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What are the temperatures for freezing water on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales? For boiling water? |
Freezing: 0°C, 32°F; boiling: 100°C, 212°F |
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What are the temperatures for freezing water and boiling water on the Kelvin temperature scale? |
273 K, 373 K |
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What is meant by "translational" kinetic energy? |
Kinetic energy of motion that carries a molecule from one place to another |
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Which forms of energy determine temperature: translational kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy, vibrational kinetic energy, or all of these? |
Translational only |
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What is meant when we say that a thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with another object? |
Heat no longer flows between the object and thermometer when both are at the same temperature. |
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Is there a distinction between thermal energy and internal energy? Which term do physicists prefer? |
Thermal energy emphasizes heat flow, whereas internal energy is the grand total of all energies inside a substance. Physicists prefer internal energy. |
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In which direction does heat flow spontaneously between hot and cold objects? |
From high temperature to low temperature |
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Does a hot object contain internal energy or does it contain heat? |
Internal energy |
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How is heat similar to and different from internal energy? |
They are both forms of energy, but heat flows, whereas internal energy does not. |
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What role does temperature have in the direction of heat flow? |
Heat flows spontaneously from high temperature to low temperature. |
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How is the energy value of foods determined? |
The food is burned and the energy released is measured. |
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Distinguish between a calorie and a Calorie |
A Calorie is 1000 calories. |
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Distinguish between a calorie and a joule. |
1 calorie = 4.19 joules |
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How many joules (J) are needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C? |
4.19 J |
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At what temperature do the combined effects of contraction and expansion produce the smallest volume for water? |
4°C |
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Which warms up fastest when heat is applied: water, iron, or silver? |
Silver warms up faster than iron. Iron warms up faster than water. |
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Does a substance that heats up quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity? |
A low specific heat capacity |
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Does a substance that cools off quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity? |
A low specific heat capacity |
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How does the specific heat capacity of water compare with the specific heat capacities of other common materials? |
Water has a higher specific heat capacity than most common materials. |
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Northeastern Canada and much of Europe receive about the same amount of sunlight per unit area. Why, then, is Europe generally warmer in the winter? |
The gulf stream carries warm, high heat capacity water past the west coast of Europe. |
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According to the law of conservation of energy, if ocean water cools, then something else should warm. What is it that warms? |
The cooling ocean warms the air. |
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Why is the temperature fairly constant for landmasses surrounded by large bodies of water? |
Water has a high specific heat capacity. |
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Why do substances expand when their temperature is increased? |
Higher-temperature substances have greater molecular motion. |
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Why does a bimetallic strip bend with changes in temperature? |
The two metals expand at different rates. |
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Which generally expands more for an equal increase in temperature: solids or liquids? |
Liquids generally expand more than solids. |
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When the temperature of ice-cold water is increased slightly, does it undergo a net expansion or a net contraction? |
Contraction |
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Why is ice less dense than water? |
Ice crystallizes with an open structure, and the gaps that form between the water molecules in ice increase its volume. |
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Does "microscopic slush" in water tend to make it more dense or less dense? |
Less dense |
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What happens to the amount of "microscopic slush" in cold water when its temperature is increased? |
The amount of microscopic slush decreases as the temperature increases. |
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Why does all the water in a lake have to be cooled to 4°C before the surface water can be cooled below 4°C? |
When water is cooled to 4°C, it sinks and deeper, warmer, water rises to the surface. |
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