Which of the following is considered to be an accessory organ of the digestive system? |
Gallbladder |
The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is __________. |
Peristalsis |
Which major process involves the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus? |
Deification |
Where does the process of segmentation occur? |
Small Intestine |
How would you classify chewing food? |
Mechanical Breakdown |
The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall. |
Parietal Peritoneum |
In a patient suffering from untreated infection-induced peritonitis, an infection in the visceral peritoneum immediately ______. |
spreads directly to the parietal peritoneum |
Which histological layer of the digestive tract is composed primarily of epithelial tissue? |
Mucosa |
The __________ circulation includes all of the major abdominal arteries that serve the digestive organs. |
splanchnic |
The innermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________. |
Mucosa |
The nervous system does not regulate digestive activity. |
False |
Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium? |
Mucosa |
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis? |
Muscularis Externa |
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains the nerve supply of the enteric neurons that regulate digestive system activity? |
Submucosa |
A person with ankyloglossia would likely have difficulty pronouncing the word ______. |
All of the listed responses are correct |
A mumps viral infection of the two parotid glands may ______. |
Spread to the other salivary glands |
Hyposalivation can be treated with a drug that ______. |
stimulates muscarinic receptors in salivary gland serous cells |
Impacted wisdom teeth is a problem that is never observed in children because ______. |
They lack their third molar |
After root canal therapy, a tooth may become infected again due to poor dental hygiene. The patient might not seek treatment for this newly infected tooth because |
The tooth lacks a never that allows the tooth to perceive pain |
Saliva does NOT __________. |
Aid in the chemical digestion of proteins |
The primary dentition consists of __________ teeth. |
20 |
How many total teeth does the following dental formula indicate? |
20 |
How are wisdom teeth (third molars) classified? |
permanent teeth |
Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition? |
Incisors |
What muscle forms the labia of the mouth? |
orbicularis oris |
What is the function of the soft palate? |
The soft palate rises reflexively to close off the nasopharynx when swallowing occurs. |
What is the opening to the mouth called? |
oral orifice |
Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva? |
Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins. |
Which of the following inhibits salivation? |
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
Gastric juice does not typically cause a burning sensation within the stomach. But reflux of this gastric juice into the esophagus can cause a burning sensation. One reason why this occurs is that the esophagus ______. |
secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus |
The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach. |
cardiac sphincter |
Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth? |
Ingestion |
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach? |
The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates. |
Which of the following components of saliva helps convert food-derived nitrates into nitric oxide (NO)? |
bacteria present on the back of the tongue |
In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ______. |
Mucos Cells |
Before and during vomiting, the emetic center initiates motor responses that involve ______. |
All of the listed responses are correct |
What role of the stomach is essential to life? |
production of intrinsic factor |
In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum. |
Intestinal |
The __________ is the last segment of the small intestine. |
Ileum |
Blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach. |
True |
Which tunic of the stomach is constructed of simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells? |
Mucosa |
Which mesentery helps tether the stomach to the liver? |
Lesser Omentum |
The mucosa collapses inward when the stomach is empty, forming large folds known as __________. |
Rugae |
Cirrhosis can cause ______. |
A bleeding disorder |
An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______. |
Common Hepatic Duct |
Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ? |
Small Intestine |
What is the major digestive function of the pancreas? |
production of digestive enzymes |
Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine to increase surface area? |
Rugae |
Bile is produced by the __________. |
Liver |
The pancreas secretes __________. |
procarboxypeptidase |
Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________. |
Small Intestine |
The liver is able to regenerate even after 50% of its original mass is lost. |
True |
What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen? |
Circular Folds |
Which cell in the small intestine's mucosa is a mucus-secreting cell? |
Goblet cell |
Which cells of the small intestine secrete enterogastrones, such as secretin and cholecystokinin? |
enteroendocrine cells |
Which duct carries bile out of bile ducts in the liver? |
Common Hepatic Duct |
Which component of bile emulsifies fats? |
Bile Salts |
Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract? |
Hepatic Portal Vein |
Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin? |
enteropeptidase |
What is a major function of pancreatic juice? |
neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach |
What triggers the release of secretin from the small intestine? |
presence of acidic, fatty chyme in the small intestine |
Which of the following is NOT inhibited by the intestino-intestinal reflex? |
Muscularis Mucosa |
The appendix contains masses of lymphoid tissue and therefore has leukocytes capable of attacking bacteria present in the appendix. But during appendicitis, bacteria trapped in the lumen of the appendix are not effectively attacked because ______. |
there is an inadequate blood supply to the appendix wall |
The formation of diverticula involves, most significantly, the ______. |
weakening of the colon's submucosa |
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______. |
inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus |
Which of the following processes occurs only in the large intestine? |
Defecation |
Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine? |
B complex and K vitamins |
The major function of the large intestine is to __________. |
absorb water |
__________ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine. |
Constipation |
Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K. |
True |
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day? |
Mass Movement |
What is the function of the bacterial flora that inhabit the large intestine? |
Bacterial flora synthesize B-complex vitamins and some of the vitamin K needed by the liver. |
Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine? |
Defecation |
One of the direct consequences of lactose intolerance is ______. |
increased osmotic pressure of the large intestine contents |
Which enzymes are responsible for the final chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids? |
brush border enzymes |
