Combo with Music Mid Term and 2 others

The approximate dates of the Baroque period are:

1600-1750.

Which of the following does NOT characterize the Baroque era?

an age of freedom and democracy

John Milton’s Paradise Lost is an epic poem expressing the views of:

Protestantism

Which best describes how Baroque musicians made a living?

as servants to royalty or nobility as members of the church as employees of a free city

The Baroque period witnessed a new style of music, which featured a single vocal melody with accompaniment. This was known as:

monody

The introduction of monody in music represented a major shift in texture from:

polyphonic to homophonic.

The group of early Baroque writers, artists, and musicians whose aim was to resurrect the musical drama of ancient Greece was known as:

the Florentine Camerata.

The ideas and music of the Florentine Camerata led the way directly toward:

the development of opera.

Which two instruments would most likely have played the basso continuo in the Baroque era?

cello and harpsichord

The Baroque technique of placing numerals, indicating the harmony required, above or below the bass notes, is called:

figured bass.

The primary tonality used during the Baroque was:

major-minor.

A system of slightly adjusting the tuning of intervals within the octave, thus making it possible to play in every major and minor key, was called:

equal temperament

All of the following characterize Baroque musical style EXCEPT:

harmonies built on the early church modes.

Which best describes the relentless beat and regular accent of later Baroque music?

vigorous rhythm

The artificially created male soprano or alto who dominated opera was known as:

the castrato.

The Baroque performance practice where musicians embellished the melodies was called:

improvisation.

Women’s roles in Baroque music:

expanded into professional performance careers including opera

A drama that is sung is called:

a madrigal.

The vocal style in opera that imitates the natural inflections of speech is called:

madrigal.

It was through the musical innovations of the _____ that opera was born.

Florentine Camerata

A highly emotional song in an opera is called:

an aria.

The orchestral introduction heard at the beginning of an opera is called:

an overture.

The text of an opera is called:

the libretto.

Who is best viewed as the first master of opera?

Monteverdi

The earliest operas took their plots from:

Greek mythology.

The English type of entertainment combining music, poetry, and dance was called:

masque.

The greatest native English composer of the Baroque was:

Henry Purcell.

Purcell’s opera Dido and Aeneas was composed for:

a girl’s school production.

On which epic poem was Purcell’s opera Dido and Aeneas based?

Virgil’s The Aeneid

Dido’s Lament from Purcell’s opera Dido and Aenaes is composed:

over a ground bass.

The sacred cantata was an integral part of the:

Lutheran church.

The chorale is a type of hymn tune created by:

Martin Luther.

The chorale tune A Mighty Fortress Is Our God was:

written by Martin Luther.

The opening movement of Bach’s cantata A Mighty Fortress Is Our God is best described as:

a chorale fugue.

Which does NOT characterize an oratorio?

elaborate scenery

George Frideric Handel was considered a master of:

the oratorio.

Late in life, Handel turned his efforts from the opera to:

the oratorio.

Handel’s Messiah is:

an oratorio.

The famous choral climax in Part II of Handel’s Messiah is:

"Hallelujah Chorus."

The first era of Western music in which instrumental music was as important as vocal music was the:

Baroque era.

The Baroque era witnessed the appearance of the:

solo concerto. concerto grosso.

The instrumental form based on the contrast of two dissimilar masses of sound is called:

the concerto.

The solo concerto is:

an instrumental work, usually in three movements, that features one performer supported by an accompanying group of instruments.

Who was the greatest and most prolific Italian composer of concertos?

Vivaldi

Vivaldi lived and worked in:

Venice.

Which of the following is a well known set of concertos by Vivaldi?

The Four Seasons

The solo instrument in Spring from The Four Seasons is:

the violin.

The opening movement of Spring from The Four Seasons features _____

ritornello form.

Who composed the Brandenburg Concertos?

Bach

Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos comprise _____ separate concertos.

six

The accompanying group in a concerto grosso is called:

the ripieno.

The solo group in a concerto grosso is called:

the concertino

Which of the following dance types was NOT standard in a Baroque suite?

tarantella

A gigue is best described as:

a lively sextuple-meter dance.

What is the form of the individual movements in a suite?

binary

Water Music by Handel is best described as a:

suite.

Handel’s Water Music opens with a:

French overture.

During his lifetime, Bach held the position of:

-cantor of St. Thomas’s Church in Leipzig. -court organist and chamber musician to the duke of Weimar. -court musician to the prince of Anhalt-Cthen.

Bach was most famous in his day as a performer on:

the organ.

In the field of keyboard music, Bach’s most important collection was:

The Well Tempered Clavier.

Which of the following is a set of forty eight preludes and fugues by Bach?

The Well Tempered Clavier

Which was NOT an important keyboard instrument in the Baroque?

the piano

A keyboard instrument in which the strings are plucked by quills is:

the harpsichord.

The harpsichord is different from the piano because:

it usually has two keyboards, rather than one. its strings are plucked, rather than struck. it is not capable of a wide dynamic range.

What is a toccata?

an improvisatory, virtuosic keyboard work

A chorale prelude:

is a work for organ. introduces the chorale to be sung by the congregation. displays the virtuosity of the organist.

The _____ is a keyboard form based on the principle of voices imitating each other.

fugue

What is the principal element of a fugue?

counterpoint

In a fugue, the areas of relaxation where the subject is not heard are called:

episodes.

After the fugue subject is stated, the second entrance of the subject is called the:

answer.

Of the following, which is NOT a contrapuntal device that alters the original theme?

prelude

In a fugue, the technique of stating the theme in faster rhythmic values is called:

diminution.

The opening section of a fugue, in which all voices introduce the subject successively, is called the:

exposition.

How many preludes and fugues are contained in the two Well Tempered Clavier volumes?

48

Bach’s last demonstration of contrapuntal mastery was:

The Art of Fugue.

How many voices, or individual lines, are there in Bach’s Contrapunctus I from The Art of Fugue?

four

In which voice is the subject first heard in Contrapunctus I from The Art of Fugue?

the second to top voice, or alto

Amateur music making at home was popular during the Baroque era. T/F

True

The new Baroque style of vocal music for one singer with instrumental accompaniment was known as monophony. T/F

False

During the Baroque era, some boy singers were castrated to preserve the high register of their voices, allowing them to sing high pitched operatic roles. T/F

True

Handel wrote his oratorio Messiah over a period of four years. T/F

False

The "Hallelujah Chorus" is the climax of the Easter section of Messiah. T/F

True

The Baroque period was the first in which instrumental music was comparable in importance to vocal music. T/F

True

Baroque composers, like their Renaissance counterparts, generally did not specify instrumentation. T/F

False

Today, Baroque music is played exclusively on modern instruments. T/F

False

Antonio Vivaldi became known as "the red priest" because of his fanatical religious beliefs. T/F

False

Vivaldi lived in Venice, where he taught music at a girls’ school. T/F

True

Vivaldi’s solo concertos typically had four movements. T/F

False

Handel’s Water Music was performed without continuo instruments when played outdoors. T/F

True

The Hornpipe from Handel’s Water Music is in A-B-A form. T/F

True

Johann Sebastian Bach lived a short, unhappy life and had no children. T/F

False

During his lifetime, Johann Sebastian Bach was primarily known as a great organist. T/F

True

The three main keyboard instruments of the Baroque were the harpsichord, organ, and piano. T/F

False

The strings of a harpsichord are plucked by quills. T/F

True

The clavichord was a popular instrument for the home. T/F

True

The prelude originated in improvisation on keyboard instruments. T/F

True

Bach’s chorale prelude A Mighty Fortress Is Our God is based on a well known Lutheran chorale tune. T/F

True

A fugue is a form exclusively for solo keyboard performance. T/F

False

A fugue is a contrapuntal composition in which a single subject is the focal point, thus unifying the work. T/F

True

At the beginning of a fugue, the countersubject is stated alone. T/F

False

Of the following, which does NOT describe Romantic orchestral music?

