CHP 22 anatomy

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.
A) alveoli
B) respiratory bronchiole
C) alveolar duct
D) alveolar sacs

alveoli

The loudness of a person’s voice depends on the ________.
A) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
B) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
C) length of the vocal folds
D) thickness of vestibular folds

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to
________.
A) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
B) secrete surfactant
C) replace mucus in the alveoli
D) trap dust and other debris

secrete surfactant

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
A) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
C) greater than the intra- alveolar pressure
D) less than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration,however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
A) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface
tension on the alveolar wall
B) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
C) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension
due to the film of alveolar fluid
D) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface
tension due to surfactant

the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
A) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
B) surface tension of water
C) C- shaped cartilage rings
D) surfactant production

C-shaped cartilage rings

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
A) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
B) negative pressure in the intrapleural space
C) pressure within the pleural cavity
D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
A) Boyle’s law
B) Henry’s law
C) Dalton’s law
D) Charles’ law

Boyle’s Law

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases
in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
A) Boyle’s law
B) Charles’ law
C) Dalton’s law
D) Henry’s law

Dalton’s Law

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
A) warming the air before it enters
B) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
C) humidifying the air before it enters
D) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
A) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
B) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
C) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
D) at least 3 micrometers thick

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
A) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
B) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
C) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
A) loss of oxygen in tissues
B) alkalosis
C) increase of carbon dioxide
D) acidosis

increase of carbon dioxide

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.
A) the Haldane effect
B) chloride shifting
C) ventilation- perfusion coupling
D) the Bohr effect

ventilation-perfusion coupling

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
A) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
D) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age.
B) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid.
C) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
D) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing.

Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus
collapse the lungs?
A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
B) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
C) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
D) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
A) the Haldane effect
B) chloride shifting
C) release of hydrogen ion
D) the Bohr effect

chloride shifting

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
A) small cell carcinoma
B) adenocarcinoma
C) Kaposi’s sarcoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
A) internal respiration
B) external respiration
C) pulmonary ventilation
D) blood pH adjustment

blood pH adjustment

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
A) air pressure
B) friction
C) surfactant
D) surface tension

friction

Which of the following determines lung compliance?
A) airway opening
B) alveolar surface tension
C) flexibility of the thoracic cage
D) muscles of inspiration

alveolar surface tension

Tidal volume is air ________.
A) exchanged during normal breathing
B) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
C) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
D) inhaled after normal inspiration

exchanged during normal breathing

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
A) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
B) the temperature
C) solubility in water
D) partial pressure gradient

partial pressure gradient

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
A) taking several rapid deep breaths
B) obstruction of the esophagus
C) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
D) getting very cold

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

Which of the following is NOT involved in respiration?

external ventilation

The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses. T or F

False

Which of the following are the hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles such as pollen and dust from inspired air?
cilia
alveoli
vibrissae
microvilli

vibrissae

__________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip.

Sinusitis
Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Bronchitis

rhinitis

Which of the following lists the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
oropharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx NOL

The __________ is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages.

glottis
uvula
vestibular folds
epiglottis

epiglottis

The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs. T or F

True

The __________ are the main site of gas exchange within the lungs.

alveoli
hila
respiratory bronchioles
bronchi

alveoli

The two lungs differ in shape and size. T or F

True

The __________ is the elastic connective tissue found within the lungs.

parietal pleura
pulmonary plexus
stroma
visceral pleura

stroma

________, or lung collapse, is a homeostatic imbalance that occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged.

Pneumothorax
Atelectasis
Hypoxia
Pleurisy

Atelectasis

Which of the following occurs during infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?

Histamine and other inflammatory chemicals cause the baby’s bronchioles to constrict.
The baby is unable to keep his or her alveoli inflated between breaths because of a lack of surfactant.
The baby’s cilia are damaged or destroyed, and only coughing can prevent mucus from accumulating in the lungs.
The pleurae produce an excessive amount of fluid, putting pressure on the baby’s lungs, hindering breathing

The baby is unable to keep his or her alveoli inflated between breaths because of a lack of surfactant.

Henrys Law states that the total pressure extorted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. T or F

False

Henry’s Law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. T or F

True

Which form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered? (This type of hypoxia is usually the consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide.)

hypoxemic hypoxia
histotoxic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia

histotoxic hypoxia

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 transported in blood?

as carbon monoxide in plasma
dissolved in plasma
as bicarbonate ions in plasma
chemically bound to hemoglobin

as bicarbonate ions in plasma

The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called __________.

hypocapnia
Hering-Breuer reflex
hyperventilation
hyperpnea

hyperpnea

Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli and loss of lung elasticity. T or F

True

Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure. T or F

False

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
A) expiratory reserve volume
B) tidal volume
C) vital capacity
D) inspiratory capacity

vital capacity

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding
respiratory exchange?
A) Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory
exchange.
B) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary.
C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus.
D) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.

Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
A) acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
B) rising blood pressure
C) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
D) rising carbon dioxide levels

rising blood pressure

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
A) midbrain and medulla
B) pons and midbrain
C) upper spinal cord and medulla
D) medulla and pons

medulla and pons

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
A) reserve air
B) inspiratory reserve
C) vital capacity
D) expiratory capacity

inspiratory reserve

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
A) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
B) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
D) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
A) diffusion
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) filtration

diffusion

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.
A) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
B) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
C) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
D) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx

The larynx contains ________.
A) the thyroid cartilage
B) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
C) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
D) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam’s apple

the thyroid cartilage

Which respiratory- associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
A) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
B) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
C) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
D) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
A) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
B) as carbonic acid in the plasma
C) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood
cells
D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
A) helps limit the spread of local infections
B) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
C) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

aids in the blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
A) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
B) 7- 10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma
C) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
D) as bicarbonate ion in plasma

attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
A) voluntary cortical control
B) stretch receptors in the alveoli
C) temperature of alveolar air
D) thalamic control

voluntary cortical control

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
A) alveolar ducts
B) alveolar sacs
C) respiratory bronchioles
D) alveoli

alveoli

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
C) atria and alveolar sacs
D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.
A) person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
B) pilot holds her breath upon descent
C) diver holds his breath upon ascent
D) person holds his breath too long

diver holds his breath upon ascent

Inspiratory capacity is ________.
A) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
B) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
C) functional residual capacity
D) the total amount of exchangeable air

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Which center is located in the pons?
A) pacemaker neuron center
B) expiratory center
C) inspiratory center
D) pontine respirator group (PRG)

PRG pontine respirator group

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
A) as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
B) warming and humidifying the air
C) as a passageway for air movement
D) cleansing the air

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for
survival by ________.
A) 28 weeks
B) 24 weeks
C) 36 weeks
D) 17 weeks

28 weeks

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
A) The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute.
B) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow.
C) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants.
D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40- 80 respirations per minute.

the respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.
A) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.
B) The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of
breathing.
C) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.
D) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive.

The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
A) number of red blood cells
B) temperature
C) partial pressure of carbon dioxide
D) partial pressure of oxygen

number of red blood cells

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
A)the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
C) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
D) the smooth muscles of the lung

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because
the ________.
A) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
B) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
C) temperature is lower at higher altitudes
D) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitudes

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose
B) action of the epiglottis
C) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
D) porous structure of turbinate bones

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Which of the following is not possible?
A) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.
B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
C) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in
pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
D) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
B) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
C) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
D) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.
A) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher
than normal.
B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen- carrying capacity.
D) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
A) pneumonia
B) tuberculosis
C) coryza
D) emphysema

emphysema

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?
A) temperature
B) nitric oxide
C) BPG
D) carbon dioxide

nitric oxide

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin. T or F

False

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the PH is more basic. T or F

False

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase. T or F

False

As carbon dioxide enters systematic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the haldane effect) which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect) T or F

False

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers. T or F

True

ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. T or F

True

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contain the receptors for sense of smell. T or F

True

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air. T or F

True

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue). T or F

True

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal. T or F

True

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. T or F

True

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. T or F

False

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. T or F

True

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and his leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree. T or F

False

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea. T or F

True

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity. T or F

False

Valsalva’s maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. T or F

True

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. T or F

True

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. T or F

True

Air moves into the lungs because __________.

the internal intercostal muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume
contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity
the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration
the thorax is muscular
the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts

the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts

Alveolar ventilation rate is __________.

the utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli
the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood
less than the pulmonary ventilation rate because of dead space

the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time

Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where __________.

pH is more alkaline
pH is more acidic
partial pressures of oxygen are higher
temperature is lower
partial pressures of carbon dioxide are lower

pH is more acidic

Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is __________.

bound to hemoglobin
bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide
carried by white blood cells
dissolved in plasma
converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma

converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma

In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is __________.

equal to that in the tissues
much higher than the PO2 of arterial blood
about 104 mm Hg
lower than the PO2 of venous blood
the same as the PO2 of venous blood.

about 104 mmHg

The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the __________.

thyroid cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis
corniculate cartilage

epiglottis

The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called __________.

oxidative phosphorylation
pulmonary ventilation
cellular respiration
external respiration
internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation

This tissue lines the trachea.

areolar connective tissue
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
hyaline cartilage

