Exam #4 Chapter 20

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Penicillin was considered a "miracle drug" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A) It was the first antibiotic.
B) It doesn’t affect eukaryotic cells.
C) It inhibits gram-positive cell wall synthesis.
D) It has selective toxicity.
E) It kills bacteria.

A.) It was the first antibiotic

A drug that inhibits mitosis, such as griseofulvin, would be more effective against
A) Gram-positive bacteria.
B) Gram-negative bacteria.
C) Fungi.
D) Wall-less bacteria.
E) Mycobacteria.

C.) Fungi

Most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against
A) Viruses.
B) Bacteria.
C) Fungi.
D) Protozoa.
E) All of the above.

B.) Bacteria

Antimicrobial peptides work by
A) Inhibiting protein synthesis.
B) Disrupting the plasma membrane.
C) Complementary base pairing with DNA.
D) Inhibiting cell-wall synthesis.
E) Hydrolyzing peptidoglycan.

B.) Disrupting the plasma membrane

In what way are semisynthetic penicillins and natural penicillins alike?
A) Both are broad spectrum.
B) Both are resistant to penicillinase.
C) Both are resistant to stomach acids.
D) Both are bactericidal.
E) Both are based Beta-lactam.

E.) Both are based Beta-lactam

Which of the following antibiotics is NOT bactericidal?
A) Aminoglycosides
B) Cephalosporins
C) Polyenes
D) Rifampins
E) Penicillin

C.) Polyenes

Which one of the following does NOT belong with the others?
A) Bacitracin
B) Cephalosporin
C) Monobactam
D) Penicillin
E) Streptomycin

E.) Streptomycin

The antibiotic tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure 20.1. The effect is to
A) Prevent attachment of tRNA.
B) Prevent peptide bond formation.
C) Prevent transcription.
D) Stop the ribosome from moving along the mRNA.
E) Prevent attachment of tRNA and mRNA.

B.) Prevent peptide bond formation

The antibiotic cycloheximide binds to the 60S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure 20.2. The effect is to
A) Prevent mRNAribosome binding in eukaryotes.
B) Prevent peptide bond formation in prokaryotes.
C) Prevent polypeptide elongation in eukaryotes.
D) Prevent transcription in prokaryotes.
E) Prevent ribosome formation in bacteria.

C.) Prevent polypeptide elongation in eukaryotes

Which of these antimicrobial agents has the fewest side effects?
A) Streptomycin
B) Tetracycline
C) Penicillin
D) Erythromycin
E) Chloramphenicol

C) Penicillin

Which of the following drugs does NOT act by competitive inhibition?
A) Ethambutol
B) Isoniazid
C) Streptomycin
D) Sulfonamide
E) Tetracycline

C.) Streptomycin

Which of the following methods of action would be bacteriostatic?
A) Competitive inhibition with folic acid synthesis
B) Inhibition of RNA synthesis
C) Injury to plasma membrane
D) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
E) Competitive inhibition with DNA gyrase

B.) Inhibition of RNA synthesis

Which of the following antibiotics is recommended for use against gram-negative bacteria?
A) Polyenes
B) Bacitracin
C) Cephalosporin
D) Penicillin
E) Polymyxin

E.) Polymyxin

Which of the following antimicrobial agents is recommended for use against fungal infections?
A) Amphotericin B
B) Bacitracin
C) Cephalosporin
D) Penicillin
E) Polymyxin

A.) Amphotericin B

In Table 20.1, the minimal bactericidal concentration of antibiotic X is
A) 2 μg/ml.
B) 10 μg/ml.
C) 15 μg/ml.
D) 25 μg/ml.
E) Can’t tell.

C) 15 μg/ml.

In Table 20.1, the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotic X is
A) 2 μg/ml.
B) 10 μg/ml.
C) 15 μg/ml.
D) 25 μg/ml.
E) Can’t tell.

B) 10 μg/ml.

