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Which of the following police officers is involved in the proactive approach of crime prevention? A. Mike, who arrests a burglar after a two-day search. |
D. Mia, who takes part in a program that teaches the public how to safeguard their belongings while using public transport. |
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Dilan, a sergeant, increases the number of patrol officers in a particular neighborhood where the rate of criminal activity is reported to be high. In this scenario, which of the following crime prevention techniques has Dilan most likely used? A. Hot spot policing |
A. Hot spot policing |
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Which of the following statements is true of sheriffs in county law enforcement agencies? A. They are not authorized to run county jails unlike city police chiefs. |
D. Their departments are generally responsible for serving court papers. |
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According to the definition of the government accounting office (GAO), who among the following is least likely to be a law enforcement officer employed by a nonmilitary federal agency? A. Rachel, who conducts a criminal investigation to determine who is responsible in a burglary case. |
B. Zoya, who interprets law. |
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Which of the following is a primary function of ASIS international? A. Developing certification programs for security professionals |
A. Developing certification programs for security professionals |
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Stefan runs an agency that promises to arrange profitable employment opportunities for young women in foreign countries. However, after obtaining exorbitant fees from them, he illicitly sends them to other countries using fake documents where they are forced into prostitution. In this scenario, Stefan is likely to be charged with _________. A. identity theft |
B. trafficking in persons (TIP) |
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In the context of police organization and structure, which of the following activities is most likely to be carried out by support personnel? A. Apprehending offenders |
C. Training |
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In the context of police administration, line operations primarily involve ________. A. routine field or supervisory duties |
A. routine field or supervisory duties |
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Which of the following statements is true of watchman style of policing? A. It focuses on citizen involvement. |
C. It is marked by a concern for order maintenance. |
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Ricardo works for a police department that emphasizes the maintenance of order in communities. He primarily sees his role as controlling unlawful behavior especially in the lower-class communities and does not hesitate to use informal intervention techniques. In this case, Ricardo’s department is most likely following the _________. A. legalistic style of policing |
D. watchman style of policing |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of community policing? A. It increases police accountability to the public. |
A. It increases police accountability to the public. |
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According to police expert Jerome H. Skolnick, which of the following is not one of the four elements of community policing? A. Community-based crime prevention |
B. Centralization of command |
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In 1968, with the passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, the U.S. Congress created the _________. A. Office of Security and Law Enforcement (OSLE) |
D. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) |
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Juanita, a sergeant, doubles the number of duty officers who keep watch in a particular neighborhood after 8:00 pm. This is because crime is reported to be high based on the scientific analysis of crimes in that area. Which of the following is indicated in this scenario? A. Chain of command |
D. Directed patrol |
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Heather, a law enforcement officer, decides not to ticket a person for driving a car at 46 mph in a 40 mph zone. In this case, Heather is __________. A. using her discretion |
A. using her discretion |
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Which of the following statements best describes police discretion? A. It is a style of policing marked by a strict concern with enforcing the precise letter of the law. |
B. It is the opportunity of the law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities. |
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Which of the following is not an example of a community-based crime-prevention program? A. Neighborhood watch program |
B. CompStat |
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Louis, a police officer, holds a session with the residents of a neighborhood on using CCTV cameras as a security measure to reduce burglary. In this scenario, Louis is most likely _____________. A. using the hot spot policing technique |
D. conducting a crime-prevention program |
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Who among the following is committing a quality-of-life offense? A. Ameen, who uses the identity of his business rival to obtain confidential information in a business dealing |
D. Adrienne, who is involved in prostitution |
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Which local law enforcement official is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running the county jail? A. Sheriff |
A. Sheriff |
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Which federal agency is responsible for managing the database of DNA profiles of offenders? A. U.S. Secret Service |
B. Federal Bureau of Investigation |
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__________, a federal law enforcement agency, runs a national academy program that is part of its training division. A. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) |
A. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) |
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The U.S. Interpol unit is called the __________. A. U.S. National Institute of Justice (NIOJ) |
B. U.S. National Central Bureau (USNCB) |
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Perry, with the help of an agent, prepared fake documents and enters a new country in a covert manner. If Perry and his agent are arrested for this act, they are most likely to be charged with _____________. A. human smuggling |
A. human smuggling |
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Which of the following law enforcement officials is involved in a line operations duty? A. Brad, who is preparing a budget for his department |
B. Sean, who patrols a certain neighborhood |
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Bob is recently promoted as a sergeant. He is in charge of six officers. Bob in turn reports to Richard, the chief of police. In this case, which of the following statements is true? A. Bob’s span of control is six. |
A. Bob’s span of control is six. |
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Which of the following law enforcement officials is involved in a line operation? A. Fred, who handles the scientific analysis of crime scene evidence |
C. Dennis, who is the first responding officer at the scene of a homicide |
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Which of the following styles of policing offers little scope for police officials to exercise their discretionary authority? A. The watchman style of policing |
D. The legalistic style of policing |
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Ken is a law enforcement officer in a wealthy community. He volunteers to counsel those who have committed minor offenses and helps alcohol and drug addicts enroll in rehabilitation programs. In this case, Ken is most likely following the ___________. A. service style of policing |
A. service style of policing |
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Which of the following eras was characterized by pride in professional crime fighting? A. The new era |
B. The reform era |
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Roberto is a police officer. His department adopts a professional crime-fighting approach. It employs advanced technology to target criminals responsible for phishing and other internet-based crimes. Which of the following types of policing is indicated in this scenario? A. Problem-solving policing |
B. Strategic policing |
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Which police strategy emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not well controlled by traditional methods? A. Team policing |
B. Strategic policing |
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Which policing strategy recognizes conventional patrol strategies into integrated and versatile police teams assigned to a fixed district? A. Strategic policing |
C. Team policing |
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Which of the following was the focus of Kansas City experiment? A. Designing a quick grievance-redressal system |
D. The practice of preventive patrol |
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Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of split-force patrol? A. Gary, the chief of patrol, increases the number of patrolling officers working on night shifts in a certain neighborhood based on a report that 70 percent of the crimes in that area took place after 7:00 pm. |
B. Mike, the chief of patrol, assigns half his patrol team to patrol certain neighborhoods and the rest of his team to conduct criminal investigations. |
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Which of the following examples best illustrates the use of police discretion by law enforcement officials? A. Richard, a police officer, investigates a crime scene under the order of his sergeant. |
D. Warren, a police officer, chooses not to arrest a 16-year-old for consuming alcohol and lets him go with a warning. |
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Which of the following statements is true of the Warren Court rulings? A. Warren Court rulings modified the exclusionary law to allow evidence that officers seize in "reasonable good faith," even if the search was later ruled illegal. |
D. Warren Court rulings bound the police to strict procedural requirements in the areas of investigation, arrest, and interrogation. |
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Which of the following scenarios illustrates the violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? A. Sean, a suspect in a murder case, is denied his right to hire a lawyer. |
D. Mark, a suspect in a rape case, is arrested, and his house is searched without a warrant. |
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Which of the following statements is true of the due-process requirements? A. Judicial interpretations of the constitutional requirement of due process are set in stone. |
D. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution include due process clause. |
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A landmark case is best defined as a(n) ___________. A. understanding, based on U.S. Supreme Court precedent, that incriminating information must be seized according to constitutional specifications of due process, or it will not be allowed as evidence in a criminal trial |
C. precedent-setting court decision that produces substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system |
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You are a state university college student living in the university dormitory. There is a knock at the door and two police officers state that there have been allegations of illegal drug use in the dormitory. They request to search your room. You deny the request, stating that they will have to get a warrant to search your room. The police tell you that a warrant is not necessary and enter the room. Is this search legal? A. Yes |
C. It depends |
