What approach is often used to understand what’s defined as deviant within a society? |
Constructivism |
Sociology is defined as the: |
Systematic study of society and social interaction |
Which of the following men coined the term positivism, and is widely considered the father of sociology? |
Auguste Comte |
Please define C. Wright Mill’s sociological imagination. |
How individuals understand their own and others’ past in relation to history and social structure |
A hypothesis can be defined as: |
A testable proposition |
6. The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or, the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as: |
Figuration |
A paradigm can be defined as: |
Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them |
Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy’s argument fall under? |
Conflict theory |
Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. |
Quantitative |
____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____. |
Karl Marx; Communism |
Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on their belief in a meritocracy? |
Emile Durkheim |
Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor’s analysis is _____, while Felix’s analysis is _____. |
Macro-level; micro-level |
_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. |
Structural Functionalists |
Qualitative sociology can be defined as: |
In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data |
Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other’s Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project’s ____ function, the second is an example of the project’s _____ function. |
manifest; latent |
Max Weber, Georg Simmel, and Karl Marx were all advocates of: |
Conflict theory |
After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC’s "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protesters, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups. |
Symbolic interactionist |
Weber’s proposal of antipositivism influenced sociological researchers to ______ while examining different social worlds. |
Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms |
According to Durkheim, which of the following is NOT a social fact? |
All of the above are social facts |
Verstehen is defined by the text as: |
To understand in a deep way |
Alexis wants to research the 1960’s feminist movement. She reads articles from the time period, watches documentaries, reads scholarly journals on the topic, and interviews influential women from the movement. What kind of research method is Alexis using? |
Secondary data analysis |
Reliability is defined by the text as: |
A measure of a study’s consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced |
John wants to study whether a larger number of laptops available to students at his school lead to higher grades. Choose the independent and dependent variable. |
Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades |
Quincia is studying how of the lack of comprehensive sex education is affecting a small, rural town in North Dakota. She spends two months in the town, observing and interviewing the townspeople. Quincia is conducting a(n) _____. |
Experiment |
A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher’s reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________. |
The Hawthorne Effect |
Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological hypothesis? |
The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account |
Kendra is researching the effects of vitamin C on test-taking ability. Before the exam, Kendra gives group A orange juice, and group B water. Vitamin C is the ______. |
Independent variable |
The term interpretive framework can be defined as: |
A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing |
Tyson is researching whether actors on prime-time television and hit movies negatively impact teenagers’ body images. He is going undercover at a local high school to observe and participate with the students to better understand the world they live in. Tyson is conducting which research method? |
Field research |
Which of the following is an example of nonreactive research? |
Gathering data from government studies |
Miguel is doing a research paper on New York City’s Stone Wall riots of 1969. He visits the scene of the riots, interviews people who were there, reads the police reports of the event, and watches video footage. Miguel is conducting a(n) ______. |
Case study |
Which of the following is not a purpose of the American Sociological Association’s code of ethics? |
To ensure the financial gain of the researchers |
The term value neutrality is defined by the text as: |
A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results |
Kyle is collecting newspaper clippings from his grandfather about the American public’s perception of World War II. This is an example of ______. |
Secondary data |
Which of the following is an example of an unethical sociological research practice? |
Observing study participants without their consent |
Thomas wants to better understand the trends in literacy rates in Baltimore city over the past 50 years using Baltimore city data. What type of research should Thomas conduct? |
Secondary data analysis |
What is the importance of interpretive framework? |
It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant’s social world |
Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method? |
Receive corroboration from the field |
Kevin conducted a study on whether the length of the line at a local Starbucks affected how well the customers enjoyed their coffee after receiving it. Malcolm conducted the study at his local Starbucks, and found the same results. Kevin’s study had a high level of _____. |
Reliability |
In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____. |
Participant observation |
What group defines themselves through a rejection of the mainstream: |
Hippies |
Society and culture _____. |
Could not exist without each other |
Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______. |
Ethnocentrism |
Xenocentrism is: |
The opposite of ethnocentrism |
A cultural universal is: |
A pattern or trait common to all societies |
Many Americans pay for haircuts, trips to the dentist, or transportation on the metro and bus systems. These actions support the notion of capitalism, an example of _____. |
Material culture (?) |
Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? |
Incest taboos |
Kurt and Mitch visit an Amish village on a class trip. "Let’s see if we can round up some old radios and appliances and drop them off for them later this week. I think they’ll appreciate it. They just don’t understand what they’re missing." Mitch rolls his eyes. Kurt’s perspective is an example of _______. |
Cultural imperialism |
Which of the following is an example of cultural relativism? |
Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying |
Angelica visits Thailand with her family. When she wears short-shorts and tank tops while visiting a series of temples during her first week, she is met with hostility from the locals. She feels she no longer knows how to behave or interact with those outside her family. Angelica is experiencing _____. |
