Experience Psychology Ch. 6

1. Akira Haraguchi recited the digits of pi to the first 83,431 decimal places in 2005. Psychologists consider Haraguchi _____.
A. a fraud
B. autistic
C. a mnemonist
D. mentally retarded

C

2. _____ involves retaining information over time.
A. Learning
B. Memory
C. Priming
D. Amnesia

B

3. In order to remember the content of what you’ve read in this textbook, you will need to ______ the information.
A. encode
B. store
C. retrieve
D. All of these

D

4. Nicholas is a waiter who wants to be able to take complex orders from large parties without writing them down. What can he do to increase his memory performance under such circumstances?
A. He should try to remember the person’s face, and imagine each person eating the food he or she has ordered.
B. He should pay attention to the chatter going on at the table behind him.
C. He should wait several minutes in between taking the order and putting the order in to the cooks.
D. He should not worry about confusing an order; after all, everyone can switch things around until it’s right.

A

5. _____ refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
A. Storage
B. Retrieval
C. Decay
D. Encoding

D

6. Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.
A. encoding
B. storage
C. retrieval
D. chunking

A

7. Multitasking is an example of _____.
A. mental imagery
B. divided attention
C. priming
D. rehearsal

B

8. Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background. Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will _____ Elsa’s exam performance.
A. slightly increase
B. strongly increase
C. decrease
D. have no effect on

C

9. _____ can increase memory performance.
A. Selective attention (focusing on relevant information and ignoring irrelevant information)
B. Elaboration
C. Imagery
D. All of these

D

10. Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. According to research on encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he _____.
A. has shallowly processed this information
B. has deeply processed this information
C. has processed this information at an intermediate level
D. used non-linguistic encoding processes

B

11. According to research, which is the most effective elaboration technique?
A. Thinking of physical characteristics
B. Thinking of smells
C. Thinking of self-references
D. Thinking of sounds

C

12. Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples. You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything he already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?
A. Elaboration
B. Imagery
C. Chunking
D. Selective attention

A

13. ______ of information is linked with neural activity, especially in the brain’s left frontal lobe.
A. Self-reference
B. Forgetting
C. Chunking
D. Elaboration

D

14. According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures, at least those that can be named, are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.
A. Ebbinghaus’ curve of forgetting
B. Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
C. the dual-code hypothesis
D. connectionism or parallel distributed processing (PDP)

C

15. ______ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
A. The dual-code hypothesis
B. Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
C. Ebbinghaus’ curve of forgetting
D. Connectionism, or parallel distributed processing (PDP)

B

16. How long does information last in sensory memory?
A. A fraction of a second to several seconds
B. 30-60 seconds
C. 2-3 minutes
D. 5 minutes

A

17. Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?
A. Sensory memory
B. Short-term memory
C. Long-term memory
D. Schemas

B

18. Information can last up to a lifetime in ______.
A. sensory memory
B. short-term memory
C. long-term memory
D. working memory

C

19. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?
A. Attentive memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
B. Sensory memory, selective memory, and long-term memory
C. Sensory memory, selective memory, and exhaustive memory
D. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

D

20. Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.
A. sensory memory
B. selective memory
C. long-term memory
D. declarative memory

A

21. Sensory memory ______.
A. holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time
B. is a form of short-term memory
C. transfers information directly to long-term memory
D. All of these

A

22. When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.
A. sensory memory / long-term memory
B. long-term memory / short-term or working memory
C. long-term memory / procedural memory
D. semantic memory / long-term memory

B

23. Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts about _____.
A. three minutes
B. two hours
C. one day
D. 30 seconds

D

24. _______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.
A. Iconic memory / echoic memory
B. Declarative memory / nondeclarative memory
C. Echoic memory / iconic memory
D. Nondeclarative memory / declarative memory

C

25. Short-term memory has a _____ capacity than sensory memory and a _____ duration.
A. more limited / longer
B. less limited / longer
C. larger / shorter
D. more limited / shorter

A

26. George Miller’s classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is between _____ units of information.
A. 2 and 7
B. 5 and 9
C. 7 and 12
D. 9 and 12

B

27. Laura met the man of her dreams at a party last Friday. She didn’t have paper or a cell phone when she met Mr. Right so she had to commit his phone number to memory without writing it down. The whole way home that night Laura tried to remember his 7-digit number by repeating it to herself over and over again. Laura is trying to increase her memory performance by using which of the following strategies?
A. Elaboration
B. The primacy effect
C. Rehearsal
D. Context dependent memory

