Suzanne does not like science fiction, she agrees to go because Javier has been raving about
the original movie for years. The sequel is terrible,but Javier sincerely praises it on the way home.
Javier's response to the movie represents:
A. false memory C. confabulation
B. memory bias D. rationalization

b

People often maintain stereotypes about groups even after they have met individuals who contradict
the stereotype. Given the phenomenon of memory bias, what might one reason be that a stereotype
does not change with new information?
A. The memory for the individual shifts in the direction of the stereotype.
B. Memories of the individual are incorrectly combined into new ones.
C. Other people with similar beliefs give false interpretations of the individual.
D. The person does not recognize the beliefs to be a stereotype.

a

Which of the following examples would be considered a flashbulb memory?
A. the death of Michael Jackson
B. the explosion of the Challenger
C. the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001
D. all of the above

d

You vividly remember what you were doing whenyou heard about the terrorist attacks that occurred
on September 11, 2001. What you remember is a _____memory and is therefore likely to be _____.
A. flashbulb; more accurate than memory for ordinary events
B. true; more accurate than memory for ordinary events
C. false; less accurate than memory for ordinary events
D. flashbulb; as accurate as memory for ordinary events

d

Your best friend's favorite hamster died while you and a new neighbor were there. The most vivid
memory of the event will be _____ because _____.
A. yours; you have the best perspective
B. the neighbor's; she was totally unbiased
C. your friend's; she was emotionally involved
D. the neighbor's; she was getting new information

c

As you are telling a funny story, your boyfriend keeps interrupting you to say things like, "No, it was
Sarah who said that, not LaToya." Eitheryou or your boyfriend is experiencing:
A. absentmindedness C. source misattribution
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

c

When a person incorrectly remembers the time, place, person, or circumstances involved in a memory,
he or she is experiencing:
A. absentmindedness C. source misattribution
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

c

Roel watches a spoof of the news on The Daily Show. The next week, he describes the event in the
spoof as having really happened. Roel's false belief that the news story was true is an example of:
A. absentmindedness C. suggestibility
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

d

Having a memory for an event but not being able to remember where the information was encountered
is referred to as:
A. cryptomnesia C. memory bias
B. source amnesia D. none of the above

b

laden has a memory of being given a wonderful teddy bear. She believes she is remembering her
second birthday, but she cannot remember for sure. The earliest birthday she could be remembering is
her _____ because until that time her _____ lobes were too immature.
A. third; frontal C. fifth; frontal
B. third; temporal D. fifth; temporal

a

Anita started to talk at 9 months and was speakingfluently by the time she was a year old; she crawled
at 13 months and was walking at 15 months. Xenia started to talk at 14 months and was speaking
fluently just after her second birthday; she crawled at 10 months and was walking by her first
birthday. One theory of childhood amnesia might predict that _____ will have memories from an
earlier age because of her _____.
A. Anita; better linguistic capacity C. Xenia; increased capacity to explore
B. Anita; cognitive precocity D. Xenia; higher level of motor skill

a

Laken takes a course in which her professor talks about Virginia Woolf's novel, To the Lighthouse.
The next semester, Laken writes a paper for another class on Virginia Woolf. In her paper, Laken uses
ideas that her earlier professor had presented, while believing that she has developed these ideas
herself. Laken's behavior comes from:
A. absentmindedness C. persistence
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

b

Jacob has to write an essay for his college writing class and decides to write about a boy who makes a
boat from popsicle sticks and sails it every day. When his teacher reads the essay, she realizes that
Jacob got the idea from a popular book. Jacob denies knowing about the story from a book and
honestly believes he thought of it himself. He is most likely suffering from:
A. a concussion C. source amnesia
B. cryptomnesia D. transience

b

Forgetting the store where you bought your blue sweater is analogous to _____. Thinking that the red
sweater is yours when you actually borrowed it from your sister is analogous to _____.
A. source misattribution; absentmindedness C. the sleeper effect; cryptomnesia
B. absentmindedness; source misattribution D. cryptomnesia; the sleeper effec

b

Eyewitness testimony is very convincing because people incorrectly assume that memory is like:
A. a video camera C. an interactive Web site
B. a live journal D. the evening news report

a

Raul saw a car crash on the way to campus. Yosep participated in a psychology experiment in which
he saw a film of a car crash. How accurate would you expect these memories to be, given the research
on event memory?
A. Yosep's memory will be more accurate than Raul's memory.
B. Raul's memory will be more accurate than Yosep's memory.
C. Raul and Yosep will have equally accurate memories.
D. Yosep's memory will be more accurate, but Raul's memory will be more vivid.

b

Jurors are listening to an eyewitness describea murder. Research on eyewitness testimony suggests
that the jurors will be:
A. good at judging the accuracy of the testimony
B. good at judging accuracy if the witness has detailed information
C. poor at judging accuracy if the witness lacks confidence
D. poor at judging the accuracy of the testimony in general

d

Many people who have been convicted of crimes based on eyewitness testimony are later found,
through DNA evidence, not to be guilty. Which of the following statements is a common reason for
why eyewitness testimony may lead to false convictions?
A. Eyewitness confidence is not a reliable indication of the accuracy of the story.
B. Eyewitnesses are usually not questioned seriously enough by the defense.
C. Eyewitnesses frequently lie to make their stories more dramatic.
D. Judges instruct juries to prioritize eyewitness testimony over other evidence.

