Digestions sections 2-7 A and P

The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________.

A. carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals
B. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
C. proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
D. triglycerides, starches, and proteins
E. proteins, fats, and minerals

B. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________.

A. pharyngeal constrictors
B. the upper esophageal sphincter
C. the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
D. esophageal glands
E. pharyngeal and buccal sphincters

C. the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

The large intestine absorbs water, fats, and salts.

True
or
False

False

Absorption of many nutrients starts in the stomach.

True
or
False

False

Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus.

True
or
False

True

Lipids are transported to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells by __________, and are then processed into __________.

A. fat droplets; micelles
B. fat droplets; chylomicrons
C. micelles; fat globules
D. micelles; chylomicrons
E. fat globules; micelles

D. micelles; chylomicrons

Odor, sight, and taste stimulate salivatory nuclei in the cerebral cortex.

True
or
False

False

A hepatic triad consists of __________.

A. the right, left, and common hepatic ducts
B. the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and bile duct
C. the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts
D. a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein
E. a central vein, a hepatic lobule, and a hepatic sinusoid

D. a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein

The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.

A. gastric rugae
B. antrum
C. pyloric sphincter
D. fundic region
E. cardiac region

C. pyloric sphincter

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines?

A. They both have villi, but only the small intestine has microvilli.
B. The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine.
C. The small intestine has simple columnar epithelium and the large intestine does not.
D. Intestinal crypts are only found in the large intestine.
E. The large intestine has larger circular folds than the small intestine.

B. The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine.

Which of the following is not a trigger for mass movements of the colon?

A. The gastrocolic reflex
B. The duodenocolic reflex
C. Chyme filling the duodenum
D. Chyme filling the stomach
E. The colorectal reflex

E. The colorectal reflex

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells.

A. mucous
B. regenerative (stem)
C. parietal
D. chief
E. enteroendocrine

C. parietal

The __________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed.

A. pancreas
B. stomach
C. liver
D. spleen
E. small intestine

C. liver

Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________.

A. chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells
B. chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells
C. parietal cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); chief cells
D. parietal cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); chief cells
E. enteroendocrine cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells

B. chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells

The __________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the __________ of the stomach.

A. villi; pyloric glands
B. rugae; Peyer patches
C. intestinal crypts; gastric pits
D. goblet cells; parietal cells
E. pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve

C. intestinal crypts; gastric pits

The large intestine is longer than the small intestine.

True
or
False

False

The enzyme that catalyzes the first step reaction in HCl production by gastric parietal cells is called __________.

A. carbonic acid
B. carbonic anhydrase
C. dipeptidase
D. protease
E. ATPase

B. carbonic anhydrase

The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________.

A. duodenum; neutral fats
B. ileum; bilirubin
C. gallbladder; cholesterol
D. pancreas; bile salts
E. liver; cholesterol

E. liver; cholesterol

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________.

A. liver; small intestine
B. small intestine; stomach
C. mouth; stomach
D. mouth; small intestine
E. stomach; small intestine

C. mouth; stomach

Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid.

True
or
False

False

Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes?

A. Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
B. Pepsin, trypsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase
C. Trypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
D. Trypsin, pepsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase
E. Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, trypsin

A. Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase

Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?

A. Water
B. Vitamins
C. Proteins
D. Minerals
E. Cholesterol

C. Proteins

The small intestine begins with the duodenum, which is its longest segment.

True
or
False

False

Enamel is found in the crown of a tooth, whereas dentin is part of both the crown and the root.

True
or
False

True

The __________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the __________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland.

A. lingual; labial
B. submandibular; lingual
C. submandibular; sublingual
D. sublingual; parotid
E. lingual; sublingual

B. submandibular; lingual

Which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true?

A. It milks the chyme toward the colon.
B. It allows a bolus to move down the esophagus.
C. It churns and mixes residue in the descending colon.
D. It churns and mixes a bolus with gastric juices.
E. It propels pancreatic juice down the pancreatic duct.

A. It milks the chyme toward the colon.

Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.

A. it saves one step in their synthesis
B. gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis
C. they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly
D. they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
E. they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly

D. they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins

__________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme.

A. Enterokinase; pepsin
B. Gastrin; secretin
C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. Gastric lipase; histamine
E. Secretin; pepsin

E. Secretin; pepsin

Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________.

A. triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol
B. low density lipoproteins (LDL)
C. chylomicrons
D. emulsification droplets
E. micelles

D. emulsification droplets

The swallowing center is located in the __________.

A. mouth
B. oropharynx
C. esophagus
D. medulla oblongata
E. enteric nervous system

D. medulla oblongata

Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest?

A. Cementum, root canal, enamel
B. Enamel, root canal, dentin
C. Dentin, enamel, cementum
D. Enamel, dentin, pulp
E. Crown, enamel, dentin

D. Enamel, dentin, pulp

Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

A. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin
B. Activate lingual lipase
C. Emulsify lipids
D. Destroy ingested pathogens
E. Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+

C. Emulsify lipids

The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found.