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Which of the following searches conducted by police officers is a violation of the exclusionary rule? A. Charlotte enters a private home to save a rape victim and seizes incriminating evidence. |
B. Naomi opens a door in a suspect’s house and collects evidence without obtaining a warrant and produces it during a trial. |
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Philip, a patrol officer, stops a car for speeding and notices blood stains on the driver’s side door. He examines the exterior of the car and discovers evidence of a hit-and-run case. Which of the following principles will be used to validate the evidence during trial? A. The plain-view doctrine |
A. The plain-view doctrine |
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The police receive a call about a neighborhood house party. The caller expresses concern that there may be underage drinking going on at the party. The police go to the apartment and knock on the front door. An individual opens the door. The police ask for the individual’s identification. When the individual turns to go and get his wallet, police see a number of college-aged individuals inside the room. The police also see numerous bottles of alcohol. The individual returns with identification that shows he is not old enough to legally drink. The police then walk into the house and tell all individuals to put down their drinks, line up, and produce identification. Do the police have the right to walk into the house and detain all party attendees? A. Yes |
A. Yes |
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You are walking home from the local tavern. A police officer begins a polite conversation with you. You say you have nothing to say to the police. The officer tells you that you are not free to go. Are you under arrest? A. Yes |
C. It depends |
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The police stop you for speeding. They pull you over, you roll down your window, and they ask for your license, registration, and proof of insurance. They ask if you are willing to open up the trunk and let them see inside. You tell them no. Do the police have the right to search your trunk? A. Yes |
B. No |
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The police stop you for running a stop sign. They pull you over, you roll down your window, and they ask for your license, registration, and proof of insurance. The police notice a half-empty liquor bottle in the backseat. They ask to search your car. You tell them no. Do the police have the right to search your car? A. Yes |
A. Yes |
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Which of the following Supreme Court cases led to the ruling that officers may not stop or question an unwilling citizen who they have no reason to suspect of a crime? A. U.S. v. Arvizu (2002) |
C. Brown v. Texas (1979) |
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Which of the following scenarios represents an unconstitutional suspicionless search? A. David, a police officer, conducts a thorough search of all participants attending a national seminar on police brutality. |
A. David, a police officer, conducts a thorough search of all participants attending a national seminar on police brutality. |
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A store owner was robbed and killed. The local deputy sheriff arrested suspects in the case and took them to jail. The deputy sheriff laid each suspect over a chair and whipped them with a belt until they confessed to the murder. Is this tactic constitutional? A. Yes |
B. No |
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A man is arrested for the murder of his wife. He is arrested on a Saturday night and interrogated Monday morning. During questioning, he faced a blinding light but was not physically mistreated. Is this tactic constitutional? A. Yes |
B. No |
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An individual is under investigation for selling drugs. The police bring the individual in for questioning. The police minimize the moral seriousness of selling drugs and cast blame on society for the individual’s need to participate in illegal activity. Is this tactic constitutional? A. Yes |
A. Yes |
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A woman is arrested for shoplifting. The arresting officer is driving her to the county jail for booking. The police officer notices that she is wearing a college football jersey. The officer asks the woman if it is her favorite team and begins chatting with her about the upcoming season. The woman claims that the officer interrogated her even when she requested an attorney. Was the officer engaging in interrogation? A. Yes |
B. No |
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Which of the following statements is true of Miranda Rights? A. They do not protect illegal immigrants living in the United States. |
C. They are applicable only in situations involving both custody and interrogation. |
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Which of the following acts of police officers is likely to be considered illegal during interrogation? A. Richard, a police officer, creates a video-tape of a suspect’s responses during interrogation. |
B. Marcus, a police officer, sends an informant to pose as a fellow inmate to trick a suspect to confess. The informant threatens the suspect with a knife to get the truth from the suspect. |
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Eric, while working in his garage, is arrested by two police officers. Eric is unaware of the charges against him and wants to hire a lawyer to represent him and demand a speedy trial. Which of the following Constitutional Amendments can support Eric in this case? A. Eighth Amendment |
D. Sixth Amendment |
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Which of the following scenarios illustrates the violation of the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? A. Matthew, arrested and convicted for minor crime is sentenced to 6 months in county jail. While in jail, one of the jailors beat him for spitting on the floor. |
A. Matthew, arrested and convicted for minor crime is sentenced to 6 months in county jail. While in jail, one of the jailors beat him for spitting on the floor. |