a

When people look at faces of people of their own race there is moreactivation of the _____ than when
they look at faces of people of other races.
A. frontal cortex C. parietal face area
B. medial temporal cortex D. fusiform face area

d

Asking an eyewitnesses how tall or how short the suspect was could result in:
A. repressed memories C. suggestibility
B. confabulation D. cross-ethnic identification

c

A likely way in which suggestibility might cause new information to change an old memory is
through:
A. retroactive interference C. elaborative rehearsal
B. reconsolidation D. proactive interference

b

Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the
highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court?
A. Sue, who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it hit the car?"
B. Bob, who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it smashed into the car?"
C. Tom, who was asked, "What speed was the car going when the accident happened?"
D. both A and B

b

Alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. When the police question him, Alex says
the thief was wearing a red shirt. Later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the
blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies incourt, he describes the girl as having worn a blue
shirt. Alex's testimony at the trial shows the influence of:
A. suggestibility C. source misattribution
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

a

If you try to remember a list of words that relate to the idea of "sleep" and later report remembering
that you heard the word sleepin the list (even though it was not there), you are suffering from a(n):
A. repressed memory C. false memory
B. sleep disorder D. engram

c

As a participant in a memory experiment, Shamithia has been given a list of words: candy, sugar, tart,
pie,and honey. When she is later asked to recall the words on this list, Shamithia incorrectly recalls
one of the words. Which of the following words is she most likely to FALSELY recall?
A. sweet C. bee
B. cake D. tort

a

Jaimie has a very vivid memory of her first birthday party. She remembers that she wore a frilly pink
dress, had a cake shaped like a pony, and received a big white teddy bear as a gift. Jaimie's detailed
memory is probably due to:
A. the uniqueness of the memory C. stories her family told her
B. the strong emotional content D. an abundance of retrieval cues

c

Trey's girlfriend wants to bake a birthday cake and Trey is buying the ingredients. His girlfriend told
him to buy flour, sugar, baking powder, eggs, chocolate, baking soda, and vanilla. Trey also buys
frosting because he is sure it was on the list. This type of misremembering is an example of:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

b

Mirta's boyfriend has five roommates. Last Saturday, she was at a party with her boyfriend and four
of his roommates attended. A week later Mirta confidently tells a friend that all five of the roommates
had been at the party. Mirta is experiencing:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

b

Memory researchers often ask participants in their studies to try to remember lists of words. Which of
the following statements is a finding from these kinds of studies?
A. Memory is a nearly exact copy of original events.
B. People can be sure whether a word appeared on a list or not.
C. Women are much less prone to inaccurate memory than men are.
D. People sometimes falsely remember information and do not realize it

d

if you are recalling an episode that never really happened, you are experiencing:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

a

Capgras syndrome is an extreme case of:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

a

Damage to the frontal lobes and limbic system can cause the dissociation of a visual image from the
associated emotional content. This problem is thought to be the cause of:
A. Tasack's syndrome C. Tourette's syndrome
B. Capgras syndrome D. Korsakoff's syndrome

b

Alejandro is lost in the woods and thinks he hears a bear. He climbs a tree to see if he can find a way
home. A week later, he tells his friend with absolute sincerity that he climbed the tree to escape the
bear. Alejandro is experiencing:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

a

Joanna's boyfriend, Kyle, has been arrested for robbery. Joanna believes that Kyle was with her all
that day. However, a teacher claims that Joanna was on a field trip. If the police had an fMRI scanner,
they could evaluate Joanna's memory. If Joanna's memory is accurate, then her recalling the day of
the robbery should activate:
A. the areas of the brain involved in telling the truth
B. the same areas as other memories of being with Kyle
C. different areas than remembering the field trip
D. both B and C

d

Maria goes to see a therapist. She is depressed because her romantic relationships do not last. Her
therapist specializes in disorders rooted in childhood abuse and uses special techniques to uncover
repressed memories of this abuse. A potential problem for Maria in seeing this therapist is that:
A. she may not be able to handle remembering the abuse
B. the therapist may not be able to address other problems
C. she may deliberately describe false cases of abuse to please her therapist
D. the therapist may unintentionally create false memories of abuse

d

Hsiao-An is in a serious accident that damages areas of her frontal lobes and limbic system. When her
husband comes to see her at the hospital, she maintains that he is not her husband, only someone
pretending to be her husband. The accident has left Hsiao-An with:
A. Tasack's syndrome C. Tourette's syndrome
B. Capgras syndrome D. Korsakoff's syndrome

b

In a classic science fiction novel, alien pods grow into exact duplicates of people. The people then die,
and the duplicates take their places. The family members of the replaced people are sure that these
people are not their relatives, but no one believes them. The family members feel exactly like people
suffering from:
A. Tasack's syndrome C. Tourette's syndrome
B. Capgras syndrome D. Korsakoff's syndrome

b

Charles suffered brain damage in a traumatic accident. As a result, he no longer recognizes his family
members. Even when he is shown photos of himself with these individuals, he believes they have been
created through trickery. Charles most likely suffers from _____, which is an extreme example of
_____.
A. suggestibility; distortion C. confabulation; bias
B. Capgras syndrome; distortion D. Capgras syndrome; confabulation

d

People listening to eyewitness testimony are likely to believe:
A. eyewitnesses who are experts
B. eyewitnesses who recall many trivial details
C. eyewitnesses who give detailed accounts
D. most eyewitnesses

d

Suzanne goes into therapy because she is continually anxious and has trouble sleeping due to
disturbing nightmares. Her therapist diagnoses Suzanne with posttraumatic stress disorder and
encourages her to talk about distressing childhood memories. Eventually, Suzanne recalls having been
abused by her uncle as a child. The problem that this recovered memory poses is that:
A. her therapist has implanted a false memory
B. no one will believe that her kind uncle was abusive
C. it will distract her from her real problems
D. it is difficult to know whether her memory is accurate

d

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The inattentive or shadow encoding of events

absentmindedness

A deficit in long-term memory, resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma, in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information from long-term memory. (See page 300)

amnesia

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories

anterograde amnesia

The temporary inability to remember something that is known.

blocking

A failure to notice large changes in one’s environment.

change blindness

Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

chunking

The unintended false recollection of episodic memories

confabulation

A process by which immediate memories become lasting (or long-term) memories

consolidation

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

cryptomnesia

The cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

declarative memory

The processing of information so that it can be stored

encoding

The idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience

encoding specificity principle

Memory for one’s personal past experiences.

episodic memory

The system underlying conscious memories

explicit memory

Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event.

flashbulb memories

The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

forgetting

the system underlying unconscious memories

implicit memory

The relatively permanent storage of information

long-term memory

The nervous system’s capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge.