More than half of our antibiotics are
A) Produced by fungi.
B) Produced by bacteria.
C) Synthesized in laboratories.
D) Produced by Fleming.
E) Produced by eukaryotic organisms.

B) Produced by bacteria.

The antibiotic chloramphenicol binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure 20.3. The effect is to
A) Prevent attachment of tRNA.
B) Prevent peptide bond formation.
C) Prevent transcription.
D) Stop the ribosome from moving along the mRNA.
E) Prevent polypeptide formation in eukaryotes.

A) Prevent attachment of tRNA

The antibiotic streptomycin binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure 20.4. The effect is to
A) Cause misreading of mRNA in 70S ribosomes.
B) Prevent binding of tRNA in eukaryotes.
C) Prevent polypeptide elongation in eukaryotes.
D) Prevent peptide bond formation in prokaryotes.
E) Prevent binding of tRNA in eukaryotes.

A) Cause misreading of mRNA in 70S ribosomes.

Which compound would be the most useful to treat candidiasis?
A) Uracil
B) Thymine
C) Flucytosine
D) Guanine
E) Penicillin

C) Flucytosine

Which of the following antibiotics are used to treat fungal infections?
1. Aminoglycosides
2. Cephalosporins
3. Griseofulvin
4. Polyenes
5. Bacitracin
A) 1, 2, and 3
B) 3 and 4
C) 3, 4, and 5
D) 4 and 5
E) All of the antibiotics

B) 3 and 4

Which of the following antibiotics does NOT interfere with cell wall synthesis?
A) Cephalosporins
B) Macrolides
C) Natural penicillins
D) Semisynthetic penicillins
E) Vancomycin

B) Macrolides

The antimicrobial drugs with the broadest spectrum of activity are
A) Aminoglycosides.
B) Chloramphenicol.
C) Lincomycin.
D) Macrolides.
E) Tetracyclines.

E) Tetracyclines.

Which of the following statements is false?
A) Fluoroquinolone inhibits DNA synthesis.
B) Acyclovir inhibits DNA synthesis.
C) Amantadine inhibits release of viral nucleic acid.
D) Interferon inhibits glycolysis.
E) Azoles inhibit plasma membrane synthesis.

D) Interferon inhibits glycolysis.

Protozoan and helminthic diseases are difficult to treat because
A) Their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells.
B) They replicate inside human cells.
C) They don’t have ribosomes.
D) They don’t reproduce.
E) They have more genes than bacteria.

A) Their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells.

Which of the following organisms would most likely be sensitive to natural penicillin?
A) L forms
B) Streptococcus pyogenes
C) Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae
D) Penicillium
E) Mycoplasma

B) Streptococcus pyogenes

Which of the following statements about drug resistance is false?
A) It may be carried on a plasmid.
B) It may be transferred from one bacterium to another during conjugation.
C) It may be due to enzymes that degrade some antibiotics.
D) It is found only in gram-negative bacteria.
E) It may be due to increased uptake of a drug.

D) It is found only in gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following does NOT constitute an advantage of using two antibiotics together?
A) It can prevent drug resistance.
B) It lessens the toxicity of individual drugs.
C) Two are always twice as effective as one.
D) It allows treatment to be provided prior to diagnosis.
E) All of the above are advantages.

C) Two are always twice as effective as one.

Drug resistance occurs
A) Because bacteria are normal microbiota.
B) When antibiotics are used indiscriminately.
C) Against antibiotics and not against synthetic chemotherapeutic agents.
D) When antibiotics are taken after the symptoms disappear.
E) All of the above.

B) When antibiotics are used indiscriminately

In Table 20.2, the most effective antibiotic tested was
A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) Can’t tell.

D) D.

In Table 20.2, the antibiotic that exhibited bactericidal action was
A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) Can’t tell.

E) Can’t tell.

In Table 20.2, which antibiotic would be most useful for treating a Salmonella infection?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) Can’t tell.