Composers produced more symphonies than their Classical-era counterparts.

Of the following, which does NOT describe orchestras of the nineteenth century?

The size of orchestras decreased, making for more compact ensembles.

Solo musicians became stars in the Romantic era, idolized by the public.

True

Schubert was born in:

Vienna

Schumann’s "In the lovely month of May" is from which song cycle?

A Poet’s Love.

What is the form of "In the lovely month of May"?

Strophic

Chopin is considered to be the national composer of:

poland

Despite her gender, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel was encouraged by her family to pursue a career in music.

False

Which of the following does NOT characterize the music of Chopin?

reserved emotions

Which of the following describes the music in America during the early nineteenth century?

Music was largely imported from Europe.

In Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique, the idée fixe:

Symbolizes the beloved, recures by virtue of the literary program, and unifies the five movements, which are diverse in character and mood.

Of the following, which does NOT characterize Grieg’s Morning Mood from Peer Gynt?

prominent roles for a solo trumpet and trombone

Of the following, which is NOT an orchestral work by Berlioz?

Italian Symphony

Who was the first composer to use the term symphonic poem?

Liszt

Of the following, which does NOT describe symphony composition in the Romantic era?

Composers wrote more symphonies than their Classical counterparts

Dvorak set actual Native American tunes in his New World Symphony.

False

The scherzo is a lively, dancelike movement in duple meter.

False

Dvorak Symphony No. 9 is subtitled:

From the New World.

Wagner’s recurring themes that represent specific characters, emotions, or ideas are called leitmotifs.

True

Which composer has been considered to be the single most important phenomenon in the artistic life of the latter half of the nineteenth century?

Wagner.

In the Ring cycle, who is the father of the gods?

Wotan

Why did Wotan deprive Brünnhilde of her immortality and leave her sleeping inside a ring of fire?

because she, overcome with compassion, attempted to save Siegmund’s life in battle

Of the following, who did NOT make a major contribution to choral literature?

Frédéric Chopin

The post-Romantic era lasted from approximately:

1890-1910.

At the close of the opera Madame Butterfly, the title character:

kills herself with a samurai dagger.

Of the following, who is a noted woman composer of the Romantic era?

Clara Schumann

Which of the following best describes the role of women in nineteenth-century music?

The piano provided women with a socially acceptable performance outlet.

The Romantics embraced conventional forms.

False

Schumann wrote his song cycle A Poet’s Love during his "year of song," in which he wrote hundreds of Lieder and also married Clara Schumann.

True

The favorite Romantic poets for the composers of Lieder were:

Goethe and Heine.

A German-texted song with piano accompaniment that sets a short lyric poem is called:

A lied.

Chopin is credited with creating:

the modern piano style.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s output is dominated by:

Lieder and piano music.

Piano manufacturing remained unchanged until the technical advances of the early twentieth century.

False

Foster’s Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair is a:

love song.

Incidental music to a play is generally considered to be absolute music.

False

Which of the following compositions is LEAST likely to be an example of program music?

String Quartet in B-flat major

Music endowed with literary or pictorial associations is called absolute music.

False

Who composed the opera The Bartered Bride?

Smetana

Dvorak Symphony No. 9 was inspired by Goethe’s Faust.

False

Brahms wrote ____________ symphonies.

4

Of which national school of composition is Dvorak a representative?

Czech

Romantic composers wrote concertos only for their own performance.

False

The ensemble that follows "La donna è mobile" in Act III of Rigoletto is a:

quartet

The nineteenth century saw the quick development of an international opera style that replaced the national schools of the eighteenth century.

False

Verdi’s Aida could be viewed as an example of exoticism because of its Egyptian setting.

True

Who dies at the end of Rigoletto?

Gilda, Rigoletto’s daughter

Puccini’s operas are associated with the verismo movement.

True

A Japanese geisha is best compared in Western culture with:

a courtesan.

Which of the following exotic elements can be heard in the opera Madame Butterfly?

Japanese melodies. pentatonic and whole-tone scales. instrument combinations that evoke the Japanese gagaku. –>all of the above

Exoticism was expressed by incorporating folk music of one’s own country within a composition.

False

The democratic character of the Romantic movement is illustrated by:

sympathy for the oppressed. interest in folk culture. faith in humankind and its destiny. all of the above

Which does NOT characterize Romantic music?

reserved emotions

Schubert wrote several song cycles, including:

Winter’s Journey.

Schubert’s song Elfking was a setting of the ballad written by:

Goethe.

Schubert’s prolific output includes works of every major genre.

True

The short, lyric piano piece is the instrumental equivalent of:

the song

The mazurka is a Hungarian folk dance.

False

The most important keyboard instrument of the Romantic period was:

The piano.

Foster’s Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair has an active piano accompaniment suggesting flowing water.

False

Grieg’s incidental music for Peer Gynt was written for a play by:

Henrik Ibsen

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the music of Berlioz?

It relies on traditional forms.

Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique is an example of:

A program symphony.

The finale to Symphonie fantastique projects a satanic character.

True

Brahms’s symphonies use a Romantic harmonic idiom but are Classical in form.

True

The typical Romantic symphony has four movements.

True

Which young composer did Robert and Clara Schumann take into their home?

Brahms

The third movement of Brahms’s Symphony No. 3 in F major is a rollicking scherzo.

False

Which of the following countries was NOT a leading opera center in the nineteenth century?

England

Louise Bertin wrote an opera based on Victor Hugo’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

True

Wagner strived for a continuous flow of melody unlike the divisions of aria and recitative in Italian opera.

True

A special theater was built at ____________ for the presentation of Wagner’s music dramas.

Bayreuth

Tchaikovsky was known for his symphonies and operas as well as for his ballets.

True

Which great Russian choreographer wrote the scenario for The Nutcracker?

Petipa

Ballet became an independent art form in the nineteenth century.

True

The desire for increased expressiveness in nineteenth-century music is communicated by the composer to the performer through new descriptive terms.

True

The French Revolution signaled:

the transfer of power from the aristocracy to the middle class.

Which of the following women organized concerts featuring music by her brother?

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel.

Robert Schumann was married to the gifted pianist and composer Clara Wieck.

True

Which of the following does NOT describe Schumann’s A Poet’s Love?

It tells a detailed story of a lost love.

Which of the following was NOT a typical theme of the Romantic Lied?

praise of the Virgin Mary

An étude is a short but highly technical study piece for piano.

True

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s The Year is a cycle for:

Piano

How does Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s The Year reach a level of achievement beyond her brother Felix?

It is a large-scale work unified by musical and extra-musical links.

Who was the first internationally acclaimed American composer of classical music?

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

Nationalistic composers expressed their nationalism by:

employing native songs and dances in their works.

Musorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition is an example of:

Program music

A multimovement programmatic work for orchestra is called:

a program symphony.

Grieg’s In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt is unified by a recurring:

Theme.

By the Romantic era, concerts had moved from:

the aristocratic palace to the public concert hall.

Brahms maintained a lifelong close relationship with:

Clara Schumann.

Brahms is often described as a(n) ____________, because of his use of forms of the Classical masters.

traditionalist

Brahms was described as a "young eagle" by:

Robert Schumann.

Women achieved prominence in the Romantic era as opera singers.

True

The focal point of Wagnerian music drama is the voice.

False

Which characteristic of traditional opera did Wagner eliminate?

separate arias

After Italian independence, Verdi was ignored by the Italian public.

False

Which of the following does NOT characterize the Libera me: Dies irae section of Verdi’s Requiem?

understated emotions

Cio-Cio-San, in Puccini’s Madame Butterfly, worked as a geisha prior to her marriage.

True

The Nutcracker is a real-life story set at Christmastime.

False

Romantic composers sought to make instruments sing. This statement best describes the element of:

Melody.

A Romantic symphony is generally longer than a Classical symphony.

True

Brass instruments became more flexible due to the invention of:

valves.

A song form where the main melody is repeated for two or three stanzas but has new or significantly varied material introduced when the text requires it is called:

modified strophic.

Which of the following is true of Schubert’s Elfking?

It is the masterpiece of his youth. It is based on the legend that whoever is touched by the king of the elves must die. It presents four characters who are differentiated in the music. all of the above

Schubert organized evening gatherings of artists, writers, and musicians, called:

Schubertiads.

Which of the following was NOT a technical improvement in the nineteenth-century piano?

A second keyboard was added.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s The Year has extra-musical connections.

True

Chopin primarily composed for which type of venue?

salon or drawing room

Which of the following characterizes the published devotional music in America during the nineteenth century?

simpler notation for people lacking music literacy

Although a musical nationalist, Smetana avoided getting involved with political revolution.

False

Grieg’s music for Peer Gynt was published as a suite.

True

Which of the following inspired Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique?

the actress Harriet Smithson

Nineteenth-century Russian composers had a strong tradition of utilizing folk tales as the basis of their compositions.

True

The symphony was a new genre in the Romantic era.

False

The origins of the Romantic concerto reach back to the Renaissance.

False

Of the following, who wrote more than seven symphonies?

Haydn

How many movements are in a typical symphony?

four

The emotional quality of Wagner’s music is heightened by the use of:

chromatic dissonance.

The concept of a total artwork in which all the arts—music, poetry, drama, visual spectacle—are fused together is called:

Gesamtkunstwerk.

Which of the following does NOT characterize the music for Act III, Scene 1 of Die Walküre?

The orchestra plays a subordinate role.

Richard Wagner composed the first Singspiel.

False

Who was Tchaikovsky’s principal patron?

Nadezhda von Meck

The leading composer of Italian opera in the late-Romantic era was:

Puccini

What Russian figure played a crucial role in the development of twentieth-century ballet?

Diaghilev

One of the prime traits of Romantic artists was their emphasis on intense emotional expression.

True

The nineteenth-century novel found its great theme in the conflict between the individual and society.

True

During the nineteenth century, concert life began to center in the:

Public concert hall.

A song in which the same melody is repeated with every stanza of the text is in strophic form.

True

____________ is NOT an important composer of nineteenth-century Lieder.

Heinrich Heine.

A song that is composed from beginning to end without repetitions of whole sections is in strophic form.

False

The form of Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s September: At the River, from The Year, is:

A-B-A’.

Salon performances were usually open to the general public.

False

What nineteenth-century composer’s entire output centered around the piano?

Chopin

Shape-note notation was used to help the general public read music.

True

A symphonic poem is a multimovement programmatic work for orchestra.

False

Who was the first Bohemian composer to achieve international prominence?

Smetana

Which of the following is a Finnish nationalist composer?

Jean Sibelius

Nationalism can be seen in all of the following EXCEPT:

Chopin’s waltzes.

The structure of the third movement of Brahms’s Symphony No. 3 is:

ternary.

Of the following interests, which did Brahms pursue in his younger years?

folk music. writings of the German romantics. music of Bach and Beethoven. –> all of the above

The subtitle From the New World of Dvorak Symphony No. 9 refers to a visit the composer made to South America.

False

Dvorak sought to immigrate to America and become an American citizen.

False

What composer’s musical language was based on chromatic harmony?

Wagner

Opera singers Maria Malibran and Pauline Viardot were both daughters of the famous singer and teacher Manuel García.

True

Wagner did not wish to change the prevailing form of opera in the nineteenth century.

False

The aria "La donna è mobile" from Verdi’s Rigoletto, is set in a simple, strophic form with a refrain.

True

The libretto for Madame Butterfly represents Western fascination with geisha culture in the late nineteenth century.

True

Which of the following composers does NOT represent the Italian verismo style?

Verdi

Tchaikovsky suffered from depression and guilt over his homosexuality.

True

The Leipzig Conservatory was founded by:

Felix Mendelssohn.

An interest in folklore and folk music resulted from the rise of nationalism.

True

The French Revolution did not affect the Romantic movement.

False

Schumann was a carefree spirit with a happy disposition who lived a long, productive life as a composer.

False

Robert Schumann’s wife, Clara, was:

The daughter of his piano teacher, one fo the foremost pianists of her day, and the inspiration for A Poet’s Love.

A song form in which the same melody is repeated with every stanza of text is called:

strophic

The rise in popularity of the piano was an important factor in shaping the musical culture of the Romantic era.

True

Who composed the piano cycle entitled The Year?

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

Chopin’s Mazurka in B-flat minor, Op. 24, No. 4, is in duple meter.

False

Foster’s Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair contains a cadenza in every strophe.

True

In his Symphonie fantastique, Berlioz used a recurrent theme, which he called the idée fixe, symbolizing the beloved.

True

Grieg was a Finnish nationalist composer who wrote the much-loved symphonic poem Finlandia.

False

Nationalism found natural expression in music, among other arts.

True

How many movements are in Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique?

Five

William Grant Still was an African-American composer who sought musical inspiration from his native heritage.

True

Of the following, who was NOT an African-American composer?

Antonín Dvorak

Brahms’s Symphony No. 3 is a program symphony.

False

A fanciful solo passage in an improvisational style that is interpolated into a concerto movement is called:

a cadenza

National styles of opera developed in:

Italy. Germany. France. all of above

Verdi’s opera Nabucco was hugely popular in Italy because it:

was interpreted as a symbol of Italian independence

Wagner pushed major-minor tonality to extreme limits with his style of chromatic harmony.

True

Who composed The Barber of Seville and the overture to William Tell?

Rossini

Which of the following choral forms was NOT originally intended for performance in church?

Part song

Verismo was a late-Romantic movement in opera which sought to:

pick subjects from everyday life and treat them realistically.

Which of the following is NOT a ballet by Tchaikovsky?

Eugene Onegin

In the Romantic era, skilled musicians were trained at:

conservatories.

What trend inspired composers to write music evoking scenes or sounds of far-off lands?

Exoticism.

Which of the following is true of Romantic poets?

They rebelled against conventional forms and subjects. They leaned toward the fanciful and picturesque. They expressed their new spirit of individualism with passion. all of the above

The German term for the art song is:

Lied.