memory

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.

memory bias

Learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues.

mnemonics

Processing multiple types of information at the same time.

parallel processing

The continual recurrence of unwanted memories.

persistence

When prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

proactive interference

A type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

procedural memory

Remembering to do something at some future time.

prospective memory

Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval.

reconsolidation

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed.

retrieval

Anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall information stored in long-term memory.

retrieval cue

When new information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

retroactive interference

A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information.

retrograde amnesia

Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information

schemas

Memory for knowledge about the world.

semantic memory

A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form.

sensory memory

The ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle.

serial position effect

A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness.

short-term memory

A type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information.

source amnesia

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory.

source misattribution

The retention of encoded representations over time.

storage

The development of biased memories from misleading information.

suggestibility

Forgetting over time.

transience

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use

working memory

Three steps in memory information processing

encoding storage retrieval

The storage phase of information processing lasts:
A. a fraction of a second C. several minutes
B. several seconds D. variable amounts of time

d

The idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is called:
A. concurrent storage C. connectivity
B. equity of distribution D. equipotentiality

d

Sleep disturbances disrupt memory because of:
A. consolidation C. consciousness
B. transience D. analogies

a

Lashley’s idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is contradicted by the idea of:
A. equipotentiality C. fire together, wire together
B. consolidation D. concurrent storage

c

When you recall a memory of your best friend’s face, you are activating the cortical circuits in the
_____ cortex involved in _____ her face.
A. visual; storing C. spatial; storing
B. visual; perceiving D. spatial; perceiving

b

Memory is stored in which area of the brain?
A. hippocampus C. amygdala
B. cerebellum D. all of the above

d

Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of:
A. retrieval C. consolidation
B. encoding D. rehearsal

c

When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and
strengthening the connections among neurons is the:
A. medial temporal lobe C. left frontal lobe
B. posterior parietal lobe D. right temporal lobe

a

In Treisman’s model of visual attention, primitive features can be analyzed in parallel because:
A. a single system can handle all features simultaneously
B. separate systems analyze different features simultaneously
C. separate systems do rapid serial processing that mimics parallel processing
D. a single system focuses on a small subset of features simultaneously

b

Filter theory was developed to explain:
A. change blindness
B. the selective nature of attention
C. the processing of personally irrelevant information
D. shadowing

b

Children with attention deficit disorder are distracted by everything in the environment rather than
being able to choose what they want to focus on. These children are lacking in:
A. divided attention C. selective attention
B. automatic processing D. controlled processing

c

Broadbent’s filter theory of attention assumed that selective attention was necessary because people
have limited _____ capacity and thus must focus on the most _____ information.
A. short-term memory; important C. short-term memory; transient
B. sensory memory; important D. sensory memory; transient

b

Storage in this memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience:
A. short-term memory C. sensory memory
B. long-term memory D. all of the above

c

You see all of a written word simultaneously, but you hear a spoken word over time. The memory that
accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is:
A. iconic memory C. working memory
B. sensory memory D. short-term memory

b

Animation works by presenting still pictures rapidly enough that they merge in iconic memory. How
much time can elapse between each successive picture if animation is to work?
A. several minutes C. 1/3 of a second
B. 1/1000th of a second D. variable amounts of time

c

When you read, your eyes fixate for a fraction ofa second, and then jump to a new point in the text.
Your reading experience is continuous because during the jump, the information from the last eye
fixation is held in:
A. short-term memory C. sensory memory
B. working memory D. echoic memory

c

In order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information, one experience is kept
in the brain while we move to the next experience. This overlap is a function of:
A. short-term memory C. working memory
B. long-term memory D. sensory memory

d

A children’s flipbook consists of a series of pictures of Mickey Mouse with his feet in slightly
different positions. If you look at the pages one at a time, slowly, all you see are the individual
pictures of Mickey. However, if you flip the pages quickly, you see Mickey running. This illusion is
due to storage of the successive pictures in:
A. sensory memory C. working memory
B. echoic memory D. short-term memory

a

While you are at the movies, the person sitting nextto you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part
of an actor’s line. However, you believe that you have heard the entire sentence, including the part
masked by the cough. Your perception is possible because of:
A. long-term memory C. iconic memory
B. sensory memory D. maintenance rehearsal

b

You are reading a book, and your friend John asks you a question. By the time you ask, "What did you
say?" you hear his question. This effect is due to storage of information in the _____ for audition.
A. short-term memory C. working memory
B. long-term memory D. sensory memory

d

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone, you realize that you do not have a pen to write
it down. Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your
short-term memory?
A. about half a minute C. less than half a second
B. several minutes D. less than 1 second

a

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the acronym OCEAN, where each
letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism). These students are using:
A. hierarchies C. chunking
B. linkage D. primitive features

c

Colt is an excellent quarterback. One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not
just as individuals, but as units that can be called on to make different plays. This skill enables him to
process the game more efficiently and to hold moreinformation about the game in his short-term
memory. Colt is using the memory strategy of:
A. visualization C. chunking
B. imaging D. linking

c

The brain is selective about the information thatgets stored in long-term memory. This selectivity
may be evolutionarily advantageous because:
A. only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory
B. information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized
C. increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence
D. selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory

b

Even though he has already memorized his notes, Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks
before the exam. This strategy is likely to _____ his performance due to _____.
A. hurt; cramming C. help; cramming
B. hurt; spreading out his practice D. help; spreading out his practice

d

Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own
experiences. According to the levels of processing model of memory, this would be considered:
A. deep processing C. shallow processing
B. consolidation D. transfiguration

a

Shannon has a biology exam next week. To be sure that she really knows the material, she should:
A. cram the night before the test C. make up multiple-choice questions
B. test herself on the material D. use maintenance rehearsal

b

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions. According to an evolutionary
perspective, this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions:
A. make information easier to rehearse
B. emphasize information important to survival
C. increase consolidation of information
D. act as mnemonics for information