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Jose, a prosecutor, based on the uncovering of new evidence of guilt proposes to try a suspect for the same crime that he was acquitted of in an earlier trial. Which of the following Constitutional Amendments is violated in Jose’s case? A. Eighth Amendment |
D. Fifth Amendment |
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Which of the following is a precedent-setting court decision that produces substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day-to-day operations of the judicial system? A. Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine |
C. Landmark case |
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Which of the following is a legal principle that excludes from introduction at trial any evidence derived from a prior illegal search or seizure? A. Exclusionary rule |
D. Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine |
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Jake and Mary are married and own their home. The police come to the house and ask permission to search the house for drugs. Jake gives his consent to the search, but Mary says no because she has hidden some drugs in the kitchen. The police come in and search, over Mary’s objection, since Jake said it was okay. They find Mary’s drugs. Which of the following is legally correct in the ensuing trial? A. The drugs cannot be used at Mary’s trial because the police violated the plain-view doctrine. |
B. The drugs cannot be used at Mary’s trial because she did not consent to the search. |
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The 1984 U.S. Supreme Court case U.S. v. Leon established __________. A. the plain-view doctrine |
C. the good-faith exception |
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Which of the following Supreme Court cases made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecution at the state level? A. Chimel v. California (1969) |
D. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) |
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Which Supreme Court ruling applied the exclusionary rule developed in Weeks v. U.S. to trials in state courts? A. Illinois v. Gates |
D. Mapp v. Ohio |
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Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S. is responsible for describing what principle of Fourth Amendment processes? A. Good-faith exception |
D. Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine |
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Taylor, a police officer, gets a tip from a confidential informant about a robbery-suspect hiding in a nearby dwelling. Taylor wants to proceed with searching the dwelling and possessions. Which of the following acts of Taylor in this scenario is required? A. Taylor must arrest the suspect and then request the warrant for searching his dwelling from a magistrate. |
C. Taylor must satisfactorily demonstrate the facts and circumstances about the case in a written affidavit to a magistrate. |
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Stephanie, a police officer, notices a man loading heavy luggage in his car. Stephanie thinks that the man matches the description of an armed robber and asks him for personal identification. Which of the following court precedents supports the investigative power of Stephanie in this scenario? A. Arizona v. Johnson (2009) |
A. Arizona v. Johnson (2009) |
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Which of the following statements is true of the exclusionary rule? A. It unconditionally approves evidence collected during emergency searches. |
D. It does not allow any evidence collected to be used in court which was obtained without regard for the principles of due process. |
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Which of the following scenarios illustrates the legal collection of evidence during an emergency search? A. Maya, a patrol officer, searches an overturned truck on a highway and retrieves contraband. |
C. The police storm into a terrorist’s hideout to release hostages and find a cache of weapons hidden among the hostages. |
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The visitors entering a highly secured national museum are informed about security concerns and subjected to a full-body search. Which of the following searches does this scenario illustrate? A. An exigent circumstance search |
C. A suspicionless search |
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Carlos, a police officer, obtains a warrant and searches a gang house for dangerous weapons. During the search, he detains the two occupants of the house in handcuffs to minimize the risk of harm to himself and his team of officers. In this scenario, which of the following decisions could be used by Carlos to justify his act? A. Terry v. Ohio (1968) case |
D. Muehler v. Mena (2005) case |
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Which of the following actions of police officers illustrates the use of inherent coercion? A. Jane detains a suspect in a lightless room for two days during interrogation. |
A. Jane detains a suspect in a lightless room for two days during interrogation. |
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In which of the following situations is issuing a Miranda warning mandatory? A. Jean, a police officer, questions a suspect before making an arrest. |
C. Patrick, a detective, arrests a suspect in a murder case and initiates interrogation. |
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One of the first and best known U.S. Supreme Court cases involving electronic communications was _________. A. Olmstead v. U.S. (1928) |
A. Olmstead v. U.S. (1928) |
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Stephen, a police officer, arrests a suspect without a warrant and conducts a "sneak and peek" search of the suspect’s dwelling. In this scenario, which of the following Acts gives the authority for Stephen’s action and issuance of a "sneak and peek" warrant? A. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 |
A. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 |