Proteins are digested into __________. |
Amino Acids |
Which of the following are mismatched? |
protease: lipid digestion |
When a baby ingests breast milk, the milk's IgA antibodies may be absorbed into the baby's bloodstream because ______. |
many pepsinogen molecules remain unchanged |
Which part of the digestive system is the major location for absorption of the end products of digestion? |
Small Intestine |
How are fats absorbed into the blood? |
in the form of chylomicrons |
In cystic fibrosis, blockage of the pancreatic duct by thick mucus will prevent the flow of pancreatic juice into the duodenum; this will directly cause ______. |
atrophy of the pancreatic acini |
Enzymatic breakdown of which of the following compounds doesn't begin until it reaches the stomach? |
Proteins |
Which of the following enzymes is important for breaking down protein? |
Pepsin |
Which of the following enzymes is important for the digestion of fat? |
Pancreatic Lipase |
In the small intestine, which of the following enzymes breaks down maltose? |
Maltase |
The breakdown products of which of the following are absorbed into lacteals? |
Fats |
During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated? |
Intestinal Phase |
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers? |
sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters? |
VIP |
Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates bile from the gall bladder? |
CCK |
Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions? |
Secretin |
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation? |
Fear |
HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen? |
Chief |
In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions? |
Acinar Cells |
An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) secretion in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl? |
Secretin |
The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following? |
bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus |
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. |
Digestion |
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. |
Chemical Digestion |
Peristaltic waves are ________. |
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another |
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. |
Catabolism |
The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis. |
True |
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. |
in the walls of the tract organs |
The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body. |
True |
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. |
Mesenteries |
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen |
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. |
Serosa |
The lamina propria is composed of ________. |
loose connective tissue |
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodules, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. |
Submucosa |
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? |
inferior vena cava |
The submucosal nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility. |
False |
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. |
Lamina Propia |
Dentin anchors the tooth in place. |
False |
Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus. |
True |
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? |
Enamel |
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? |
There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. |
Which of the following is not true of saliva? |
contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins |
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? |
serous cells and mucous cells |
The solutes contained in saliva include ________. |
electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA |
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? |
canine tooth |
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? |
fungiform and circumvallate |
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. |
There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. |
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? |
Oral Cavity |
Which of these is not a component of saliva? |
a cyanide derivative |
A patient has esophageal cancer and must have a feeding tube inserted. The nurse tells the patient that the tube will be inserted surgically into the duodenum. The patient's wife asks why the tube will not be inserted into the stomach. What should the nurse say? |
There is less risk for vomiting, which could cause complications. Digestion is also completed in the small intestines, so there is no need for the stomach with a liquid food diet. |
The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons. |
False |
The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food. |
False |
When swallowing, the epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx. |
True |
Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl. |
True |
All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels. |
True |
Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells. |
False |
The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress-relaxation response is termed plasticity. |
True |
The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord. |
False |
Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach. |
True |
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. |
initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins |
Chyme is created in the ________. |
STOMACH |
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? |
Parietal Cells |
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? |
enteroendocrine cells |
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. |
before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought |
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. |
protein and peptide fragments |
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. |
chief cells of the stomach |
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. |
hydrochloric acid |
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? |
enterogastric |
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? |
B12 |
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. |
the vagus nerve and enteric plexus |
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? |
parietal cells |
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? |
intrinsic factor |
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. |
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. |
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. |
alkalosis |
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. |
secretin |
A patient was admitted to the hospital because of severe epigastric pain. He has noted that his stools were darker than the usual brown color. He appears pale and very anxious. The history reports that he drinks 2-3 beers per day and smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. Based on the assessment data, what condition might the nurse determine this patient has, and why? |
The patient most likely has a bleeding gastric ulcer. The most distressing symptom of a gastric ulcer is gnawing epigastric pain that seems to bore through to the back. As his stools are darker than usual and he is pale and anxious, he probably has a bleeding ulcer. |
The relatively unchanging pressure in a filling stomach is due to the contraction of the stomach oblique muscle layer. |
False |
Gastric accommodation is an example of smooth muscle plasticity. |
