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Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body’s cells are likely to have _____. |
a closed circulatory system |
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In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? |
frogs |
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The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____. |
fishes |
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To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. |
four-chambered heart |
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An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism’s heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the _____. |
animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate |
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In an open circulatory system, blood is _____. |
not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems |
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Circulatory systems compensate for _____. |
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances |
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Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? |
systole of the left ventricle |
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? |
vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery |
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A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____. |
4,900 mL/minute |
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Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____. |
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions |
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A stroke volume of 70 mL/cycle in a heart with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute results in a cardiac output of about _____. |
5 liters per minute |
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Atria contract _____. |
during systole |
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The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? |
the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein |
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A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. |
two capillary beds |
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If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. |
the pulmonary vein |
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Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? |
giraffe |
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The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. |
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system |
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A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of greater than 260 mm Hg is likely to be _____. |
an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain |
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Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____. |
increased activity of the immune system |
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What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? |
the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas |
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Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal? |
bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds |
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Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? |
I, II, and III |
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Refer to the paragraph on lymph hearts. What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have first? |
Blood volume would increase. |
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If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____. |
fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues |
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Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____. |
development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls |
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The production of red blood cells is stimulated by _____. |
erythropoietin |
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To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____. |
five membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell—to bind with hemoglobin |
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The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the _____. |
blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic |
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Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to _____. |
be unaffected |
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A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____. |
activation of prothrombin to thrombin |
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You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? |
Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. |
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The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are _____. |
erythropoietin and kidney, respectively |
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Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____. |
water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills |
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Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____. |
diffusion |
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Flying insects typically _____. |
utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles |
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The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing _____. |
a decrease in its oxygen content |
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An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it _____. |
blocks the openings into the tracheal system |
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Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____. |
lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant |
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Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____. |
higher |
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Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater _____. |
has more oxygen than seawater |
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How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? |
Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. |
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Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. |
the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing |
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During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. |
carbon dioxide |
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The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____. |
pH |
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An decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____. |
increase its binding of H+ |
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Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____. |
converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells |
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