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**1. Which of the following cannot be found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design? FOUND or NOT FOUND |
A comparison group |
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2. The addition of a comparison group can address each of the following threats to internal validity TRUE OR FALSE: |
History Maturation Regression |
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**3. To be a history threat, the external event must occur: TRUE OR FALSE Constantly during the experiment At the beginning of the experiment Systematically, affecting most members of the group Intentionally, affecting most members of the group Because of a participant’s behavior |
Systematically, affecting most members of the group |
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**4. Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? TRUE OR FALSE When one group has an extremely low score at pretest When one group has an extremely high score at pretest When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest |
When one group has an extremely low score at pretest When one group has an extremely high score at pretest |
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5. Which of the following is true of testing effects? TRUE OR FALSE It is an example of an order effect. |
It is an example of an order effect. It can lead to increased/higher scores. It can lead to decreased/lower scores. It can sensitize people to being tested. |
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6. Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats? TRUE OR FALSE They are the same as testing threats. They occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales) . They can be avoided with one-group, pretest/posttest designs. They are only problematic in observational research. |
They occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales) . |
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7. In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one’s everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one’s classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. ————- |
A double-blind study |
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**8.” Placebo effects |
Demand characteristics |
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9. ” Keeping his students unaware of which type of essay they are writing Having his teaching assistant assign students randomly to the two groups Grading the exams himself (a Ph.D.) instead of having his teaching assistant (a college senior) do it Having the person grading the exams unaware of each student’s writing group Using the grades from the midterm exam rather than the final exam |
Having the person grading the exams unaware of each student’s writing group |
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**10. ” Regression |
Regression |
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**11. Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white} odorless} tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch, using a bomb calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again) using the bomb calorimeter). ————— History |
Placebo effects |
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12. ” ————— History |
Demand characteristics maybe |
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13. ” ————— History |
Placebo effects |
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14. ” Situation noise |
A null effect |
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15. THIS QUESTION DOES NOT RELATE TO THE ABOVE STUDY DESCRIPTION Pretest/posttest designs |
all maybe? not sure |
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16. THIS QUESTION DOES NOT RELATE TO THE ABOVE STUDY DESCRIPTION A weak manipulation |
A weak manipulation An insensitive measure A reverse confound |
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**17. Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play for 7 minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What is likely to blame for this null effect? TRUE OR FALSE A weak manipulation |
A weak manipulation |
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18. Dr. Sanderson is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are Very Aggressive in their playing style, Barely Aggressive, or Not At All Aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as Very Aggressive. This outcome would be known as a/an: TRUE or FALSE Weak manipulation |
Ceiling effect |
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**19. THIS QUESTION DOES NOT RELATE TO THE ABOVE STUDY DESCRIPTION Weak confound |
Reverse confound |
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20. THIS QUESTION DOES NOT RELATE TO THE ABOVE STUDY DESCRIPTION Error variance |
Noise |
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**21. THIS QUESTION DOES NOT RELATE TO THE ABOVE STUDY DESCRIPTION It leads to smaller effect sizes. It limits the type of statistical analyses that can be conducted. It causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups. |
It leads to smaller effect sizes. It causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups. |
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**22. THIS QUESTION DOES NOT RELATE TO THE ABOVE STUDY DESCRIPTION Using a matched-groups design Nothing can be done to reduce the effect of individual differences |
Using a matched-groups design Using a within-groups design Collecting measurements from more people |
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Observer bias threatens internal validity because an alternative explanation exists and threatens construct validity because the ratings are inaccurat |
-threatens internal validity because an alternative explanation exists and -threatens construct validity because the ratings are inaccurat |
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