b

Even though they probably look at coins on a daily basis, most people are unlikely to be able to
correctly identify which coin is a real quarterfrom an array of possible quarters because:
A. people do not pay attention to pennies
B. people do not pay attention to quarters
C. memories are transient
D. other things interfere with the memory of the quarter

b

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material, you will
learn more from _____ because of the increased _____ time.
A. reviewing; rehearsal C. testing; retrieval
B. reviewing; retrieval D. testing; rehearsa

c

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election.
Kumar’s search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his:
A. working memory C. short-term memory
B. sensory memory D. long-term memory

d

Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students’ names because he believes
that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish
information. He is incorrect because:
A. different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in
different parts of memory
B. the students’ names would have been stored in short-term memory
C. long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information
D. the students’ names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with
different information

c

In a serial position curve, words that are not part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are:
A. forgotten C. stored but not consolidated
B. only partially learned D. unprocessed

a

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:
A. brain damage can leave one butnot the other memory intact
B. recent events are remembered better than most past events
C. recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not
D. the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot

a

When you hear a story about a person you know, you will _____, which may lead to _____.
A. activate a script; additional recall of information you know about the person when you
are asked to retell the story
B. activate a schema; additional recall of information you know about the person when you
are asked to retell the story
C. activate a script; poorer understanding of the story
D. attach it to existing memories about the person; perfect memory of the story

b

Consider the many ways in which you could organize the books in your library. You could sort them
into groups with the same color cover. You could alphabetize them by the authors’ last names or by
the titles of the books. You could also sort theminto groups with common themes. Which of these
ways of organizing your library would be most like the way in which memories are organized in
long-term memory?
A. alphabetize by title C. alphabetize by authors’ names
B. group by common theme D. group by common color

b

Fayd is studying for his English literature exam. For each novel he has read for the course, he tries to
think of how the novel relates to his own life. Thisactivity requires that he really think about the
themes and characters in the book. Fayd is using the mnemonic strategy of:
A. maintenance rehearsal C. chunking
B. practice D. elaborative rehearsal

d

Shushant makes up a rhyme to remember what she needs to buy at the grocery store, "Garrett said to
buy milk and bread." Shushant is trying to remember her list by using:
A. maintenance rehearsal C. elaborative rehearsal
B. acoustic rehearsal D. linkage rehearsal

c

Suppose you need to learn the following list: "pen, ship, log, cup, paper, radio, rose, sun, chair, glass,
fork, wave." Which of the following types ofstudy would lead you to the best recall?
A. count the number of vowels in each word
B. relate each word to a fond childhood memory
C. think about whether each word rhymes with den
D. passively listen to the list while counting backward from 100 by 3s

b

Geoff is trying to remember his shopping list byrepeating the items over and over again to himself.
He is using:
A. maintenance rehearsal C. elaborative rehearsal
B. acoustic rehearsal D. linkage rehearsal

a

Research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when
the memory is formed. These earlier beliefs are part of cognitive:
A. nodes C. biases
B. schemas D. frames

b

Sergio tells Monica that his roommate goes to a lot of parties. After this conversation, Monica tells
Genevra that Sergio’s roommate drinks a great deal. Monica believes this about Sergio’s roommate
because:
A. she used her schema of a party person
B. she did not remember what Sergio had told her
C. she is biased against people who like to party
D. her elaboration made the story more interesting

a

Your friend James asks you to entertain his youngersister when she comes to visit him at school. He
tells you that his sister is great fun but quite shy. As a result, you decide to take his sister to a concert
rather than to a big party. In making this decision, you used your:
A. episodic memory of things you had enjoyed in high school
B. semantic memory of things to do on campus
C. schemas in memory of people who are shy
D. autobiographical memories of visiting your older brother

c

Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the
material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning. As the class progresses, the
information seems to become better structured, and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret
new material. One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing _____
that allow them to make sense of, organize, and utilize information in memory.
A. prototypes C. frames
B. schemas D. feature lists

b

Cognitive structures that helpus perceive, organize, process, and use information are referred to as:
A. sensory memory C. working memory
B. schemas D. none of the above

b

A psychologist who agreed with associative network theories would suggest that the best way to set
up a computer hard drive to mimic human memorywould be to organize the information into:
A. alphabetically tagged files C. temporally flagged files
B. nested files D. hierarchical files

d

According to associative network theories, concepts in memory are localized in:
A. nodes C. feature lists
B. associations D. feature hierarchies

a

According to the network of association theory, what words would come to mind when you hear the
trigger word red?
A. rose; fire engine C. cherry; police car
B. flower; vehicle D. pansy; toy wagon

a

On his way to get an afternoon snack, Jed walks by a billboard advertising hamburgers. He had
intended to order an ice cream cone, but instead orders french fries. According to the spreading
activation model, the hamburger made Jed want french fries because:
A. hamburgers and french fries are part of the prospective memory
B. hamburgers activated the nodes for french fries
C. hamburgers were encoded with french fries
D. hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory

b

Consider a psychology experiment where someone isasked to say, as rapidly as possible, whether a
sentence appearing on a computer screen is true orfalse. Research has shown that people will be
faster to say that it is true that a sandal is a shoe than to say that it is true that a sandal is a piece of
clothing. Which model of human memorycould easily account for this finding?
A. levels of processing model C. prototype model
B. modal memory model D. spreading activation model

d

When Jon visits his grandmother’s house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the
way her house smells triggers the memory. This phenomenon is referred to as:
A. context-dependent memory C. memory nodes
B. an association network D. none of the above

a

Karl’s grandmother, who came from Poland, died when he was three. He can remember very little
about her. In fact, he has no conscious memories of the wonderful Polish food she used to cook. One
day, Karl walks by a Polish restaurant and is flooded with memories of his grandmother. The food
served as a _____ for Karl’s memories of his grandmother.
A. mnemonic C. frame
B. mental image D. retrieval cue

d

The encoding specificity principle states that:
A. only similar kinds of information can be encoded together
B. anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information
C. similar kinds of information are encoded into common schemas
D. associative networks are formed of similarly encoded pieces of information