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Socialization into the police subculture commences _________. A. with recruit training |
A. with recruit training |
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Researchers have concluded that police subculture in the United States is unlikely to change __________. A. from within the police department |
A. from within the police department |
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Garry, a police officer, confiscates the marijuana at a suspect’s house. He then illegally sells the confiscated marijuana at $100 per ounce. Which of the following types of police corruption is indicated in this scenario? A. Role malfeasance |
B. Criminal enterprise |
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Kathrine, a police officer, is often reported to drive well over the permissible speed limit. Which of the following types of political corruption does this scenario indicate? A. Engaging in a criminal enterprise |
D. Being above inconvenient laws |
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Erin had a difficult day at work. She argued with her partner and a number of arrestees were problematic. In addition, she did not get her requested vacation time. Which of the following would be considered a useful technique for Erin to reduce stress? A. Subliminal conditioning |
A. Subliminal conditioning |
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A study by the FBI found that slain officers generally were __________. A. more likely to be suffering from depression |
D. conservative in their use of physical force |
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Who among the following law enforcement officers is taking the recommended precaution to defend against exposure to infectious substances? A. Sasha, who leaves a victim’s wound uncovered when administering CPR. |
D. Dennis, who milks the wound in his arm after being bitten by a suspect. |
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Mel was part of the team that developed the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP). Which of the following statements is true? A. She could not have been a tribal law enforcement officer, as tribal representatives did not have a voice in the development of the plan. |
D. She was likely to have helped formulate specific steps to share terrorism prevention information. |
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Roy, a law enforcement officer, prepares a report outlining the likelihood of a terrorist attack in a city based upon information culled from surveillance and financial records of certain terrorist suspects. In this case, the report prepared by Roy is most likely to be a product of ____________. A. the Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF) |
C. criminal intelligence |
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Which of the following statements is true of the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)? A. It was authored by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). |
D. It was developed under the auspices of the Department of Justice’s Global Justice Sharing Initiative. |
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Lucy, an employee at a jewelry store, observed two men conversing and suspected that they were planning to rob the store. She stopped a police car outside the store and told the officer of her suspicion. The police officer dismissed her claims and drove away. Ten minutes later, the store was robbed by the two men. Lucy filed a civil suit against the police officer for __________. A. failure to prevent a foreseeable crime |
A. failure to prevent a foreseeable crime |
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The 1983 lawsuits are associated with ___________. A. protecting law enforcement personnel against termination citing drug or alcohol addictions |
B. securing the civil rights of people of all races |
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Which of the following police officers is likely to be charged with police civil liability? A. Zac does not read the Miranda warning when questioning a suspect at her house. |
C. Lucy detains Gia for questioning in a murder case without just cause. |
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Which of the following is likely to be an acceptable method of identifying potential offenders before they can act, based on specific predefined, observable criteria? A. Racial profiling |
C. Behavioral profiling |
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Karen, a law enforcement officer, pulls over Alejandro, a young Hispanic, on a highway. Which of the following justifications provided by Karen is likely to be based on behavioral profiling? A. Karen suspects that Alejandro is likely to possess drugs as she had arrested three Hispanic teenagers for drug abuse the previous week. |
D. Alejandro increased his speed as soon as he noticed Karen in the vicinity. |
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Which of the following statements best describes the use of excessive force by police officials? A. It is the phenomenon of force being used within reasonable means on a department-wide basis. |
D. It is the application of frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a subject. |
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Matthew, a law enforcement officer, uses pepper spray to bring a mob under control. Which level of the police use-of-force continuum is indicated in this scenario? A. The first level |
B. The third level |
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Recruiting educated police officials is least likely to result in _________. A. wiser use of discretion |
B. reduced sensitivity to racial and ethnic issues |
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According to the early survey of police departments by Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), who among the following is least likely to be an educated police officer? A. Liam often requests reassignment of projects. |
C. Lilly uses discretion loosely while carrying out her official duties. |