The poem Elfking was written by Heinrich Heine.

False

The form of Schubert’s Lied Elfking is through-composed.

True

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel was discouraged from pursuing a career as a composer because:

She was a woman.

Chopin had a long relationship with the female writer George Sand.

True

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s The Year is her only symphonic poem.

False

Hymns from eighteenth-century America survived only through oral traditions.

False

A piece of program music for orchestra in one movement that, through several contrasting sections, develops a poetic idea or suggests a scene or mood is called:

A symphonic poem

In Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique, what is the idée fixe?

The basic theme of the symphony, heard in all movements

Smetana’s The Moldau is a musical painting of a river.

True

Which composer is considered the first great exponent of musical Romanticism in France?

Berlioz

The first movement of the Romantic concerto often omitted the orchestral exposition.

True

Of the following, which is NOT a type of absolute music?

The symphonic poem.

The true love of Brahms’s life was Clara Schumann.

True

Which movement of a symphony is traditionally the slowest?

The second movement.

What composer created the music drama?

Wagner

Wagner called his operas:

Music dramas.

Verdi’s operas stirred a revolutionary spirit within the Italian people.

True

One of the leitmotifs from Wagner’s Die Walküre is the magic fire music.

True

In her aria "Un bel dì," from Madame Butterfly, Cio-Cio-San sings of:

Her wish for her husband to return.

Verdi’s Requiem Mass was intended for performances in church.

False

Which of the following statements about Romantic choral music is NOT true?

Only professional singers participated in nineteenth-century choruses.

Of the following, which does NOT describe orchestras of the nineteenth century?

The size of orchestras decreased, making for more compact ensembles.

Romantic music is characterized by relatively less expression than music of earlier periods.

False

The Romantic orchestra was the same size as the Classical orchestra.

False

Robert Schumann’s A Poet’s Love is set to texts by:

Heinrich Heine.

The mood of Schumann’s "In the lovely month of May" is joyful and exuberant.

False

Goethe and Heine were two of the leading nineteenth-century writers whose poetry was set by Lieder composers

True

The term tempo rubato, associated with Chopin’s music, means that the performer should:

take liberties with the tempo.

Nineteenth-century composers of the short, lyric piano piece included:

Johannes Brahms. Robert Schumann. Frédéric Chopin. all of the above

How does Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s The Year reach a level of achievement beyond her brother Felix?

It is a large-scale work unified by musical and extra-musical links.

Which of the following was NOT composed by Stephen Foster?

When Johnny Comes Marching Home

Expressions of nationalism were more prevalent in Romantic music than in works of the Classical period.

True

In Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique, the idée fixe melody appears only at the very end of the fourth movement, March to the Scaffold.

False

Grieg was a Finnish nationalist composer who wrote the much-loved symphonic poem Finlandia.

False

Folk tales have had little influence on composers of Western classical music.

False

The origins of the Romantic concerto reach back to the Renaissance.

False

The scherzo is a lively, dancelike movement in duple meter.

False

Of the following, which is NOT a type of absolute music?

the symphonic poem

The structure of the third movement of Brahms’s Symphony No. 3 is:

ternary.

Wagner eventually married Cosima, the daughter of his good friend Franz Liszt.

True

Which Verdi opera was commissioned for performance in Cairo to mark the opening of the Suez Canal?

Aida

Of the following, which does NOT characterize Singspiel?

It featured elaborate recitatives and arias.

Italian comic opera is called:

opera buffa.

Choral music offered the public an outlet for its creative energies.

True

The pas de deux is a Western-style two-step dance.

False

Of the following, which characterizes Verdi’s Requiem Mass?

The Requiem was dedicated to the memory of the poet Manzoni.

Of the following, which was NOT a major theme of Romantic writers?

idealized heroes of Greece and Rome

Solo musicians became stars in the Romantic era, idolized by the public.

True

Romantic composers sought to make instruments sing. This statement best describes the element of:

melody.

In which genre is Schubert NOT indebted to Classical traditions?

Lied

Approximately how many songs did Schubert compose?

more than 600

Schubert organized evening gatherings of artists, writers, and musicians, called:

Schubertiads.

Chopin primarily composed for which type of venue?

salon or drawing room

Chopin is considered to be the national composer of:

Poland.

The manuscript for Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s September: At the River, from The Year, has poetic lines by:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk is primarily remembered for composing parlor songs in the style of spirituals.

False

The finale to Symphonie fantastique projects a satanic character.

True

Smetana’s The Moldau is a musical painting of a river.

True

The Moldau represents:

Smetana’s finest achievement in orchestral music. a river that flows through Bohemia. a nationalist work. all of the above

Nationalistic composers expressed their nationalism by:

employing native songs and dances in their works.

Of the following, who did NOT write a major concerto in the Romantic era?

Schubert

Of the following, who was a prolific composer of Lieder?

Brahms

The scheme of a traditional symphony is:

fast-slow-dance-fast.

Brahms was described as a "young eagle" by:

Robert Schumann.

Wagner chose to base his stories on:

idealized folk legends.

La Scala, the famous opera house where Verdi’s operas were performed, is in:

Milan.

Of the following, which opera is NOT by Verdi?

Carmen

Who are the Valkyries in Wagner’s Ring of the Nibelung?

the nine daughters of Wotan

Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker is based on a story by:

E. T. A. Hoffmann.

The music for Puccini’s Madame Butterfly is entirely European in conception, despite the setting in Japan.

False

Which of the following descriptions best characterizes a part song?

a short, secular song for three or four voice parts

Which of the following women organized concerts featuring music by her brother?

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel.

The society of the nineteenth century saw a few women make careers as professional musicians.

True

A Romantic symphony is generally longer than a Classical symphony.

True

____________ is NOT an important composer of nineteenth-century Lieder.

Heinrich Heine

A song form where the main melody is repeated for two or three stanzas but has new or significantly varied material introduced when the text requires it is called:

modified strophic.

Which of the following does NOT describe Schumann’s "In the lovely month of May"?

It ends with harmonic resolution.

Which of the following was NOT a technical improvement in the nineteenth-century piano?

A second keyboard was added.

Chopin is credited with creating:

the modern piano style.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s The Year has extra-musical connections.

True

Who was the first internationally acclaimed American composer of classical music?

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

Hector Berlioz was born and spent most of his career in:

France

Which of the following compositions is LEAST likely to be an example of program music?

String Quartet in B-flat major

Of the following, which is NOT an orchestral work by Berlioz?

Italian Symphony

A multimovement programmatic work for orchestra is called:

a program symphony.

The symphony was a new genre in the Romantic era.

False

The purity of Brahms’s Classical style and his mastery of musical architecture brought him closer to the spirit of Beethoven than any of his contemporaries.

True

The third movement of Brahms’s Symphony No. 3 in F major is a rollicking scherzo.

False

Which young composer did Robert and Clara Schumann take into their home?

Brahms

Wagner eventually married Cosima, the daughter of his good friend Franz Liszt.

True

After Italian independence, Verdi was ignored by the Italian public.

False

Which of the following operas is NOT an example of exoticism?

Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro

Which of the following was a widely loved nationalist opera composer?

Verdi

The development of Russian ballet was stimulated by the great choreographer ____________ in 1847.

Marius Petipa

Which of the following choral forms was NOT originally intended for performance in church?

Part song

The Nutcracker is based on a story by E. T. A. Hoffmann.