b

The memory enhancement that occurs when the situations during encoding and recall match is called
_____ memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when the internal states during encoding and
recall match is called _____ memory.
A. context-dependent; state-dependent C. episodic; semantic
B. semantic; episodic D. state-dependent; context-dependent

a

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam
than if you had studied somewhere else. This outcome occurs because of _____ memory, which is a
form of _____.
A. context-dependent; hierarchical storage C. context-dependent; encoding specificity
B. state-dependent; hierarchical storage D. state-dependent; encoding specificity

c

Samantha has just broken up with her boyfriend and is feeling very sad. She resolves to change her
mood by thinking about happy things, but finds that she just keeps remembering other sad things.
Samantha’s experience can best be explained in terms of:
A. context-dependent memory C. depth of processing
B. cognitive schemas D. state-dependent memory

d

People usually remember how many days there are in the months of September, October, and May by
using:
A. verbal mnemonics C. semantic memory
B. episodic memory D. elaborative retrieval

a

An older view of human memory argued that all memories were essentially of the same type. Newer
views disagree, arguing that memories involve different:
A. strengths C. interacting systems
B. types of neurons D. independent processes

c

The memory of your weddingday is an example of a(n):
A. procedural memory C. episodic memory
B. declarative memory D. semantic memory

c

If someone asks you who is running for president, you will answer from your _____ memory. If
someone asks who you plan to vote for, you will answer from your _____ memory.
A. episodic; semantic C. procedural; explicit
B. semantic; episodic D. explicit; procedural

b

Akila’s brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of Texas and Montana. She instantly
knows that the capital of Texas is Austin, and she does not know the capital of Montana. Akila is
using her _____ memory to retrieve _____ memories.
A. explicit; declarative C. episodic; autobiographical
B. implicit; tacit D. procedural; semantic

a

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of the
50 states, then you have excellent _____ memory but somewhat poor _____ memory.
A. episodic; semantic C. procedural; explicit
B. semantic; episodic D. explicit; procedural

a

One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal. In this
way, you are taking advantage of your _____ memory to aid retrieval from your _____ memory.
A. implicit; explicit C. episodic; semantic
B. semantic; episodic D. explicit; implicit

c

Patient H.M. suffered from seizures and had part of his medial temporal lobes removed. As a result,
he could no longer:
A. remember his past C. form new explicit memories
B. form new implicit memories D. remember anything at all

c

Understanding how to serve a ball in tennis involves _____ memory, but actually serving the ball
involves _____ memory.
A. declarative; procedural C. procedural; declarative
B. episodic; procedural D. procedural; episodic

a

People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to list the steps involved in
putting on that shirt. This difference suggests that_____ memory is more useful in getting dressed
than _____ memory.
A. declarative; procedural C. episodic; semantic
B. procedural; declarative D. semantic; episodic

b

As a research participant, you read a list of names of unknown individuals. On another day, you read a
list that includes some of those names, and you are asked if anyone on the list is famous. According to
the _____, you will remember the individuals from the first list as famous.
A. procedural memory schema C. shadowing effect
B. prospective memory effect D. false fame effect

d

Attitude formation falls under which memory category?
A. implicit C. semantic
B. explicit D. episodic

a

On the bus last week, Kyohei heard two women talking about someone named Enisa for the entire 30
minutes of the trip. Today, the woman sitting next to Kyohei in class told her friend that Enisa was
coming. Kyohei assumed that Enisa was someone famous and wondered why she did not know her.
Kyohei is experiencing the:
A. misinformation effect C. false fame effect
B. repetition priming effect D. source attribution effect

c

Many movies involve product placement. For example, the main character in a movie may drink only
Dr. Pepper. Companies pay for product placement because they assume that it increases the likelihood
that audience members will later buy the product. Ifa person’s shopping is unconsciously influenced
by the appearance of a product in a movie, this effect is likely due to existence of the item in:
A. explicit memory C. implicit memory
B. semantic memory D. procedural memory

c

Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of which type of memory?
A. declarative C. sensory
B. procedural D. explicit

b

Ivaylo goes skiing after many years away from the sport. What kind of memory makes it possible for
him to get back on the slopes without taking new skiing lessons?
A. declarative memory C. explicit memory
B. episodic memory D. procedural memory

d

Your father has not ridden a bicycle since he was in college, about 20 years ago. Your father’s
remembering how to ride the bike without falling will call upon _____ memory. His remembering the
names of the parts of the bike will call upon _____ memory.
A. episodic; declarative C. procedural; semantic
B. semantic; episodic D. declarative; episodic

c

Sue is trying to remember how to complete a motor task, Joe is trying to remember an event that
occurred in the past, and Mark is trying to remember the capital of Oklahoma. Joe is using _____
memory, Sue is using _____ memory, and Mark is using _____ memory.
A. procedural; semantic; episodic C. episodic; procedural; semantic
B. episodic; semantic; procedural D. episodic; declarative; procedural

c

Remembering that he needed to pick up milk on the way home from work, Jon is using his _____
memory system.
A. implicit C. prospective
B. procedural D. explicit

c

How does prospective memory limit the cognitive resources available for other tasks?
A. It reduces the available capacity of working memory.
B. It interferes with retrieval from long-term memory.
C. It causes confusion in encoding items in short-term memory.
D. It disrupts information in sensory memory.