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest?

residual volume
inspiratory capacity
expiratory reserve volume
vital capacity
tidal volume

vital capacity

Which respiratory structure has the smallest diameter?

larynx
trachea
bronchiole
secondary bronchi
pharynx

bronchiole

Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack can cause the person to become faint because of __________.

decreased O2 levels in the blood, causing cells to lack enough ATP
effects of increased O2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
increased temperature caused by increased intercostal muscle activity
increased CO2 levels caused by increase in cellular respiration, reducing brain perfusion and causing ischemia

lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels

Which of the following gases has no effect in the blood until hyperbaric conditions occur (as in SCUBA diving) and can form bubbles in blood when one comes to the surface too quickly?

oxygen
helium
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
nitrogen

nitrogen

Which of the following terms describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercise?

hypercapnia
hypoxia
anoxia
hyperventilation
hyperpnea

hyperpnea

Which of the following controls the respiratory rate?

medulla
cerebral cortex
spinal cord
pons
alveolar sacs

medulla

Approximately 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as __________.

dissolved gas in the plasma
carbaminohemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
hydrogen ions

carbaminohemoglobin

Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone?

mucous secretion
transport of air
gas exchange
cleansing of air
warming of air

gas exchange

Which of the following statements about voice production is INCORRECT?

The larynx enlarges in males during puberty.
Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords.
The glottis is wide when deep tones are produced.
The more tense the vocal cords, the higher the pitch.

Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the trachealis muscle?

It decreases its diameter during expiration to expel air with a greater force.
It helps expel mucus during coughing.
It allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when food is swallowed.
It prevents the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent, despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing.

It prevents the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent, despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing.

An example of an enzyme located in the lung capillary membrane that acts on material in the blood is __________.

prostoglandins
interferon
renin
angiotensin converting enzyme

angiotensin converting enzyme

__________ pressure keeps the air spaces in the lung open.

Atmospheric
Intrapleural
Intrapulmonary
Transpulmonary

Transpulmonary

Which of the following conditions would NOT cause atelectasis?

a chest wound that perforates the pleura and allows air into the pleural cavity
pneumonia
plugging of bronchioles
loss of lung elasticity

loss of lung elasticity

Airway resistance is insignificant in relationship to gas flow because __________.

the gas flow stops in the medium-sized bronchioles and diffusion takes over; therefore, airway resistance is no longer an issue
the airway resistance is not related to the diameter of the conducting tubes in the respiratory system
the airways branch more as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectional area
the blood flow is very high in comparison to the viscosity of air

the airways branch more as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectional area

The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the __________ and the __________ pressure.

intrapleural; alveolar
atmospheric; intrapulmonary
atmospheric; intrapleural
intrapulmonary; intrapleural

intrapulmonary; intrapleural

Which of the following conditions would NOT decrease the total respiratory compliance?

calcification of the coastal cartilages
increase in lung compliance
paralysis of the intercostal muscles
thorax deformitie

increase lung compliance

Which of the following nonrespiratory movements would ventilate all of the alveoli?

sneezing
yawning
crying
hiccups

yawning

All of the following would be caused by breathing excessively high concentrations of oxygen for a long period, EXCEPT __________.

coma
production of huge amounts of free radicals
oxygen toxicity
emphysema

emphysema

Which of the following nonrespiratory movements is caused by irritation of the diaphragm?

hiccups
crying
coughing
laughing

hiccups

The dorsal respiratory group __________.

is located dorsally at the root of cranial nerve IX
ends at the pons-medullary junction
is a rhythm-generating center
extends from the brain stem

is located dorsally at the root of cranial nerve IX

The pontine respiratory group is responsible for all of the following functions, EXCEPT __________.

regulating and modifying the activity of the medullary neurons
stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm
smoothing out the transition from inspiration to expiration
causing apneustic breathing if it is damaged

stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm

Which of the following would NOT be found in a "blue bloater"?

pulmonary hypertension
cyanosis
weight loss
right-sided heart failure

weight loss

External respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and the alveoli.
True
False

True

If intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure equalize, atelectasis will occur.
True
False

True

The most prevalent gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.
True
False

False

The transpulmonary air pressure is greatest during initial inspiratory events.
True
False

False,expiration

Without the secretions of the type II alveolar cells, the lungs would collapse between breaths.
True
False

True

The respiratory rate increases from birth until adulthood.
True
False

False

An increase in temperature of the blood will decrease Hb affinity for O2.
True
False

True

An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood will cause a slight increase in H+ concentration (drop in pH).
True
False

True

The dorsal respiratory group is the rhythm-generating and integrative center.
True
False

False

Most oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin, while most carbon dioxide is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.

False