True

Mendelssohn’s Italian Symphony, Bizet’s Carmen, and Ravel’s Spanish Rhapsody are examples of:

exoticism.

Of the following, which does NOT describe Romantic orchestral music?

Composers produced more symphonies than their Classical-era counterparts.

The desire for increased expressiveness in nineteenth-century music is communicated by the composer to the performer through new descriptive terms.

True

Franz Schubert was a thoroughly Romantic composer whose music abandoned the forms and stylistic principles of Classicism.

False

Schumann’s "In the lovely month of May" is from which song cycle?

A Poet’s Love

Schubert lived a tragically short life but was a remarkably prolific composer of:

Lieder. chamber music. piano music. all of the above

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s The Year is her only symphonic poem.

False

Which of the following was NOT a genre of music written by Chopin?

symphonies

Chopin spent most of his productive life in:

Paris

Which of the following characterizes the published devotional music in America during the nineteenth century?

simpler notation for people lacking music literacy

In his Symphonie fantastique, Berlioz used a recurrent theme, which he called the idée fixe, symbolizing the beloved.

True

Music endowed with literary or pictorial associations is called absolute music.

False

Edvard Grieg was an important representative of the Czech school of composition.

False

Edvard Grieg is a composer from:

Norway.

The first movement of the Romantic concerto often omitted the orchestral exposition.

True

Which form found in symphonies is most likely to be strongly rhythmic and dancelike?

scherzo

Dvorak Symphony No. 9 is subtitled:

From the New World.

The first movement of a symphony is usually in ____________ form.

sonata-allegro

Who was the source of Verdi’s inspiration for Rigoletto?

Victor Hugo

Of the following, which woman was a successful composer as well as a successful opera singer?

Louise Bertin

Wagner did not wish to change the prevailing form of opera in the nineteenth century.

False

The librettist for Verdi’s Rigoletto was:

Piave.

The ____________ is the most powerful part of the Requiem Mass.

Dies irae

Puccini’s Madame Butterfly ends:

tragically.

The trepak is a folk dance from:

Russia.

Which of the following best describes the role of women in nineteenth-century music?

The piano provided women with a socially acceptable performance outlet.

Which does NOT characterize Romantic music?

reserved emotions

The democratic character of the Romantic movement is illustrated by:

sympathy for the oppressed. interest in folk culture. faith in humankind and its destiny. all of the above

The poem Elfking was written by Heinrich Heine.

The poem Elfking was written by Heinrich Heine.

The song form that combines features of strophic and through-composed forms is called modified strophic.

The song form that combines features of strophic and through-composed forms is called modified strophic.

Schumann was a carefree spirit with a happy disposition who lived a long, productive life as a composer.

Schumann was a carefree spirit with a happy disposition who lived a long, productive life as a composer.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s output is dominated by:

Lieder and piano music.

As in the eighteenth century, nineteenth-century virtuoso pianists were almost always prominent composers as well.

False

The mazurka is a Hungarian folk dance.

False

Hymns from eighteenth-century America survived only through oral traditions.

True

Berlioz was one of the boldest musical innovators of the nineteenth century.

True

"The Mighty Five" were composers from:

Russia.

Who composed the opera The Bartered Bride?

Smetana

Grieg’s In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt is unified by a recurring:

theme.

Concertos in the nineteenth century often emphasized virtuosity.

True

The typical Romantic symphony has four movements.

True

Of the following, which does NOT describe symphony composition in the Romantic era?

Composers wrote more symphonies than their Classical counterparts.

The Harlem Renaissance was an early twentieth-century movement that promoted the creative efforts of African Americans.

True

In addition to composing music, Wagner was an important:

writer

What composer created the music drama?

Wagner

What was Verdi’s last opera, completed at age eighty?

Falstaff

Wagner pushed major-minor tonality to extreme limits with his style of chromatic harmony.

True

Cio-Cio-San, in Puccini’s Madame Butterfly, worked as a geisha prior to her marriage.

True

The solo voice begging for deliverance in the Libera me: Requiem aeternam section of Verdi’s Requiem is:

a soprano.

Tchaikovsky suffered from depression and guilt over his homosexuality.

True

The Industrial Revolution produced less expensive musical instruments but with no technical improvements.

False

The dynamic range of nineteenth-century orchestras was far greater than orchestras of the previous century.

True

Of the following instruments, which first appeared in the Romantic era?

saxophone

In Schubert’s Elfking, the obsessive triplet rhythm of the piano accompaniment represents:

the galloping of the horse.

Schumann’s A Poet’s Love is a:

song cycle.

In which genre is Schubert NOT indebted to Classical traditions?

Lied

Of the following, which type of piano work has a spacious form?

ballade

Which of the following did NOT characterize salons?

They were generally hosted by wealthy male aristocrats

What is the origin of the mazurka?

a stately processional dance for nobility

Which of the following was NOT composed by Stephen Foster?

When Johnny Comes Marching Home

Folk tales have had little influence on composers of Western classical music.

False

Edvard Grieg was an important representative of the Czech school of composition.

False

Berlioz was awarded the Prix de Rome in the year that he wrote his Symphonie fantastique.

True

Edvard Grieg is a composer from:

Norway

A large-scale work in several movements for solo instrument(s) and orchestra is called:

A concerto.

Dvorak Symphony No. 9 was inspired by:

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Song of Hiawatha.

Of the following, who did NOT write a major concerto in the Romantic era?

Schubert

What is the typical number of movements found in a concerto?

Three.

In Act III, Scene 1 of Die Walküre, what are the Valkyries carrying on their horses?

fallen heroes

The opera Carmen is set in Cuba.

False

In addition to composing music, Wagner was an important:

writer

Operas with exotic plots:

look to far-away lands for inspiration.

Puccini’s opera Madame Butterfly, with its Japanese melodies and pentatonic and whole-tone scales, is an example of exoticism.

True

Puccini’s Madame Butterfly is:

a tragic tale of a Japanese geisha and a U: S: naval officer

The keyboard instrument featured in the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy, from The Nutcracker, is:

the celesta.

Of the following, who is a noted woman composer of the Romantic era

Amy Cheney Beach

Of the following, which was NOT a major theme of Romantic writers

idealized heroes of Greece and Rome

The favorite subjects for the Romantic poets were

love, longing, and nature

Of the following, which is NOT a title for Schumann’s piano works

Rondos

Which does NOT characterize Romantic music

reserved emotions

What is the form of Schumann’s "In the lovely month of May"

strophic

The art song can be described as representing a union of poetry and music

True

A German-texted song with piano accompaniment that sets a short lyric poem is called

a Lied:

The mood of Schumann’s "In the lovely month of May" is joyful and exuberant

False

The Romantic orchestra was the same size as the Classical orchestra

False

The Industrial Revolution produced less expensive musical instruments but with no technical improvements

False

Which is true of Schubert’s Erlking

It is the masterpiece of his youth It is based on the legend that whoever is touched by the king of the elves must die It presents four characters who are differentiated in the music:

Franz Schubert was a thoroughly Romantic composer whose music abandoned the forms and stylistic principles of Classicism

False

The desire for increased expressiveness in nineteenth-century music is communicated by the composer to the performer through new descriptive terms

True

A song that is composed from beginning to end without repetitions of whole sections is in strophic form

