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What is a calorie? |
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius |
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How many calories make up 1 Calorie |
1,000 calories = C |
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Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called—– |
Glycolysis |
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Glycolysis releases a great amount of energy. |
False- Glycolysis releases only a small amount of energy. |
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What is cellular respiration? |
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. |
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What is the equation for cellular respiration? |
The Chemical formula is 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy |
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What would be the problem if cellular respiration took place in just one step? |
All of the energy from glucose would be released at once, and most of it would be lost in the form of light and heat. |
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Three Main Stages of Cellular respiration |
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain |
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Where does glycolysis take place? |
In the Cytoplasm |
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Where do the Krebs cycle and electron transport take place? |
In the Mitochondria |
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What is Glycolysis? |
The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. |
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How does the cell get Glycolysis going? |
The cell needs to put in a little energy to get things going. |
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If the cell uses 2ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolysis, how does it end up with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules? |
The cell puts 2 ATP molecues into its "account" to get glycolysis going, when glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produces. Thus a 2 net gain of ATP molecules. |
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What is NAD+ |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
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What is the function of NAD+ in glycolysis? |
NAD⁺ is an electron carrier that accepts a pair of high energy electrons. NAD⁺ helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell. |
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Why can glycolysis supply energy to cells when oxygen is not available? |
Glycolysis does not require oxygen. Glycolysis can supply chemical energy to cells when oxygen is not available. |
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What problem does a cell have when it generates large amounts of ATP from glycolysis? |
The problem is that all of the cell’s available NAD⁺ molecules are filled up with electrons. Without NAD⁺, the cell cannot keep glycolysis going, and ATP production stops. |
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What is fermentation? |
Releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. |
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How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue? |
by converting NADH back into the electron carrier NAD⁺, glycolysis will continue to produce a steady supply of ATP |
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Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be ________. |
anaerobic |
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What are the two main types of fermentation? |
1. Alcoholic fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation |
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What organisms use alcoholic fermentation? |
Yeast and a few microorganisms |
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What is the equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis? |
pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO₂ + NAD⁺ |
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What happens to the small amount of alcohol produced in alcoholic fermentation during the baking of bread? |
it evaporates |
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What does lactic acid fermentation convert into lactic acid? |
pyruvic acid |
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What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis? |
pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD⁺ |
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During rapid exercise, how do you muscle cells produce ATP? |
The muscle cells produce ATP by lactic acid fermentation. |
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