C

28. Chunking involves _____.
A. quickly scanning information for relevant details
B. immediately forgetting relevant information
C. using Miller’s framework for memory retrieval
D. reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units

D

29. When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of _____.
A. mental structuring
B. visual structuring
C. chunking
D. cueing

C

30. Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of _____.
A. rehearsal
B. priming
C. chunking
D. imagery

A

31. According to Baddeley’s view of the three components of working memory, the ______ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information.
A. visuospatial working memory
B. central executive
C. phonological loop
D. long-term memory

C

32. If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory, then _____, like RAM, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment.
A. semantic memory
B. working memory
C. declarative memory
D. procedural memory

B

33. According to Baddeley’s view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore. It also selects which strategies to use to process information and solve problems.
A. visuospatial working memory
B. central executive
C. phonological loop
D. amygdala

B

34. ______ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.
A. Explicit memory
B. Implicit memory
C. Episodic memory
D. Semantic memory

B

35. ______ can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory.
A. Sensory memory
B. Implicit memory
C. Explicit memory
D. Working memory

C

36. Your text discusses a famous case study of H.M., a patient who had severe epilepsy. H.M. underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain. After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured but his memory was impaired. Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.’s memory?
A. H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.
B. H.M. showed major deficits in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
C. H.M.’s procedural memory suffered the most damage.
D. H.M. could not learn new physical tasks.

A

37. ______ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. ______ has to do with remembering how.
A. Semantic memory / episodic memory
B. Episodic memory / semantic memory
C. Implicit memory / explicit memory
D. Explicit memory / implicit memory

D

38. Whereas _____ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events, ___________ memory involves nonconscious knowledge derived from past experience.
A. Declarative (explicit) / nondeclarative (implicit)
B. Nondeclarative (implicit) / declarative (explicit)
C. Short-term / long-term
D. Long-term / short-term

A

39. Being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it involves what type of memory?
A. Sensory
B. Short-term
C. Declarative
D. Nondeclarative

C

40. Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is stored in your _____ memory.
A. episodic
B. semantic
C. autobiographical
D. implicit

B

41. _____ is autobiographical.
A. Sensory memory
B. Implicit memory
C. Nondeclarative memory
D. Episodic memory

D

42. Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma. Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself. Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the U.S. This behavior suggests that Jillian’s _____ is impaired, but her _____ is still functioning.
A. episodic memory / semantic memory
B. semantic memory / episodic memory
C. sensory memory / long-term memory
D. declarative memory / nondeclarative memory

A

43. In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?
A. Episodic memory
B. Semantic memory
C. Nondeclarative (implicit) memory
D. Declarative (explicit memory

C

44. Implicit memory, procedural memory, and priming are all part of _____.
A. declarative memory
B. nondeclarative memory
C. episodic memory
D. working memory

B

45. ______ is considered a subsystem of implicit memory.
A. Priming
B. Procedural memory
C. Classical conditioning
D. All of these

D

46. Neurological studies on memory have revealed that the ______ play an important role in explicit memory and that the _____ play an important role in implicit memory.
A. hippocampus and temporal lobe / cerebellum and cerebral cortex
B. hypothalamus / corpus callosum
C. cerebellum / hypothalamus
D. basal ganglia / thalamus

A

47. Working memory _____.
A. has an unlimited capacity
B. has the most constrained capacity of any memory system
C. is a passive memory system
D. is an active memory system

D

48. You decide to go to a hypnotist to try to stop smoking. The hypnotist asks you to remember and describe what sorts of things you did differently before you started smoking. Which memory system will you use most to comply with this request?
A. Your procedural memory system
B. Your permastore memory system
C. Your episodic memory system
D. Your nondeclarative memory system

C

49. Recollections of your first family vacation to Disneyland are an example of a(n) _____.
A. implicit memory
B. nondeclarative memory
C. episodic memory
D. procedural memory

C

50. Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in _____.
A. impaired explicit memory
B. enhanced memory retrieval
C. enhanced working memory
D. impaired semantic memory

B

51. Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town, you weren’t at all surprised when the hostess seated you, handed you the menu, and informed you that your server would soon be there to take your order. Shortly after, a man in a tuxedo came to your table. You knew exactly what was going to happen because you _____.
A. are a certified psychic
B. have a script for what happens in a restaurant
C. have been to similar Fancy Foods Restaurants in other towns
D. have a friend who works there