a

If a retrieval cue is present in the environment,then a(n) _____ process is used to recall a prospective
memory. If a retrieval cue is not present, then a(n) _____ process is used to recall the prospective
memory.
A. automatic; automatic C. controlled; automatic
B. controlled; controlled D. automatic; controlled

d

Which of the following actions isan example of prospective memory?
A. learning history dates for your test tomorrow
B. daydreaming about your date next Friday night
C. planning to stop for a library book on your way home
D. deciding which of several things you will do this weekend

c

When Rhuju walks past the chemistry building, she remembers that she has a lab report due the next
day. The chemistry building served as a _____ that _____ triggered her prospective memory.
A. priming stimulus; automatically C. retrieval cue; automatically
B. priming stimulus; consciously D. retrieval cue; consciously

c

The inability to retrieve information from long-term memory is:
A. forgetting C. inattention
B. memory loss D. none of the above

a

Peter took an Italian class in college, but forgot much of what he knew. Before his honeymoon to
Italy, he took another class so that he could get along while there. If he learns information more
quickly this time around, you would say that _____ is helpful because it results in _____.
A. recognition; traces C. relearning; savings
B. relearning; return D. reconstruction; savings

c

Aaron took calculus as a freshman in high school, but he is now taking it again as a college senior to
fulfill requirements for his major. Based on your knowledge of memory, you could predict that the
material would take _____ in his college class as it did in his high school class.
A. as much effort and as much time to learn C. as much effort but less time to learn
B. less effort but as much time to learn D. less effort and less time to learn

d

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven sins of memory?
A. blocking C. absentmindedness
B. bias D. boredom

d

According to Schacter, blocking is a type of _____, whereas misattribution is a type of_____.
A. forgetting; distortion C. forgetting; forgetting
B. distortion; forgetting D. distortion; distortion

a

You memorize your four-digit PIN number for yourbank card, but you also store this number on your
phone. You keep your bank card and your phone in your backpack, and a thief steals your backpack.
When you get your new bank card, you have to make up a new PIN, but every time you try to
withdraw money, you can only remember the old PIN. What best explains this combination of
remembering and forgetting?
A. schemas C. amnesia
B. decay D. interference

d

Most forgetting is due to _____ not _____.
A. decay; interference C. transience; absentmindedness
B. interference; transience D. absentmindedness; transience

b

Forgetting over time is referred to as:
A. bias C. transience
B. blocking D. absentmindedness

c

You are following the plot of a complicated Shakespeare play quite clearly while you are watching it.
However, the next week you find that you cannot remember the details. Your loss of memory is most
likely due to:
A. transience C. blocking
B. interference D. absentmindedness

a

Your school requires you to change your e-mail password every 3 months. Now, when you try to
remember the new password, you can only remember the old one. This effect is most likely due to:
A. blocking C. interference
B. transience D. anterograde amnesia

c

You study Spanish during your freshman and sophomore years of college, but then take a Portuguese
class your senior year. You have trouble learning Portuguese because of all the Spanish you learned.
This effect is most likely due to:
A. proactive interference C. relearning
B. retroactive interference D. both B and C

a

Jacob learned French in high school and is now learning Spanish incollege. He finds that sometimes
when he intends to write a Spanish word he instead writes a French word. Jacob’s problem is due to:
A. blocking C. proactive interference
B. persistence D. retroactive interference

c

Jon is trying to remember his class schedule from last semester, but he keeps thinking of his current
classes instead. This phenomenon is an example of which type of interference?
A. retroactive C. blocking
B. proactive D. absentmindedness

a

Sally used to live in a small town in Iowa, but she moved to New York City about 10 years ago. When
she sends holiday cards to her friends in Iowa, she has trouble remembering their zip codes and can
think of only ones in New York. This phenomenon is most likely due to:
A. retroactive interference C. proactive interference
B. retrograde amnesia D. anterograde amnesia

a

Nadia changed her computer password on Monday. OnFriday, she realizes that she failed to change
the password in one system. When she tries to get in with her old password, she cannot remember it;
her new password keeps coming to mind. Nadia’s problem is due to:
A. blocking C. proactive interference
B. persistence D. retroactive interference

d

Your roommate asks you which section of political science you are taking next semester. You have
just registered, and you confidently turn to tell her the section. You are astonished to realize that you
cannot remember. Your memory lapse is an example of:
A. change blindness C. blocking
B. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon D. absentmindedness

c

You start to answer an exam question. Even though you know the word for the answer, you cannot
remember it. You can remember the shape of the word, the first letter, where on the page of your notes
the word is, but not the word itself. You are suffering from:
A. change blindness C. suggestibility
B. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon D. absentmindedness

b

Why do people sometimes fail to remember an uncommon word, but have a feeling that it is on the
"tip-of-the-tongue"?
A. interference from words similar in sound C. both A and B
B. blocking D. persistence

c

The difference between absentmindedness and blocking is that in absentmindedness the information
is:
A. less deeply encoded C. more vulnerable to suggestibility
B. lacking in hierarchical organization D. less well rehearsed

a

Inattention and shallow encoding can often result in _____, which leads to forgetting.
A. blocking C. absentmindedness
B. transience D. all of the above

c

Sam has to buy his girlfriend something for her birthday. One of the main reasons that Sam could
forget to do this is _____ due to _____.
A. absentmindedness; decay C. absentmindedness; shallow encoding
B. transience; chunking D. transience; shallow encoding

c

Amnesia is caused by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. brain injury C. disease
B. coma D. trauma

b

In the context of memory, persistence is:
A. transience C. unwanted remembering
B. a type of distortion D. PTSD

c

Melanie goes to the hospital emergency room hysterical and hurt because she has just been attacked.
If the ER doctor wants to be sure that Melanie will not develop posttraumatic stress disorder as a
result of the attack, he could give her _____, which block(s) postsynaptic _____ receptors.
A. antidepressants; glucose C. antidepressants; norepinephrine
B. propranolol; norepinephrine D. propranolol; glucose

b

Srimoyee and Richa, who are college seniors, are reminiscing about their high school prom. Srimoyee
enjoyed the prom, but it was not particularly important to her. For Richa, the prom was a very
significant event. That was the night her boyfriend told her that he was going to break up with her
because he had been secretly involved with Richa’s best friend for quite a while. You would expect
that Srimoyee would have trouble _____ the prom and Richa would have trouble _____ the prom.
A. remembering; remembering C. forgetting; remembering
B. forgetting; forgetting D. remembering; forgetting

d

Which of the following phenomena does memory bias NOT result from?
A. The human tendency to exaggerate successes.
B. The human tendency to minimize failures.
C. The human tendency to have consistent beliefs.
D. The human tendency to accurately report events.

