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The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates the residue. |
True |
|
The enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system. |
False |
|
Odor, sight, and taste stimulate salivatory nuclei in the cerebral cortex. |
False |
|
Enamel is found in the crown of a tooth, whereas dentin is part of both the crown and the root. |
True |
|
Both chemical and mechanical digestion start in the mouth and continue in the stomach. |
True |
|
Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid. |
False |
|
Absorption of many nutrients starts in the stomach. |
False |
|
The liver is the body’s largest gland. |
True |
|
Both pancreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum. |
True |
|
The small intestine begins with the duodenum, which is its longest segment. |
False |
|
The brush borders of intestinal absorptive cells contain numerous goblet cells. |
False |
|
Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase. |
True |
|
Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus. |
True |
|
The large intestine absorbs water, fats, and salts. |
False |
|
The large intestine is longer than the small intestine. |
False |
|
The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called __________. |
absorption |
|
The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________. |
mesenteries |
|
The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the __________. |
muscularis externa |
|
The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the __________. |
serosa (mesentery) |
|
Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed? |
Proteins |
|
Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion? |
Spleen |
|
Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface? |
Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
|
The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ___________. |
mesentery |
|
An example of chemical digestion is the break down of __________ into __________. |
nucleic acids; nucleotides |
|
The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________. |
enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa |
|
The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found. |
nonkeratinized; lingual papillae |
|
Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth. |
20; 32 |
|
Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest? |
Enamel, dentin, pulp |
|
Which of the following is not normally found in saliva? |
Protease |
|
The __________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the __________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland. |
submandibular; lingual |
|
The swallowing center is located in the __________. |
medulla oblongata |
|
The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________. |
central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes |
|
Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________. |
the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
|
The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum. |
pyloric sphincter |
|
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells. |
parietal |
|
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, __________ is/are secreted by __________ cells. |
intrinsic factor; parietal |
|
Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________. |
chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells |
|
Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________. |
they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins |
|
The enterogastric reflex serves to __________. |
inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine |
|
__________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme. |
Secretin; pepsin |
|
The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions. |
gastric |
|
The __________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed. |
liver |
|
A hepatic triad consists of __________. |
a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein |
|
Of the following components of bile, only __________ has/have a digestive function. |
bile salts |
|
The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________. |
liver; cholesterol |
|
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called __________. |
cholecystokinin (CCK) |
|
Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice? |
Enterokinase |
|
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine? |
Triglycerides |
|
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH? |
Pepsin |
|
Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________. |
brush border of the small intestine |
|
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?0-2013 |
Rugae |
|
Which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true? |
It milks the chyme toward the colon. |
|
The __________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the __________ of the stomach. |
intestinal crypts; gastric pits |
|
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________. |
mouth; stomach |
|
The enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________. |
peptidases; proteins |
|
Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)? |
It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells. |
|
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________. |
small intestine; small intestine |
|
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________. |
emulsification droplets |
|
Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes? |
Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase |
|
Lipids are transported to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells by __________, and are then processed into __________. |
micelles; chylomicrons |
|
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________. |
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates |
|
The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________. |
taeniae coli; haustra |
|
Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora? |
Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet |
|
Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces. |
30 |
|
Defecation is stimulated by __________. |
stretching of the rectum |
|
The enzyme that catalyzes the first step reaction in HCl production by gastric parietal cells is called __________. |
carbonic anhydrase |
|
Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)? |
Emulsify lipids |
|
Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines? |
The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine. |
|
Which of the following is not a trigger for mass movements of the colon? |
The colorectal reflex |
|
The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________. |
haustral contraction |
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