B

52. People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)_____.
A. script
B. implicit memory
C. discovered memory
D. working memory

A

53. The connectionist view of memory _____.
A. suggests that memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together
B. is consistent with research on brain function
C. helps to explain how priming a concept can influence behavior
D. All of these

D

54. According to the textbook, some of the answers to complex questions about neural mechanics of memory come from experimental studies of which animal?
A. Chimpanzee
B. Sea slug
C. Cats
D. Dogs

B

55. Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains _____.
A. how people can remember material for several months
B. how memory functions at the neuron level
C. how cannibalized worms can pass on skills they had learned to the cannibals
D. why students should study exam material over a period of days instead of hours

B

56. Brain research on memory shows that ______.
A. there is no single "memory center" in the brain
B. many different parts of the brain and nervous system are involved in the rich, complex process that is memory
C. implicit and explicit memory appear to involve different locations in the brain
D. All of these

D

57. The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _____ memory.
A. repressed
B. implicit
C. explicit
D. sensory

C

58. The cerebellum and __________ play an important role in implicit memory.
A. cerebral cortex
B. frontal lobes
C. corpus callosum
D. hypothalamus

A

59. Your friend, Vince, suffered serious brain injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. What effect will this have on Vince’s life?
A. He probably won’t remember his name.
B. He probably won’t remember how to ride his motorcycle.
C. He probably won’t recognize his wife.
D. He probably won’t remember where he lives.

B

60. Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to have now?
A. Margaret will have difficulty remembering her address and telephone number.
B. Margaret will have difficulty adding numbers.
C. Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories.
D. Margaret will have difficulty with short-term memories.

C

61. You smell a turkey roasting in the oven, and suddenly you are once again 6 years old and eagerly anticipating your family’s Thanksgiving dinner. Why does smell share such a special relationship with memory?
A. Smells have a direct superhighway to the brain structures involved in emotion and memory.
B. The neurons responsible for communicating information about smell are enhanced and fire their signals more quickly than regular neurons.
C. The region in the brain responsible for processing information about smell is much larger and more complex than that of any other sense.
D. All of these

A

62. Retrieval is the process of _____.
A. transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
B. bringing information to mind whenever needed
C. storing information so that it can be retained over time
D. metamemory

B

63. Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____.
A. recency effect / primacy effect
B. primacy effect / recency effect
C. flashbulb memory effect / metamemory effect
D. metamemory effect / flashbulb memory effect

B

64. George has just graduated from college and is going on his first big job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. Because of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?
A. The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicant interviewed second.
B. The serial position effect predicts that the candidate interviewed in the "middle" position will be viewed less favorably than the other two applicants.
C. Research has shown that the serial position effect is used often by management to arbitrarily hire job applicants.
D. Research has shown that people interviewed either early or late in the day are evaluated most positively.

A

65. According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of 7, you should pay particular attention to the __________ orders, because these are the ones you are most likely to forget.
A. first and second
B. sixth and seventh
C. third, fourth, and fifth
D. first, third, and seventh

C

66. Multiple choice exams involve testing a student’s ____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ____ abilities.
A. episodic memory / semantic memory
B. semantic memory / episodic memory
C. recall / recognition
D. recognition / recall

D

67. Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect’s physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a _____ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a _____ task.
A. recognition / recall
B. recall / recognition
C. rehearsal / elaboration
D. chunking / rehearsal

B

68. Samantha prides herself on "never forgetting a face," although she frequently cannot put the correct name with a specific "face." According to your textbook, Samantha is really saying that she _____.
A. is better at recognition than at recall
B. is better at recall than at recognition
C. is better at memory retrieval than at memory reconstruction
D. is better at memory reconstruction than at memory recall

A

69. According to the principles of context-dependent learning, your score on this exam (memory performance) would be best if you studied _____.
A. at home in your bedroom
B. while watching television in the living room
C. in the same classroom where you listen to lecture
D. at the library

C

70. Your roommate, Delores, asks your advice on how to best study for her final exams. Because of your knowledge of context-dependent memory, you recommend that she _____.
A. study with her favorite rock music playing in the background and in her most comfortable chair
B. study in the library with friends
C. study quietly in the classroom in which she is to take her exam
D. study with a partner in the dorm

C

71. Tamara is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews ten of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Tamara has discovered that most of her classmates have ______ of September 11, 2001.
A. a repressed memory
B. a flashbulb memory
C. implicit but not explicit memories
D. All of these