False

Exoticism was expressed through the incorporation within a composition of folk music of one’s own country

False

A song form in which the same melody is repeated with every stanza of text is called

strophic

Nineteenth-century musicians continued to be viewed by society as glorified servants

False

Franz Schubert composed several song cycles, including

Winter’s Journey

The first movement of the Romantic concerto often omitted the orchestra exposition

True

Which composer is generally considered the greatest pianist and showman of the Romantic era

Liszt

Of which national school of composition is Dvořák a representative

Czech

Although a musical nationalist, Smetana avoided getting involved with the political revolution

False

Amy Cheney Beach was widely recognized in her lifetime as the leading American woman composer

True

Which does NOT characterize the scherzo from Beach’s Sonata in A minor

Placed third in the four-movement cycle:

Nineteenth-century Russian composers have a strong tradition of utilizing folk tales as the basis of their compositions

True

Liszt joined Chopin in transforming the _____ from a piano exercise into a poetic mood piece

étude

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of program music

String Quartet in B-flat major

Dvořák’s Symphony No

9 was inspired by Goethe’s Faust: False

Nationalism found natural expression in music, among other arts

True

Who was the first internationally acclaimed American composer of classical music

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

Of the following, who did NOT write a major concerto in the Romantic era

Schubert

Who is the German-born conductor who set up a concert series across the United States and also established New York City’s second professional orchestra

Theodore Thomas

Gottschalk’s The Banjo is in a modified sonata form

False

Pianist Clara Schumann gave the first performances of her husband Robert’s important works, and also became known as a leading interpreter of the music of Brahms and Chopin

True

The melody of the African-American Spiritual Swing Low, Sweet Chariot is suggestive of the third theme in

the first movement of Dvořák’s New World Symphony:

The melody of Chopin’s Prelude in E minor moves in disjunct motion through a wide range

False

Berlioz was awarded the Prix de Rome, during which time he wrote his Symphonie fantastique

True

The most important keyboard instrument of the Romantic period was

the piano:

Incidental music to a play is generally considered to be absolute music

False

Of the following, which does NOT describe symphony composition in the Romantic era

Composers wrote more symphonies than their Classical counterparts

The finale to Symphonie fantastique projects a satanic character

True

Franz Liszt described the style of his music, along with that of Wagner and Berlioz, as the "music of the future

True

Mendelssohn played an important role in the revival of music by which Baroque composer

Bach

In the nineteenth century, where did serious American musicians complete their studies

in Europe

The Harlem Renaissance was an early twentieth-century movement that promoted the creative efforts of African Americans

True

The symphony was a new genre in the Romantic era

False

Clara Schumann’s later creative activities were supported by the devotion of which composer

Brahms

A piece of program music for orchestra in one movement which, through several contrasting sections, develops a poetic idea or suggests a scene or mood is called

a symphonic poem:

The typical Romantic symphony has four movements

True

Which of the following did NOT characterize salons

They were generally hosted by wealthy male aristocrats:

Titles such as Prelude, Impromptu, and Intermezzo are used for

short, lyric piano pieces:

Which best describes the style of the third movement of Brahms’s Symphony No 3

a melancholic waltz

Brahms’s Symphony No 3is a program symphony

False

Chopin spent most of his productive life in

Paris:

Popular music has recently become a vehicle for the voice of women composers

True

Which movement of a symphony is traditionally the slowest

the second movement

The scherzo is a lively, dancelike movement in duple meter

False

William Grant Still was an African-American composer who sought musical inspiration from his native heritage

True

One of the leitmotifs from Wagner’s Die Walküre is the magic fire music

True

The habanera is a dance song of Cuban origin

True

Puccini’s Madame Butterfly is

a tragic tale of a Japanese geisha and a U: S: naval officer:

Which description best characterizes a part song

a short, secular song for three or four voice parts

Brahms’s German Requiem was intended for performance in the Catholic Church

False

The focal point of Wagnerian music drama is the voice

False

Impressionist music is often characterized as a reaction to

all of the above:

Ravel’s art reflects the twin goals of Impressionism and Neoclassicism

True

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Impressionist music

accents on the first beat of each measure

Which of the following statements is NOT true about Romantic choral music

Only professional singers participated in nineteenth-century choruses

Which of the following countries was NOT a leading opera center in the nineteenth century

England

Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker is based on a story by

E T A Hoffmann

Stravinsky’s The Soldier’s Tale is

a ballet

What was the name of the Paris-based Russian ballet impresario who commissioned Stravinsky to write ballets

Diaghilev

Singing in a chorus generally requires a different skill than playing in an orchestra

True

Which of the following is the Cuban dance song that Bizet set as an aria in Carmen

habanera

Opera provided composers with a good outlet for their interest in far-off lands

True

The text for Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel’s Under the Greenwood Tree was taken from Shakespeare’s

As You Like It:

The Waltz of the Flowers is the climax of The Nutcracker ballet

True

Ravel was attracted to many styles of dance music

True

The librettist for Verdi’s Otello was

Boito

Debussy considered Wagner’s music dramas to be ponderous and tedious

True

French poets responded to Impressionism in painting by developing a new literary style called

Symbolism

Debussy was much influenced by non-Western music he heard at the Paris World Exhibition of 1889

True

Puccini’s opera Madame Butterfly, with its Japanese melodies and pentatonic and whole-tone scales, is an example of exoticism

True

Ravel’s _____ sets texts from The Arabian Nights

Shéhérazade

Ballet became an independent art form in the nineteenth century

True

The form of "How Lovely Is Thy Dwelling Place," the fourth movement of Brahms’s German Requiem, is best described as

A-B-A-C-A, or rondo

Brahms’s German Requiem has _____ movements

seven

In Rigoletto, Verdi turns away from tuneful melodies to heighten the dramatic action

False

Schumann wrote his song cycle A Poet’s Love during his "year of song," in which he wrote hundreds of Lieder and he also married Clara (Wieck) Schumann:

True

The melody in twelve-tone music is called

a tone row

Of the following, which describes formalism

Formal considerations are valued over expressive ones.

What was the name of the Paris-based Russian ballet impresario who commissioned Stravinsky to write ballets

Diaghilev

Stravinsky’s The Soldier’s Tale is

a ballet

Klangfarbenmelodie refers to

a style that gives each note of a melody to a different instrument

Neoclassical composers preferred absolute music and forms to program music

True

Stravinsky’s ballets all achieved immediate popularity with their audiences.

False

In The Royal March from Stravinsky’s The Soldier’s Tale, the meter remains constant throughout

False

Berg’s music owes much to the influence of Arnold Schoenberg

True

It is thought that Mahler’s conversion to Catholicism was prompted primarily

to avoid anit-Semitism in Vienna.

Webern’s Symphony, Opus 21, uses many contrapuntal procedures

True

Webern’s Symphony, Opus 21, combines serial technique with traditional forms

True

Who composed the opera Peter Grimes

Britten

Bart ók found that eastern European folk music was based on

ancient modes, unfamiliar scales,non-symmetrical rhythms.

Which nineteenth-century American composer is best remembered for his popular ballads and minstrel show tunes

Stephen Foster

Which of the following instruments would you NOT find in a standard mariachi band

clarinet

Which of the following is NOT a ballet by Aaron Copland

Our Town

While composing in his spare time, Charles Ives made his living as

an insurance executive.