d

The tendency to make memories consistent with current beliefs or attitudes is referred to as:
A. confabulation C. persistence
B. repressed memories D. memory bias

d

At a party, you get into an argument with someone by making an insulting remark. The next day, you
remember the argument as being the other person’s fault. You do not remember that you were actually
to blame because of:
A. alcohol blocking C. memory bias
B. absentmindedness D. confabulation

c

After a group project, the teacher asks each group member to rate the contribution of everyone in the
group. All the group members have given their highest ratings to themselves. The teacher will be less
puzzled by this outcome if she understands the concept of:
A. alcohol blocking C. memory bias
B. absentmindedness D. confabulation

c

Javier convinces Suzanne to go with him to the sequel of a science fiction movie that he loved.
Though Suzanne does not like science fiction, she agrees to go because Javier has been raving about
the original movie for years. The sequel is terrible,but Javier sincerely praises it on the way home.
Javier’s response to the movie represents:
A. false memory C. confabulation
B. memory bias D. rationalization

b

People often maintain stereotypes about groups even after they have met individuals who contradict
the stereotype. Given the phenomenon of memory bias, what might one reason be that a stereotype
does not change with new information?
A. The memory for the individual shifts in the direction of the stereotype.
B. Memories of the individual are incorrectly combined into new ones.
C. Other people with similar beliefs give false interpretations of the individual.
D. The person does not recognize the beliefs to be a stereotype.

a

Which of the following examples would be considered a flashbulb memory?
A. the death of Michael Jackson
B. the explosion of the Challenger
C. the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001
D. all of the above

d

You vividly remember what you were doing whenyou heard about the terrorist attacks that occurred
on September 11, 2001. What you remember is a _____memory and is therefore likely to be _____.
A. flashbulb; more accurate than memory for ordinary events
B. true; more accurate than memory for ordinary events
C. false; less accurate than memory for ordinary events
D. flashbulb; as accurate as memory for ordinary events

d

Your best friend’s favorite hamster died while you and a new neighbor were there. The most vivid
memory of the event will be _____ because _____.
A. yours; you have the best perspective
B. the neighbor’s; she was totally unbiased
C. your friend’s; she was emotionally involved
D. the neighbor’s; she was getting new information

c

As you are telling a funny story, your boyfriend keeps interrupting you to say things like, "No, it was
Sarah who said that, not LaToya." Eitheryou or your boyfriend is experiencing:
A. absentmindedness C. source misattribution
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

c

When a person incorrectly remembers the time, place, person, or circumstances involved in a memory,
he or she is experiencing:
A. absentmindedness C. source misattribution
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

c

Roel watches a spoof of the news on The Daily Show. The next week, he describes the event in the
spoof as having really happened. Roel’s false belief that the news story was true is an example of:
A. absentmindedness C. suggestibility
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

d

Having a memory for an event but not being able to remember where the information was encountered
is referred to as:
A. cryptomnesia C. memory bias
B. source amnesia D. none of the above

b

laden has a memory of being given a wonderful teddy bear. She believes she is remembering her
second birthday, but she cannot remember for sure. The earliest birthday she could be remembering is
her _____ because until that time her _____ lobes were too immature.
A. third; frontal C. fifth; frontal
B. third; temporal D. fifth; temporal

a

Anita started to talk at 9 months and was speakingfluently by the time she was a year old; she crawled
at 13 months and was walking at 15 months. Xenia started to talk at 14 months and was speaking
fluently just after her second birthday; she crawled at 10 months and was walking by her first
birthday. One theory of childhood amnesia might predict that _____ will have memories from an
earlier age because of her _____.
A. Anita; better linguistic capacity C. Xenia; increased capacity to explore
B. Anita; cognitive precocity D. Xenia; higher level of motor skill

a

Laken takes a course in which her professor talks about Virginia Woolf’s novel, To the Lighthouse.
The next semester, Laken writes a paper for another class on Virginia Woolf. In her paper, Laken uses
ideas that her earlier professor had presented, while believing that she has developed these ideas
herself. Laken’s behavior comes from:
A. absentmindedness C. persistence
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

b

Jacob has to write an essay for his college writing class and decides to write about a boy who makes a
boat from popsicle sticks and sails it every day. When his teacher reads the essay, she realizes that
Jacob got the idea from a popular book. Jacob denies knowing about the story from a book and
honestly believes he thought of it himself. He is most likely suffering from:
A. a concussion C. source amnesia
B. cryptomnesia D. transience

b

Forgetting the store where you bought your blue sweater is analogous to _____. Thinking that the red
sweater is yours when you actually borrowed it from your sister is analogous to _____.
A. source misattribution; absentmindedness C. the sleeper effect; cryptomnesia
B. absentmindedness; source misattribution D. cryptomnesia; the sleeper effec

b

Eyewitness testimony is very convincing because people incorrectly assume that memory is like:
A. a video camera C. an interactive Web site
B. a live journal D. the evening news report

a

Raul saw a car crash on the way to campus. Yosep participated in a psychology experiment in which
he saw a film of a car crash. How accurate would you expect these memories to be, given the research
on event memory?
A. Yosep’s memory will be more accurate than Raul’s memory.
B. Raul’s memory will be more accurate than Yosep’s memory.
C. Raul and Yosep will have equally accurate memories.
D. Yosep’s memory will be more accurate, but Raul’s memory will be more vivid.

b

Jurors are listening to an eyewitness describea murder. Research on eyewitness testimony suggests
that the jurors will be:
A. good at judging the accuracy of the testimony
B. good at judging accuracy if the witness has detailed information
C. poor at judging accuracy if the witness lacks confidence
D. poor at judging the accuracy of the testimony in general

d

Many people who have been convicted of crimes based on eyewitness testimony are later found,
through DNA evidence, not to be guilty. Which of the following statements is a common reason for
why eyewitness testimony may lead to false convictions?
A. Eyewitness confidence is not a reliable indication of the accuracy of the story.
B. Eyewitnesses are usually not questioned seriously enough by the defense.
C. Eyewitnesses frequently lie to make their stories more dramatic.
D. Judges instruct juries to prioritize eyewitness testimony over other evidence.