True |
The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins. |
False |
Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid. |
False |
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? |
production of intrinsic factor |
Chief cells ________. |
produce pepsinogen |
Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion? |
carbohydrates |
The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine. |
True |
Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells. |
True |
Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine. |
True |
The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile. |
True |
The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function. |
True |
Another term for swallowing is deglutition. |
True |
The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme. |
True |
Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport. |
True |
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? |
cholecystokinin |
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. |
Bile contains enzymes for digestion. |
he ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. |
hepatopancreatic ampulla |
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. |
LIVER |
The function of the goblet cells is to ________. |
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion |
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. |
Bile |
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? |
active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy |
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. |
cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction |
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? |
Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. |
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. |
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage |
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? |
plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli |
Hepatocytes do not ________. |
produce digestive enzymes |
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? |
lipids |
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? |
synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins |
synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins |
A |
A woman is brought to an emergency room complaining of severe pain in her left iliac region. She claims previous episodes and says that the condition is worse when she is constipated, and is relieved by defecation. A large, tender mass is palpated in the left iliac fossa and a barium study reveals a large number of diverticula in her descending and sigmoid colon. Does this woman have diverticulitis or diverticulosis, and why? |
She has diverticulitis due to the inflammation of her diverticula. |
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. |
is longer than the small intestine |
Paneth cells ________. |
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria |
The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver. |
True |
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? |
Amylase |
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. |
Hydrolysis |
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? |
Lipase |
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? |
Trypsin |
Select the correct statement about digestive processes. |
Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. |
Select the correct statement about absorption. |
If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. |
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. |
Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum. |
Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier. |
TRUE |
Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals. |
False |
The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health. |
False |
The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides. |
True |
There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein. |
False |
The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine. |
False |
The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by the age, size, and metabolic rate of the person. |
True |
Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health. |
False |
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic. |
False |
For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose. |
True |
It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body. |
True |
The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells. |
True |
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? |
conversion to a nucleic acid |
Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. |
is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones |
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. |
most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients |
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________ |
production of energy |
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. |
triglycerides |
Prostaglandins play a role in ________. |
control of blood pressure |
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? |
The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. |
Select the correct statement about proteins. |
Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. |
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? |
eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish |
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? |
Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. |
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. |
glucose |
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? |
must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth |
Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all but which of the following? |
iron and selenium |
Cellular respiration is an anabolic process. |
False |
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? |
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation |
Which cell organelle provides the majority of the ATP needed by the cell to carry out its metabolic reactions? |
mitochondrion |
What is the primary function of the mitochondria? |
They are the main sites of ATP production |
An effective way to treat galactosemia would be to stop ingesting galactose and ______ |
lactose |
Leptin is a short-term regulator of food intake. |
False |
The body is able to form glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. |
True |
Most ATP in cellular respiration is generated in glycolysis. |
False |
Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation? |
hypothalamus |
Which hormone is called the "metabolic" hormone? |
thyroxine |
Although both conditions share the common characteristic of elevated body temperature, hyperthermia is technically different from fever because ______. |
fever is a condition in which there is a change in the body's temperature set-point |
Frostbite is LEAST likely to occur in the skin of a body region (e.g., abdominal region, finger region, etc.) that ______. |
is closer to the heart than skin of a body region that is farther from the heart |
Heavy sweating can induce heat cramps due to |
All of the listed responses are correct. |
Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because ______. |
the rate of exergonic reactions is increased |
A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance |
False |
Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver? |