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Female officers are less likely to _________ than their male counterparts. A. defuse and de-escalate potentially violent confrontations |
D. be accused of using excessive force |
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Sasha, a law enforcement officer, approaches her sheriff and states that their department is underrepresented by women. When making a case for hiring more women, which of the following statements is more likely to help her gain the sheriff’s approval? A. Female officers are more satisfied when working in uniformed capacities. |
C. Female officers are better at gaining the trust required to implement a community policing model. |
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Who coined the phrase "working personality" of police officers? A. Jerome Skolnick |
A. Jerome Skolnick |
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Officers who have adopted the police working personality are often all of the following, EXCEPT _________. A. racial profiling |
A. racial profiling |
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Darren, a law enforcement officer, becomes embroiled in a bar fight that he started, which is viewed as an isolated event. This case is an example of ___________. A. police deviance |
A. police deviance |
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Peter, a politician, is accused or murder. Saul, a police officer, destroys inculpatory evidence that would incriminate Peter in exchange for $500,000. Which of the following types of police corruption is indicated in this scenario? A. Criminal enterprise |
D. Role malfeasance |
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Due to external pressure, Jenna, a police officer, plants illicit drugs in a suspect’s house in order to incriminate him. Which of the following types of police corruption is indicated in this scenario? A. Denial of civil rights |
A. Denial of civil rights |
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According to the authors of the Knapp Commission report, a police official involved in grass eating is most likely to ___________. A. commit property crimes |
C. accept gratuities |
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According to the authors of the Knapp Commission report, which of the following statements is true of meat eating? A. It involves the act of not refusing to accept bribes that are offered. |
D. It involves the active seeking of illicit moneymaking opportunities by officers. |
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Which of the following law enforcement officials is most likely to be part of the internal affairs division? A. Lorraine, who is the head of the Office of Field Operations. |
B. Richard, who investigates a role malfeasance charge against a senior police official. |
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__________ addresses the requirement of police officials to be trained in measures to combat the threat of diseases caused by infectious agents. A. The Knapp Commission |
B. The Bloodborne Pathogens Act |
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Who among the following is more likely to report job-related stressors? A. Hayley, who undergoes guided imaging. |
C. Hector, who does not differentiate between dangerous situations and benign ones. |
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The collection and analysis of information to produce an end product designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels is associated with ___________. A. broken windows theory of policing |
D. intelligence-led policing (ILP) |
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The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) is associated with __________. A. safeguarding women’s rights in the United States |
B. the concept of sovereign immunity |
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Who among the following is most likely to face a civil liability suit? A. An officer who mingles and forms close associations with those who are involved in human trafficking as part of his undercover assignment. |
D. An officer who fails to provide adequate medical assistance to an offender in police custody. |
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Profiling in the United States was originally intended to __________. A. estimate the number of immigrants living in the United States |
C. help catch drug couriers attempting to enter the country |
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Who among the following is most likely a victim of racial profiling? A. Adrian, a black man, is arrested for rash driving and over speeding. |
D. Kelly, a black woman, is questioned because she is found driving in a predominantly white neighborhood. |
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In the context of the police use-of-force continuum, which of the following is the first of five levels? A. Soft techniques |
B. Officer presence |
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Which of the following federal government agents does not adhere to the federal deadly force policy? A. Claude fires a warning shot when a suspect tries to escape after robbing a department store. |
A. Claude fires a warning shot when a suspect tries to escape after robbing a department store. |
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Police work is guided by an ethical code that was originally developed in 1956 by the __________. A. Peace Officer’s Research Association of California |
A. Peace Officer’s Research Association of California |
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According to the early survey of police departments by Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), who among the following is more likely to be an educated police officer? A. Rick, who has a high number of citizen complaints lodged against him. |
B. Nancy, who often requests to be reassigned to different cases. |
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It has been observed that female police officers are less likely to __________ than their male counterparts. A. avoid excessive use of force |
C. be dissatisfied working in non-uniformed capacities |
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