B

72. Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?
A. Factual information from studying
B. Traumatic memories
C. Sensory memories
D. Flashbulb memory

B

73. Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n) _____.
A. implicit memory
B. schema
C. repressed memory
D. elaboration

C

74. Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting ______.
A. emotional memory syndrome
B. displacement
C. memory decay
D. motivated forgetting

D

75. Cognitive psychologist Jonathan Schooler has suggested that the term recovered memories be replaced with the term discovered memories. Why?
A. Individuals with "discovered" memories experience them as real, whether or not the memories are accurate.
B. "Discovered" memories are more accurate and detailed than "recovered" memories.
C. The term discovered memories avoids the negative connotations of the term recovered memories.
D. Individuals with "discovered" memories realize that the memories may be inaccurate.

A

76. Eyewitness accounts of crimes are _____.
A. always very accurate
B. never accurate
C. prone to errors
D. most accurate when witnesses speak to each other before talking to police

C

77. While waiting for the police to arrive after an armed robbery, the store manager and all the customers want to make sure they give an accurate account of the robbery and decide upon the relevant details to tell the police. What is a likely outcome of this "collaborative" sharing of information?
A. The eyewitnesses will now be more accurate in their accounts.
B. The eyewitnesses will now report more similar accounts.
C. The eyewitnesses will be more likely to be able to recognize the assailant, especially if he is from a different ethnic group than they are.
D. The eyewitnesses will more effectively discover their differences in perceptions.

B

78. According to Hermann Ebbinghaus, _____.
A. most forgetting occurs long after we originally learned something.
B. most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something.
C. motivated forgetting is a good treatment for overcoming traumatic events.
D. motivated forgetting is a poor treatment for overcoming traumatic events.

B

79. An encoding failure occurs when _____.
A. information fails to be stored into long-term memory
B. newly learned information interferes with pre-existing knowledge
C. pre-existing knowledge interferes with newly learned information
D. the number of neural connections decreases over time

A

80. Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of _____.
A. encoding failures
B. storage failures
C. retrieval failures
D. brain damage

C

81. A few years ago, you had a boyfriend named Steve. Now, you have a new boyfriend named Stephen. Because of _____, you sometimes call Stephen by Steve’s name.
A. retroactive interference
B. the Ebbinghaus effect
C. latent forgetting
D. proactive interference

D

82. You are taking both a Spanish and a French course this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of _____.
A. retroactive interference
B. proactive interference
C. transience
D. transference

A

83. According to decay theory, why do memories fade?
A. There is a limited amount of storage available for long-term memories, so older memories must decay and make room for new memories.
B. The cerebellum cannot hold on to information long-term.
C. Synaptic connections become broken.
D. A neurochemical "memory trace" disintegrates over time.

D

84. Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy’s memories of her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long-term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from ______.
A. retrograde amnesia
B. anterograde amnesia
C. infantile amnesia
D. displacement

B

85. A person suffering from reterograde amnesia will _____.
A. lose past memories and be unable to make new ones
B. lose past memories but be able to make new ones
C. recall past memories but not be able to make new ones
D. lose some past memories but have only the sporadic ability to make new memories

B

86. According to your textbook, an individual’s autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual’s _____.
A. cognitive system
B. emotional system
C. personal identity
D. brain

C

87. Autobiographical memories are important because they _____.
A. are the basis of social bonding and sharing ourselves with others
B. allow us to learn from our experiences and apply these life lessons in challenging situations
C. are the basis of our identity or sense of self
D. All of these

D

88. The adage most appropriate to memory function and aging is _____.
A. "Use it or lose it"
B. "Better late than never"
C. "A little goes a long way"
D. "Seize the moment"

A

89. Research has shown that individuals who are ______ tend to cope better with a variety of assaults to the brain, including Alzheimer disease, stroke, head injury, and even poisoning with neurotoxins.
A. optimists and who go through life smiling and helping others to feel good about themselves
B. physically fit, aggressive, competitive, and law-abiding
C. educated, have high IQs, and remain mentally engaged in complex tasks
D. physically attractive, physically fit, easy-going, and interested in reading and yoga

C

90. _____ leads to the accumulation of a "cognitive store," an emergency stash of mental capacity that allows individuals to avoid the negative effects of harm to the brain.
A. An active physical life
B. An active mental life
C. Singing
D. Praying

B