A. keratinized; lingual papillae
B. keratinized; lingual frenulum
C. nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
D. nonkeratinized; tonsils
E. nonkeratinized; vallate papillae

C. nonkeratinized; lingual papillae

The enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________.

A. lactase; glucose
B. peptidases; proteins
C. lipases; micelles
D. lactose; lactase
E. nucleases; nucleotides

B. peptidases; proteins

The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________.

A. central nervous system; also controlled by the central nervous system
B. central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
C. autonomic nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
D. voluntary; also voluntary
E. involuntary; also involuntary

B. central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes

Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)?

A. It is a uniport carrier.
B. It is an antiport carrier.
C. It uses solvent drag to transport glucose and sodium.
D. It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.
E. It transports glucose from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells, and sodium in the opposite direction.

D. It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.

Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, __________ is/are secreted by __________ cells.

A. intrinsic factor; parietal
B. bile salts; chief
C. lecithin; hepatic
D. hydrochloric acid; parietal
E. enterokinase; mucous

A. intrinsic factor; parietal

Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?

A. Mucus
B. Lysozyme
C. Amylase
D. Lipase
E. Protease

E. Protease

The brush borders of intestinal absorptive cells contain numerous goblet cells.

True
or
False

False

Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase.

True
or
False

True

Of the following components of bile, only __________ has/have a digestive function.

A. bile salts
B. bilirubin
C. cholesterol
D. phospholipids
E. neutral fats

A. bile salts

Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?

A. Circular folds (plicae circulares)
B. Intestinal length
C. Microvilli
D. Villi
E. Rugae

E. Rugae

Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.

A. gastric pits
B. surface of the gastric mucosa
C. intestinal crypts
D. brush border of the small intestine
E. cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine

D. brush border of the small intestine

Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice?

A. Trypsinogen
B. Chymotrypsinogen
C. Deoxyribonuclease
D. Sodium bicarbonate
E. Enterokinase

E. Enterokinase

The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.

A. relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food
B. stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach
C. stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach
D. inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
E. relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon

D. inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

Defecation is stimulated by __________.

A. the chemical composition of the feces
B. bacterial flora in the feces
C. water content of the feces
D. lipid content in the feces
E. stretching of the rectum

E. stretching of the rectum

The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.

A. cephalic
B. gastric
C. intestinal
D. gastrointestinal
E. mesenteric

B. gastric

The liver is the body’s largest gland.

True
or
False

True

Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

A. Triglycerides
B. Amino acids
C. Glucose
D. Minerals
E. Water-soluble vitamins

A. Triglycerides

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called __________.

A. insulin
B. cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. secretin
D. glucagon
E. gastrin

B. cholecystokinin (CCK)

The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________.

A. the gastrocolic reflex
B. the duodenocolic reflex
C. mass movement
D. haustral contraction
E. defecation

D. haustral contraction

Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?

A. Salivary amylase
B. Pancreatic amylase
C. Pepsin
D. Trypsin
E. Dipeptidase

C. Pepsin

Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora?

A. Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet
B. Synthesis of vitamin K
C. Production of some of the gases found in flatus
D. Digestion of cellulose
E. Formation of part of the feces

A. Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet

Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces.

A. 2
B. 14
C. 30
D. 55
E. 80

C. 30

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________.

A. small intestine; large intestine
B. small intestine; liver
C. stomach; small intestine
D. stomach; large intestine
E. small intestine; small intestine

E. small intestine; small intestine

Both pancreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum.

True
or
False

True

The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________.

A. circular folds; ceca
B. taeniae coli; haustra
C. haustra; taeniae coli
D. internal sphincters; omental (epiploic) appendages
E. internal sphincters; ceca

B. taeniae coli; haustra

Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth.

A. 20; 32
B. 16; 20
C. 28; 20
D. 32; 20
E. 32; 32

A. 20; 32

EXTRA CREDIT:
Which of the following does not have ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia ?

A. the nasal cavity
B. the trachea
C. the bronchi
D. nasopharynx
E. secondary (lobar) bronchi

A. the nasal cavity

EXTRA CREDIT:
What is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator mechanism?

A. in inhale air
B. to screen out, kill, and remove dust, dirt, and pathogens from inhaled air
C. to transport gases through the mucous membrane
D. to move inhaled air through the rest of the respiratory tract

B. to screen out, kill, and remove dust, dirt, and pathogens from inhaled air

EXTRA CREDIT:
What is external respiration?

A. ventilation (breathing)
B. gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid
C. gas exchange between air and blood
D. production of ATP

C. gas exchange between air and blood

EXTRA CREDIT:
In a healthy kidney, very little ____ passes through the glomerlular filtration membrane into the tubules.

A. amino acids
B. electrolytes
C. glucose
D. vitamins
E. protein

E. protein

EXTRA CREDIT:
What stimulus causes the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A. High blood pressure
B. Low blood oxygen
C. Low blood pressure
D. Low blood sodium

C. Low blood pressure

EXTRA CREDIT:
The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the

A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Base of the Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Cortical portion of the collecting duct

B. Base of the Loop of Henle