urea disposal |
One of the reasons why statins are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease is |
they decrease the incidence of cholesterol deposition in arterial wall |
Which of the following would decrease body temperature? |
dilation of cutaneous blood vessels |
The body's rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities is called the |
total metabolic rate |
Which hormone directs essentially all events of the absorptive state? |
insulin |
The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______. |
ketosis |
__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. |
LDLs |
The primary goal during the postabsorptive state is to _ |
maintain blood glucose levels within an adequate range |
__________ is the key hormone regulator of the absorptive state. |
Insulin |
Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________. |
urea; liver |
Which of the following is a characteristic of the electron transport chain (ETC)? |
The ETC occurs in the mitochondria. |
Which of the following is NOT an end product of the Krebs cycle? |
citric acid |
Which term describes the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids? |
lipolysis |
Which of the following is NOT a pathway in the oxidation of glucose? |
gluconeogenesis |
Which nutrient molecule is the pivotal fuel molecule in the oxidative pathways? |
glucose |
During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, |
the glycogen content of the liver is reduced |
If cyanide entered cells, the result would be ______. |
a net gain of only 4 ATP molecules produced from each glucose molecule |
Glycolysis occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process. |
cytosol; anaerobic |
Redox reactions __________. |
are characterized by one substance gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron |
__________ refers to reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. |
Catabolism |
Which nutrients are the most important anabolic nutrients? |
amino acids |
What is the primary function of cellular respiration - its end-purpose? |
to generate ATP |
Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? |
Vitamin B |
Neurons and red blood cells rely exclusively on __________ to meet their energy needs. |
glucose |
__________ is a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair |
A nutrient |
Which nutrients function as coenzymes and are needed in only small amounts? |
vitamins |
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. |
muscle mass and metabolism decline with age |
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. |
thyroxine |
The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis? |
proteins |
The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________. |
energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities |
Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body? |
protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation |
When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. |
shiver |
Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? |
shivering |
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? |
the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body |
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include |
vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels |
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? |
sweating |
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? |
release of epinephrine |
Peptides called NPY and AgRP are powerful appetite enhancers. |
True |
Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant. |
True |
Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? |
transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver |
Which of the following is not an important function of the liver? |
synthesis of vitamin K |
The major role of HDLs is to store energy in the form of fat. |
False |
Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank? |
He suffered from familial hypercholesterolemia |
Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations. |
False |
High levels of HDLs are considered good. |
True |
Triglycerides and cholesterol do not circulate freely in the bloodstream. |
True |
When blood glucose levels are low, the body begins to use more noncarbohydrate fuels for energy production. This process is called glucose activation |
False |
The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat. |
False |
Glucose can be obtained from ________. |
glycogenolysis |
Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? |
absorption of glucose from the GI tract |
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. |
brain |
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? |
insulin |
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? |
Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. |
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. |
absorptive state |
The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing. |
True |
Which of the following is correct? |
Each FADH2 yields about 1 1/2 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. |
Which food type is considered to be the most important for athletes to eat to improve performance? |
complex carbohydrates |
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. |
glycerol |
Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. |
liver |
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? |
oxidative phosphorylation |
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________ |
excessive amounts of protein in the diet |
Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? |
It involves the anabolism of fats. |
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? |
glycolysis |
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? |
fats |
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. |
fatty acids |
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state |
ammonia |
What is the outcome of ketosis? |
metabolic acidosis |
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. |
conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. |
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors |
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. |
transferred to a keto acid |
Lipogenesis occurs when ________. |
cellular ATP and glucose levels are high |
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ______ |
lipolysis |
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. |
urea |
Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways. |
True |
In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed. |
True |
All athletes require diets high in protein and calories in order to perform and to maintain their muscle mass. |
False |
Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate. |
True |
Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm. |
False |
The term metabolism is best defined as ________. |
the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building breaking down molecules |
What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? |
phosphorylation |
Oxidation reduction reactions ________. |
may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons |
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. |
break down food molecules and generate ATP |
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. |
breaks down complex structures to simpler ones |
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. |
larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones |