1. Learning all |
D |
2. ______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. |
B |
3. The behavioral approach to learning defines learning in terms of ______. |
C |
4. According to the principles of behaviorism, ______. |
D |
5. Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through ______, whereas observational learning involves learning through ______. |
C |
6. Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____. |
B |
7. Your psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on your list? |
C |
8. Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____. |
A |
9. Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through _____. Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through ______. |
B |
10. Miranda is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis? |
C |
11. The cliché "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" best reflects which of the following types of learning? |
C |
12. In classical conditioning situations, the _____ connection is unlearned, but the _____ connection is learned. |
B |
13. You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. This reaction is most likely a(n) _____. |
D |
14. Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n) _____. |
B |
15. Pavlov’s dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n) _____. |
A |
16. Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of ______. |
C |
17. Which of the following is the best example of an innate stimulus-response connection? |
B |
18. A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby’s mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example? |
D |
19. Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov’s dog salivated each time food was presented. The ______ in this situation is salivation. |
A |
20. Pavlov’s dog salivated to the sound of a bell because _____. |
C |
21. In Pavlov’s classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning had occurred. |
C |
22. The first phase of classical conditioning in which the UCS and CS are paired repeatedly until the CS alone generates a CR is called _____. |
D |
23. The extent to which the CS and UCS occur close together in time reflects _____. |
A |
24. ______ involves teaching a person to distinguish the difference between the original conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. |
B |
25. Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, and even Santa Claus’s beard. This phenomenon is called _____. |
C |
26. Pavlov’s dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and NOT receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened? |
B |
27. Marcia is romantically involved with John, the "love of her life." Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovers that John is a complete jerk, and she ends the relationship. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. The sudden onset of good feelings triggered by the cologne is an example of _____. |
B |
28. Mark’s dog, Gus, sits whenever he says, "Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, "Speak," but whenever Mark says, "Speak," Gus sits. The dog’s behavior is an example of ______. |
A |
29. _____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld. |
D |
30. Watson and Raynor used _____ as a CS in order to condition fear in little Albert. |
C |
31. In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Raynor, the baby was conditioned to fear a white rat. In this study, the UCS was _____. |
B |
32. In John Watson’s little Albert experiment, the white rat was the ______ and the loud noise was the ______. |
A |
33. _____ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response. |
D |
34. ______ is one type of counterconditioning. |
C |
35. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is FALSE? |
D |
36. Robert drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night? |
C |
37. Taste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning? |
B |
38. Leonard is a heroin addict. He is very careful about overdosing. He typically shoots up in his basement apartment, but is now at a friend’s house and needs a fix really badly. He’s never done drugs at his friend’s house before, but he’s desperate. He injects his normal "safe" dosage of heroin but almost dies of an overdose. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what happened? |
B |
39. Watching TV, you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hopes that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation the product is the _____. |
D |
40. in operant conditioning _____. |
A |
41. According to Thorndike’s law of effect _____. |
B |
42. Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is FALSE? |
C |
43. Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, however, a psychology student, quickly surmise that the bears had been through an extensive _____ program. |
D |
44. ______ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior. |
D |
45. Reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavioral response. ______ involves the presentation of a desired stimulus, whereas _____ involves the removal of an undesired stimulus. |
A |
46. Whenever Baby Nimo cries, his mother picks him up. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Baby Nimo whenever he cries _____. |
C |
47. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? |
B |
48. In ______, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something unpleasant. |
B |
49. Which of the following is the best example of negative reinforcement? |
C |
50. Positive punishment _____. Negative reinforcement _____. |
A |
51. Kim is surprised and frustrated to find that her son’s misbehavior actually increases when she yells at him. In operant terms, _____. |
D |
52. Positive and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. Positive and negative punishment _____ the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. |
D |
53. A reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning to be perceived of as pleasurable is a __________ reinforcer. |
A |
54. A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through experience is a(n) ___________ reinforcer. |
B |
55. Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer? |
C |
56. ______ is considered a secondary reinforcer. |
C |
57. Although behaviorists maintain that the principles of learning are the same for all species, _____. |
B |
58. Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they’re grilling, they will throw him a treat. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat "people" food so does not allow Bubba to eat treats from the neighbor. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can _____. |
D |
59. Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt used _____ schedule first, and then _____ schedule to train Buster. |
A |
60. A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. |
B |
61. Carol gives her dog, Cutie Pie, a treat each time Cutie Pie sits on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to sit on command. |
A |
62. Fred’s parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred’s parents can’t understand why he isn’t a better-behaved child. Fred’s parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a _____. |
C |
63. A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid? |
D |
64. The ______ schedule of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction. |
D |
65. Slot machines reward an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. |
B |
66. Random pop quizzes occur on a _____ schedule. |
C |
67. Jose’s employer pays him every other Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement? |
B |
68. Kelley is scolded each time she teases her little brother. Her mother notices that the frequency of teasing has decreased. Scolding Kelley is an effective _____. |
D |
69. Spanking is a form of _____; time out is a form of _____. |
C |
70. Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After a few times of being grounded, Larry’s misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of _____. |
B |
71. The most frequent responses cited in your text as to why parents use physical punishment with their children are ______. |
A |
72. Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of _____. |
D |
73. Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) programs rely on what principles of learning to help people develop programs to change? |
B |
74. Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so she posts an example of an A paper on the course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper. Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper? |
C |
75. According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning? |
A |
76. According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, which process determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated? |
D |
77. Which of the following is (are) associated with Bandura’s model of observational learning? |
D |
78. According to Tolman’s views on purposive learning, _____. |
C |
79. According to Tolman, the concept of _____ is essential to understanding classical conditioning. |
C |
80. Latent learning is _____. |
A |
81. One day, on the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you’d passed on several occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway and realize that it could be used as an alternate route to and from work. Several weeks later, there is a major accident on your usual travel route and you remember the side street alternate route. You happily take this route home. This is an example of _____. |
B |
82. The phenomenon of latent learning provides support for ______. |
B |
83. Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated the phenomenon of _____. |
A |
84. ______ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so. |
C |
85. Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift? |
D |
86. __________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others. |
C |
87. When instinctive biological tendencies overwhelm the strength of reinforcement, ______ has occurred. |
B |
88. Taste aversion is an adaptive behavior and it helps explain what biological constraint on learning? |
B |
89. In Germany and Sweden, it is illegal for parents to spank their children. However, parents in the United States and Canada are among those who are the most favorably disposed toward corporal punishment. This finding illustrates how sociocultural influences _____. |
A |
90. According to Dweck’s research, what can you do to develop a growth mindset? |
D |
Experience Psychology Ch. 5
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