Shape-note notation was used to help music reading for the general public

True

The music of Charles Ives was very popular and performed frequently during his lifetime

False

William Grant Still composed the first symphony by an African American to be performed by a major American orchestra

True

Like Copland and Prokofiev, Revueltas wrote music for films

True

Which does NOT characterize the blues

It is a form of African folk music.

What American city is considered the birthplace of jazz

New Orleans

Billie Holiday’s song Billie’s Blues demonstrates ________ form

16-bar blues

The principal exponent of cool jazz was trumpeter

Miles Davis.

What is the form of Gershwin’s Piano Prelude No1

: A-B-A

The popular style that is characterized by vocal patter against a syncopated rhythmic accompaniment is

rap.

The Irish rock group of the late 1980s interested in political activism was

U2.

The Who’s Tommy is an example of

rock opera.

Bernstein’s West Side Story updates the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues to that between

The Jets and the Sharks.

The term loosely applied to various styles of Afro-Cuban dance music is

Salsa.

Ragtime was named for its ragged, highly syncopated rhythms and melodies

True

Cajuns and Creoles stem from the same ethnic background and share similar musical influences

False

Art rock or progressive rock was largely a British style

True

A new style that emerged during the 1950s that was a union of African American rhythm-blues, country western, and pop was called bebop

False

Rock is characterized by a strong, steady beat in a triple meter

False

The use of preexisting literary sources such as books and plays for the plots of musicals helped the new genre to gain maturity and permanence

True

New Orleans jazz depended on simultaneous improvisations by the players, which created a polyphonic texture

True

Big-band swing represented the dominant form of American popular music in the 1930s and 1940s

True

The jazz technique of playing short melodic ostinatos, or riffs, derives from African call-and-response patterns.

True

The musical has remained exclusively an American art form, not attempted by composers of other countries

False

Claude Debussy

most important French Impressionist composer; was an important piano composer; created a distinctive new style of writing for the instrument;

Debussy’s best known works

Clair de lune, Evening in Granada, Reflections in the Water and The Sunken Cathedral

The Afternoon of a Faun

Debussy’s best known orchestral work; inspired by poem by Stephan Mallarme; poem suggests dreams and erotic fantasies of a pagan forest creature who is half man/half goat; woodwind solos, muted horns, harp glissandos, subdued dynamics and non-pulse rhythms

Characteristics of Impressionist art

painters preferred to work outdoors rather than in studio and were fascinated w/ outdoor scenes, life, picnic in the woods, and crowds on Parisian boulevards; Claude Monet

dates and country of Impressionist art

late 19th and early 20th century in France;

characteristics of Impressionist music

exotic scales (chromatic, whole tone and pentatonic); unresolved dissonances, parallel chords, rich orchestral color; and non-pulse rhythms; generally small-scale programmatic forms (Claude Debussy)

symbolist poetry

sounds of words became more important than their meaning; literary response to Impressionism was this, in which writings are suggestive rather than literally (Stephen Mallarme)

whole tone scales

scale pattern built entirely of whole step intervals, common in the music of the French impressionists

pentatonic scales

five-note pattern used in some African, Far Eastern, and Native American musics; can also be found in Western music as example of exoticism

ninth chord

five-tone chord spanning a ninth b/w its lowest and highest tones

parallel chords

chords that keep the same intervallic structure but that can be moved by half steps or whole steps, or other specific interval

dates and country of Expressionist music

1905-1925; Germany and Austria

characteristics of Expressionist art

used jarring colors and grotesquely distorted shapes; artists were concerned w/ social protest (many opposed WWI and used art to depict their horror of bloodshed); ex. The Scream by Edvard Munch 1893

characteristics of Expressionist music

stressed intense, subjective emotion; used delierate distortions to assault and shock their audience

Arnold Shoenberg

Expressionist composer; was influenced by German Expressionism; began to write atonal music in 1908; abolished distinction b/w consonance and dissonance and did away w/ any sense of home key; in 1920’s, he developed 12 Tone system

Arnold Shoenberg, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern

Expressionist composers; constitute Second Viennese School

12 tone or serialism

created by Schoenberg; based on a particular arrangement of the 12 chromatic tones called a tone row; once est., a tone row is basis from which a composer builds themes, harmonies and counterpoint

Pierrot Lunaire

written by Schoenberg; a song cycle that represents his atonal Expressionist period; joins the text and music through vocal technique called Sprechstimme

Sprechstimme

speech-voice; vocal melody is spoken rather than sung on exact pitches

atonality

absence of key; no distinction b/w consonance and dissonance w/o a sense of home key

Igor Stravinsky’s 3 early ballets

Firebird (1910); The Rite of Spring (1913); Petrushka (1911)

The Firebird

1910; the story of this ballet is based on a Russian legend about a Czar named Ivan, a fairy and a green-taloned monster; fairy grants Ivan a wish and gives him one of her plumes

The Rite of Spring

1913; in two parts (1. Adoration of the Earth, 2. The Sacrifice); often performed as a concert piece for orchestra; size of orchestra is monumental w/ an extraordinary battery of percussion instruments and brass; work stands as one of landmarks in the 20th century ballets

Petrushka

1911; takes place during a St. Petersburg carnival; main characters are 3 life-sized puppets brought to life by a magician; Stravinsky captures the atmosphere of a Russian street fair using Russian folk songs

characteristics of primitivism

harsh dissonances, percussive orchestration, pounding rhythms, repetitive and insistent rhythms; Igor Stravinsky uses this in his music

Serge Diaghilev

legendary impresario of the Paris-based Russian ballet, commissioned Stravinksy to write 3 spectacular ballets; production of these ballets secured Stravinsky’s position in the forefront of the modern movement

characteristics of 20th century nationalism

parlor and minstrel songs of Stephen Foster were popular (Oh Susannah, Camptown Races); strong tradition of devotional music (spirituals, gospel hymns); music publications were largely devotional, "white spirituals"; shaped note system

Bela Bartok

Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, virtuoso pianist; toured remote villages w/ Kodaly, collected over 2,000 folk songs and dances

Concerto for Orchestra

commissioned by Boston Symphony Orchestra conductor, Serge Koussevitsky; composed when Bartok was terminally ill; entire orchestra is the virtuouso; 5 movements, mvt. 4 Interupted Intermezzo

Carl Orff

German composer, educator; continued music activity in Nazi Germany; interested in early music, medieval Latin lyrics, German folk song; he composed stage works, trilogy of cantatas, Lieder, and orchestral music

Carmina Burana

composed by Carl Orff; secular cantata in 5 scenes; chorus, soloists, and large orchestra; racy medieval lyrics; moralizing and satirical themes; based on turning wheels of fortune; opening chorus: cliche for action scenes in movie trailers

John Philip Sousa

was undoubtedly America’s greatest bandmaster; he fostered the American wind band tradition; directed US Marine Band (1798); known as the "March King" and composed over 130 marches one of them Stars and Stripes Forever

Aaron Copland

was the quintessential American composer; was able to capture the spirit of the American experience in his engaging, accessible works; American, born in Brooklyn; was 1st of many composers to study in Paris w/ Nadia Boulanger

Characteristics of Copland’s music

uses jazz rhythms, hymn tunes, cowboy songs and folk songs; wrote simple yet highly professional music; texture is clear and transparent; uses slow moving harmonies; uses 20th century techniques