a

When people look at faces of people of their own race there is moreactivation of the _____ than when
they look at faces of people of other races.
A. frontal cortex C. parietal face area
B. medial temporal cortex D. fusiform face area

d

Asking an eyewitnesses how tall or how short the suspect was could result in:
A. repressed memories C. suggestibility
B. confabulation D. cross-ethnic identification

c

A likely way in which suggestibility might cause new information to change an old memory is
through:
A. retroactive interference C. elaborative rehearsal
B. reconsolidation D. proactive interference

b

Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the
highest estimate of the truck’s speed when testifying in court?
A. Sue, who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it hit the car?"
B. Bob, who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it smashed into the car?"
C. Tom, who was asked, "What speed was the car going when the accident happened?"
D. both A and B

b

Alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. When the police question him, Alex says
the thief was wearing a red shirt. Later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the
blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies incourt, he describes the girl as having worn a blue
shirt. Alex’s testimony at the trial shows the influence of:
A. suggestibility C. source misattribution
B. cryptomnesia D. the sleeper effect

a

If you try to remember a list of words that relate to the idea of "sleep" and later report remembering
that you heard the word sleepin the list (even though it was not there), you are suffering from a(n):
A. repressed memory C. false memory
B. sleep disorder D. engram

c

As a participant in a memory experiment, Shamithia has been given a list of words: candy, sugar, tart,
pie,and honey. When she is later asked to recall the words on this list, Shamithia incorrectly recalls
one of the words. Which of the following words is she most likely to FALSELY recall?
A. sweet C. bee
B. cake D. tort

a

Jaimie has a very vivid memory of her first birthday party. She remembers that she wore a frilly pink
dress, had a cake shaped like a pony, and received a big white teddy bear as a gift. Jaimie’s detailed
memory is probably due to:
A. the uniqueness of the memory C. stories her family told her
B. the strong emotional content D. an abundance of retrieval cues

c

Trey’s girlfriend wants to bake a birthday cake and Trey is buying the ingredients. His girlfriend told
him to buy flour, sugar, baking powder, eggs, chocolate, baking soda, and vanilla. Trey also buys
frosting because he is sure it was on the list. This type of misremembering is an example of:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

b

Mirta’s boyfriend has five roommates. Last Saturday, she was at a party with her boyfriend and four
of his roommates attended. A week later Mirta confidently tells a friend that all five of the roommates
had been at the party. Mirta is experiencing:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

b

Memory researchers often ask participants in their studies to try to remember lists of words. Which of
the following statements is a finding from these kinds of studies?
A. Memory is a nearly exact copy of original events.
B. People can be sure whether a word appeared on a list or not.
C. Women are much less prone to inaccurate memory than men are.
D. People sometimes falsely remember information and do not realize it

d

if you are recalling an episode that never really happened, you are experiencing:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

a

Capgras syndrome is an extreme case of:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

a

Damage to the frontal lobes and limbic system can cause the dissociation of a visual image from the
associated emotional content. This problem is thought to be the cause of:
A. Tasack’s syndrome C. Tourette’s syndrome
B. Capgras syndrome D. Korsakoff’s syndrome

b

Alejandro is lost in the woods and thinks he hears a bear. He climbs a tree to see if he can find a way
home. A week later, he tells his friend with absolute sincerity that he climbed the tree to escape the
bear. Alejandro is experiencing:
A. confabulation C. absentmindedness
B. false recognition D. memory bias

a

Joanna’s boyfriend, Kyle, has been arrested for robbery. Joanna believes that Kyle was with her all
that day. However, a teacher claims that Joanna was on a field trip. If the police had an fMRI scanner,
they could evaluate Joanna’s memory. If Joanna’s memory is accurate, then her recalling the day of
the robbery should activate:
A. the areas of the brain involved in telling the truth
B. the same areas as other memories of being with Kyle
C. different areas than remembering the field trip
D. both B and C

d

Maria goes to see a therapist. She is depressed because her romantic relationships do not last. Her
therapist specializes in disorders rooted in childhood abuse and uses special techniques to uncover
repressed memories of this abuse. A potential problem for Maria in seeing this therapist is that:
A. she may not be able to handle remembering the abuse
B. the therapist may not be able to address other problems
C. she may deliberately describe false cases of abuse to please her therapist
D. the therapist may unintentionally create false memories of abuse

d

Hsiao-An is in a serious accident that damages areas of her frontal lobes and limbic system. When her
husband comes to see her at the hospital, she maintains that he is not her husband, only someone
pretending to be her husband. The accident has left Hsiao-An with:
A. Tasack’s syndrome C. Tourette’s syndrome
B. Capgras syndrome D. Korsakoff’s syndrome

b

In a classic science fiction novel, alien pods grow into exact duplicates of people. The people then die,
and the duplicates take their places. The family members of the replaced people are sure that these
people are not their relatives, but no one believes them. The family members feel exactly like people
suffering from:
A. Tasack’s syndrome C. Tourette’s syndrome
B. Capgras syndrome D. Korsakoff’s syndrome

b

Charles suffered brain damage in a traumatic accident. As a result, he no longer recognizes his family
members. Even when he is shown photos of himself with these individuals, he believes they have been
created through trickery. Charles most likely suffers from _____, which is an extreme example of
_____.
A. suggestibility; distortion C. confabulation; bias
B. Capgras syndrome; distortion D. Capgras syndrome; confabulation

d

People listening to eyewitness testimony are likely to believe:
A. eyewitnesses who are experts
B. eyewitnesses who recall many trivial details
C. eyewitnesses who give detailed accounts
D. most eyewitnesses

d

Suzanne goes into therapy because she is continually anxious and has trouble sleeping due to
disturbing nightmares. Her therapist diagnoses Suzanne with posttraumatic stress disorder and
encourages her to talk about distressing childhood memories. Eventually, Suzanne recalls having been
abused by her uncle as a child. The problem that this recovered memory poses is that:
A. her therapist has implanted a false memory
B. no one will believe that her kind uncle was abusive
C. it will distract her from her real problems
D. it is difficult to know whether her memory is accurate

d

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