Culture shock |
The term values can be defined as: |
A culture’s standard for discerning what’s good and just in society |
Janet is visiting her childhood friend in the Hamptons. Janet wears ripped jeans and Chuck Taylors to an infamous "White" party. The majority of party-goers refuse to socialize with her. Janet is experiencing a form of ____. |
Formal sanction |
Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? |
Making eye contact while speaking |
What is one difference between a more and a folkway? |
Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not |
The term language can be defined as: |
A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted |
MTV’s widely-watched TV series The Jersey Shore is an example of _____, while the obscure works of playwright Sam Shepard are an example of ______. |
Popular culture; high culture |
Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? |
The hippie movement of the 1960’s |
In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____. |
An innovation |
n the early 2000’s, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ______. |
Subculture |
Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction? |
The football team throwing a slushy in Finn’s face because he tried to join the Glee club |
_____ describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern. |
Habitualization |
Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. |
Conflict Theory |
____ societies relied on permanent tools for survival, and expanded due to innovations such as crop rotation and fertilizer. |
Agricultural |
Which of the following is NOT an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? |
Charlotte is an intelligent teenager, but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she’s destined for a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out |
The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because: |
Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities |
Please place the following societies in chronological order: |
Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural |
Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______. |
Ascribed status |
Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: |
An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy |
On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ______. |
Role performance |
Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? |
A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama |
Alienation is defined by the text as: |
The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self |
Which of the following is NOT one of Marx’s four types of alienation? |
Alienation from one’s religion |
A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. |
Functionalist |
Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. |
Collective conscience |
As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: |
All of the above |
Karl Marx asserted that the means of societal change existed in the tension between: |
The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois |
The concept anomie can be defined as: |
A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness |
Which of the following is an example of role strain? |
Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as a mother, wife, and executive |
Charles Cooley’s concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: |
People base their images on how they think other people see them |
The term institutionalization can be defined as: |
The act of implanting a convention or norm into society |
During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie’s experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. |
Socialization |
Erik Erikson’s theory explains: |
How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life |
Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role? |
Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with |
According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people’s eyes? |
In their teenage years |
George Herbert Mead’s specific path of development for individuals is as follows: |
Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage |
Katrina, age 5, and Sharon, age 4, love to play together while their mothers chat. Katrina has a toy iron and washing machine. She and Sharon spend hours "washing" and "ironing" her baby doll’s clothes, just like they see their mothers do. Which of George Herbert Mead’s stages of development are Katrina and Sharon exemplifying? |
The play stage |
Émile Durkheim’s much lauded study of suicide is important to the field of sociology in many ways. One of the most influential impacts was: |
It defined the differences between sociology and psychology |
It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy’s teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy’s age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy’s teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory? |
Nature vs. Nurture |
Parents often socialize their children to: |
Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow |
Education is important to society because: |
All of the above |
The transition from college life to work life can be quite difficult for many young adults in the United States. Which is a possible cause for this struggle? |
All of the above |
Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o’clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o’clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o’clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition? |
Resocialization |
Peer groups are important to adolescents because: |
They help to develop a sense for identity separate from adolescents’ parents |
In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of _______. |
A degradation ceremony |
Sumaira is scared that she will not find a job in the current economy. She decides to be a business major and attend one of the top business schools in the country. Upon graduation, she is hired by a major investment banking firm in New York. Sumaira has completed: |
Anticipatory socialization |
Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? |
Conflict |
Joseph and Paula are excited to welcome their child into the world. They cannot wait to pass on all their knowledge, insight, and rich culture. Just as their parents gave them guidance and showed them how to live, Joseph and Paula will continue the chain by handing down their societal values and thus, sustain the society they love so much. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? |
Structural functionalism |
Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? |
symbolic interactionism |
Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed’s interaction with the school’s bureaucracy is an example of: |
The hidden curriculum of schools |
Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? |
Carol Gilligan |
Exam 1 Practice Questions
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