Copland’s Patriotic Works

A Lincoln Portrait- for full orchestra and narrator; Fanfare for the Common Man

Copland’s 3 ballets

Billy the Kid, Rodeo, Appalachian Spring

Appalachian Spring

ballet written by Aaron Copland; was commissioned by Martha Graham’s (dancer, choreographer) modern dance company; was originally scored for 13 instruments but later scored as a suite for full orchestra

improvisation

creation of a musical composition while it is being performed, seen often in jazz

syncopation

deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat or an offbeat

call and response

seen in West African vocal music; a soloists’ phrases are repeated and answered by a chorus; also occurs in jazz when one voice is repeated by another

combo

a small ensemble, typically referring to groups of three to seven players

rhythm section

string bass or tuba, guitar and banjo, or piano and drums

spiritual and gospel songs

folklike devotional genre of the US sung by African Americans and whites

Ragtime

1890-1917; a precursor to jazz; also known as "ragged rhythm"; characterized by highly syncopated rhythms; in duple meter played at a moderate tempo

Scott Joplin

known as "King of Ragtime"; was one of the first black Americans to gain importance as a composer; born in Texarkana, TX; showed a gift for improvisation and got Pulitzer Prize after he died

"Maple Leaf Rag"

ragtime is in duple meter played at a moderate tempo; the pianist’s right hand plays a lively, syncopated melody while the left hand maintains the bass notes and chords w/ a steady oom-pah, beat accompaniment

rags by Joplin

"Maple Leaf Rag" and "The Entertainer"

"The Entertainer"

1910; piano rags were recorded by Joplin and preserved on punched paper rolls made for Steinway player piano; eventually ragtime artists began to form their own orchestra/jazz bands then dixieland and ragtime began to emerge

characteristics of the blues

progression, blue notes, blue rhythm, text, instrumental blues

progression

blues has a particular harmonic sequence; usually 12 bars involving 3 basic chords (4 measures of the I chord, 2 measures of the IV chord, 2 measures of the I chord, 2 measures of the V chord, then 2 measures of the I chord)

blue notes

bent notes, vocal shadings, scoops and slurs produced by slightly lowering the 3rd, 5th, or 7th note of the scale

blue rhythm

singers and instrumentalists play around the beat; either just before the beat or right after the beat; ex. rubato and Chopin

text

lyrics that concern unhappy situations

instrumental blues

blues isn’t always vocal

twelve bar blues

musical structure based on a repeated harmonic-rhythmic pattern that is twelve measures in length

big band or swing band dates

1935-1945

characteristics of big band or swing band

swing grew out of dixieland, bands were bigger (14-20 players); saxophones were on front line doubling on clarinet; second line was brass; rhythmic section in back consisted of piano, bass and drums; played in dance halls or ballrooms; saxes had the melody

swing band leaders

Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey

Benny Goodman

clarinetist; also known as "King of Swing"; was the host of the radio program "Let’s Dance"; the program can still be heard on NPR radio stations on Saturday nights; FM 89.9

Bessie Smith

famous blues singer; known as "Empress of the Blues"; was most famous blues singer of the 20’s; sold millions of copies of her tunes on the Black Swan label

Black Swan label

the first African American recording company; Bessie Smith recorded on this label

Billie Holiday

known as Lady Day; was discovered in 1933; sang in clubs in Brooklyn and Harlem; recorded w/ clarinetist Benny Goodman, featured w/ Count Basie’s band and others

"Memphis Blues" and "St. Louis Blues"

published by W.C. Handy in 1910; he is known as "Father of the Blues" and provided money could be made from writing down and publishing jazz

Louis Armstrong

known as American Bach; nicknamed Satchmo as well; one of the greats of New Orleans jazz; created "swing" jazz as well as scat-singing

scat singing

a jazz style that sets syllables without meaning (vocables) to an improvised vocal line

characteristics of Be Bop

1940’s; was a revolt against the big band, arranged music, written down parts; players turned to a small combo; faster tempo and was improvised; more tension with tonal clashes, unusual harmonies, fast tempos and complex rhythms; too fast for dancing

Charlie Parker

played saxophone; nicknamed "Bird"; virtuoso player of Bebop style; influenced almost all jazz musicians by 1950; was a talented trumpet player as he was a showman

Dizzy Gillespie

played trumpet; organized his first band in 1945; was the first to take a jazz band on a world tour for the US State Department

Thelonious Monk

played piano; played bebop in Harlem; played Bloomdido (a Charlie Parker Piece) with Buddy Rich

characteristics of cool jazz or West Coast jazz

1950; a revolt against the complexities of bebop; laid back style characterized by lush harmonies, lowered levels of volume, and moderate tempos; uses new instruments (flute, vibraphone French horn, flugel horn)

Miles Davis

trumpet player; easily arranged by him because he was a conservatory trained musician and went to Julliard School which was created in 1945

Dave Brubeck and Paul Desmond

played piano and played sax; leader of west coast jazz; influenced by Latin American music chiefly the dance rhythms

George Gershwin

composed "Rhapsody in Blue" and "Porgy and Bess"; one of most gifted American musicians; mastered fusions of ragtime, blues, and jazz; composed songs, Broadway musicals, and instrumental works influenced by jazz; wrote in collaboration with his brother, Ira; worked as a song plugger on TinPan Alley

Rhapsody in Blue

composed by George Gershwin for piano and orchestra; premiered in 1924 w/ the Paul Whiteman ensemble in a concert billed as "An Experiment in Modern Music"; title reflects music’s rhapsodic form with the blues flavor; isn’t true jazz but employs jazz rhythms and melodies; piece begins w/ clarinet glissando and includes muted brass players and drum set

Porgy and Bess

falls b/w opera and musical theater; continuous music, recurring themes, united jazz, and classical music; takes place in catfish row, black tenement in Charleston, South Carolina; Summertime, Clara sings lullaby to her baby, opening scene (evokes African American spiritual

"West Side Story"

Leonard Bernstein; updated Romeo and Juliet story; Arthur Laurents, playwright and Steven Sondheim, lyricist; dramatic content stirring melodies, colorful orchestration and vivacious dance scenes; (Mambo)

underscoring

what music people think of as film music; comes from an unseen source, often an invisible orchestra

source music

functions as a part of the drama, from a logical source; for example, someone may turn on a radio, or a character may be inspired to sing (in Rear Window (1954 Hitchcock)

leitmotifs

used at first by Wagner in music drama The Ring of Nibelung; Williams introduces a multitude of these in Star Wars

running counter to the action

composers create irony by supplying music that contradicts what is being shown on the screen (Godfather baptism scene: Bach’s organ music)

neoclassicism

a twentieth century style that combined elements of Classical and Baroque music with modernist trends (ex. symphony-Stravinsky)

New Orleans Style Dixieland

also known as New Orleans Jazz; fusion of African American elements: blues, ragtime, spirituals, work songs, shouts; improvisatory; multiple players, polyphonic texture (melody, countermelody above, countermelody below, rhythm section)

Count Basie and Glenn Miller

popular big band leaders in the 30’s and 40’s; helped Glenn Miller to adapt Boogie Woogie

Duke Ellington

composer, arranger and leader of his own band; remained popular until his death; the advent of big bands brought a greater need for arranged, or written down music

Tommy Dorsey

helped to adapt Boogie Woogie with Glenn Miller and Count Basie as well as Jerry Lee Lewis