E) Can’t tell.

Which of the following would be selective against the tubercle bacillus?
A) Bacitracin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
B) Ethambutol inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
C) Streptogramin inhibits protein synthesis
D) Streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis
E) Vancomycin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

B) Ethambutol inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

In the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because
A) It lacks a cell wall.
B) It plasmolyzes.
C) It undergoes osmotic lysis.
D) It lacks a cell membrane.
E) Its contents leak out.

C) It undergoes osmotic lysis.

Lamisil is an allylamine used to treat dermatomycoses. Lamisil’s method of action is similar to that of
A) Polymyxin B.
B) Azole antibiotics.
C) Echinocandins.
D) Griseofulvin.
E) Bacitracin.

B) Azole antibiotics.

Niclosamide prevents ATP generation in mitochondria. You would expect this drug to be effective against
A) Gram-negative bacteria.
B) Gram-positive bacteria.
C) Helminths.
D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
E) Viruses.

C) Helminths.

The data in Table 20.3 show that these bacteria
A) Can be subcultured.
B) Developed resistance to antibiotics.
C) Were killed by 0.125 μg/ml of antibiotic X.
D) Were killed by 0.5 μg/ml of antibiotic X.
E) Were resistant to 1.0 μg/ml at the start of the experiment.
Answer: B

B) Developed resistance to antibiotics.

Which of the following statements about drugs that competitively inhibit DNA polymerase or RNA
polymerase is false?
A) They cause mutations.
B) They are used against viral infections.
C) They can affect host cell DNA.
D) They are too dangerous to use.
E) They interfere with protein synthesis.

D) They are too dangerous to use.

The substrate for transpeptidase used to synthesize peptidoglycan is shown in Figure 20.5. Which of the drugs
shown would inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e

D) d

The structures of the influenza drug Tamiflu and sialic acid, the substrate for influenza virus’s neuramidase,
are shown in Figure 20.6. What is the method of action of Tamiflu?
A) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
B) Inhibits plasma membrane synthesis
C) Inhibits synthesis of neuramidase
D) Competitive inhibition
E) Prevents synthesis of virus spikes

D) Competitive inhibition

Which of the following does NOT affect eukaryotic cells?
A) Antiprotozoan drugs
B) Antihelminthic drugs
C) Antifungal drugs
D) Nucleotide analogs
E) Semisynthetic penicillins

E) Semisynthetic penicillins

Mebendazole is used to treat cestode infections. It interferes with microtubule formation; therefore, it would
NOT affect
A) Bacteria.
B) Fungi.
C) Helminths.
D) Human cells.
E) Protozoa.

A) Bacteria.

Which of the following antibiotics causes misreading of mRNA?
A) Aminoglycoside changes shape of 30S units
B) Chloramphenicol inhibits peptide bonds at 50S subunit
C) Oxazolidinone prevents formation of 70S ribosome
D) Streptogamin prevents release of peptide from 70S ribosome
E) Tetracyclines bind with 30S subunit

A) Aminoglycoside changes shape of 30S units

The antibiotic actinomycin D binds between adjacent G-C pairs, thus interfering with
A) Transcription.
B) Translation.
C) Cellular respiration.
D) Plasma membrane function.
E) Peptide bond formation.

A) Transcription.

Use of antibiotics in animal feed leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria because
A) Bacteria from other animals replace those killed by the antibiotics.
B) The few surviving bacteria that are affected by the antibiotics develop immunity to the antibiotics, which
they pass on to their progeny.
C) The antibiotics cause new mutations to occur in the surviving bacteria, which results in resistance to
antibiotics.
D) The antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, but the few that are naturally resistant live and reproduce, and
their progeny repopulate the host animal.
E) The antibiotics persist in soil and water.

D) The antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, but the few that are naturally resistant live and reproduce, and their progeny repopulate the host animal.

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