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Mozarabs |
Christians who adopted some Arabic customs but did not convert |
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Shi’a |
Arabic term meaning "supporters of Ali"; they make up one of the two main divisions of Islam |
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Diwân |
A unit of government |
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Qur’an |
The sacred book of Islam |
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Umma |
A community of people who share a religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie |
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Madrasa |
A school for the study of Muslim law and religion |
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Dhimmis |
A term meaning "protected peoples’; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians |
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Ulama |
A group of religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur’an and the Sunna |
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Shari’a |
Muslim law, which covers social, criminal, political, commercial, and religious matters |
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Five Pillars of Islam |
The basic tenets of the Islamic faith, they include reciting a profession of faith in God and in Muhammad as God’s prophet, praying five times daily, fasting and praying during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in one’s lifetime, and contributing alms to the poor |
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Hadith |
Collections of the sayings of and anecdotes about Muhammad |
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Sunna |
An Arabic term meaning "trodden path". The term refers to the deeds and sayings of Muhammad, which constitute the obligatory example for Muslim life |
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Sunnis |
Members of the larger of the two main divisions of Islam; the division between Sunnis and Shi’a began in a dispute about succession to Muhammad, but over time many differences in theology developed |
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Emirs |
Arab governors who were given overall responsibility for public order, maintenance of the armed forces, and tax collection |
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Imam |
The leader in community prayer |
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632 |
In what year did Muhammad die? |
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Bedouin tribes |
What group was the most important political and military force in pre-Islamic Arabia |
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Mecca |
The presence of the Ka’ba attracted pilgrims to what city? |
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Warrior elite |
Who dominated political affairs in northern and central Arabia before Muhammad? |
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Angle Gabriel |
According to Muhammad, who visited him and commanded him to reach God’s revelations? |
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Qur’an |
The divine revelations of Muhammad are recorded in what Islamic holy book? |
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Hadith |
What are the collections of sayings of or anecdotes about Muhammad called? |
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Muhammad, the prophet |
The Sunna, or normative example, for a follower of Islam is based on the life of whom? |
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Both men and women were to received the same punishments |
According to the Qur’an and Muslim law, what kinds of punishments were required for inappropriate sexual behavior |
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Medina |
The hijra of 622 occured when Muhammad and his followers fled to what city? |
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A community of people who shared a religious faith and commitment |
According to Muhammad, what was the umma? |
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Sassanid |
What empire was defeated by the Muslim army at the battle of Nihawand and ended in 642? |
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They provided soldiers with a monthly ration of food and an annual cash stipend |
How did the Muslim military elite ensure the recruitment of troops and their loyalty? |
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It didn’t. The Qur’an did not provide guidance for the succession |
How did the Qur’an influence the selection of Muhammad’s successor? |
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He was Muhammad’s father-in-law and a close supporter |
Why was Abu Bakr elected first caliph? |
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Uthman |
Which caliph issued the completed text of the Qur’an? |
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Mu’awiya |
Who founded the Umayyad Dynasty? |
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The assassination of Ali and the assumption of the caliphate Mu’awiya |
Which of the following gave rise to a fundamental division in the umma? |
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An imam |
One division between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims is the questions of who interprets the Qur’an and the Sunna. Who has that authority for the Shi’a? |
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The relatively new capital became a commercial, artistic, and scientific center |
Under the Abbasids and Haru al-Rashid, what role did the city of Baghdad play in caliphate? |
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He was responsible for supervising the army and provincial governors |
What important responsibilities did the vizier, or chief assistant to the caliph possess? |
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Became governor of Khurasan and ruled it independently of Baghdad |
Weakness in the Abbasid Empire was revealed when Tahir did which of the following? |
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Sultan |
What is the term used for the leader of a Turkish state? |
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The Turks brought badly needed military strength to the Islamic world |
How did the introduction of large numbers of Turks affect the Islamic world? |
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Leading the army that conquered Baghdad, ending the Abbasid caliphate |
For what was the Mongol leader Hülegü best remembered? |
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Piety |
According to the Qur’an, honor in the Muslim world was based on what? |
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They worshipped only one God |
Why were dhimmis, or protected people, allowed some religious freedom? |
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They participated fully in commercial and profession activities |
What was life like for Jews living under Islam? |
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The Qur’an suggested that slaves should be allowed to buy freedom |
How did the Qur’an differ from the Old and New Testaments on the question of slavery? |
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They were viewed as more dependable and manageable |
Why were eunuchs allowed to serve in variety of occupations in the Muslim world? |
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In the Islamic world, slavery was seldom hereditary |
How was slavery in the Islamic world different from the slavery later practiced in the Americas? |
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Women had virtually no legal status or property or succession rights |
What rights did women have under pre-Islamic Arab tribal law? |
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Were a substantial improvement on earlier treatment of women in Arab societies |
According to the text, the Qur’an’s injunctions regarding the treatment of women |
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Marriages were arranged by families or guardians |
How did most Muslim marriages come about? |
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Four, as long as all were treated justly |
How many wives does the Qur’an allow a man to have? |
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The custom of veiling was probably of Byzantine or Persian origin |
How did the Muslim tradition of veiling women likely originate? |
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By 800, women in more prosperous households stayed out of sight |
Which of the following was true of the harem system? |
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Divorce was allowed but not encouraged |
What was the early Muslim attitude toward divorce? |
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They were viewed as a respected part of society |
In Muslim society, how were merchants viewed? |
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Arabic |
Muslim and Jewish merchants in the Indian Ocean trade used what language for commerce? |
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They developed the joint stock company |
Which of the following was an important financial innovation developed by Muslim merchants? |
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Extensive trade through Muslim lands led to the spread of many useful plants like cotton, sugarcane, and rice |
How did Muslim trade routes affect the development of agriculture? |
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Córdoba |
Which of the following was one of the two great centers of Muslim civilization in the tenth century? |
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They attempted to prepare men for religious and legal responsibilities |
Why were madrasas important to the Muslim world? |
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If her husband or male guardian encouraged it |
Under what circumstance could a woman in the Muslim world become educated? |
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Both systems viewed the personal relationship between teacher and student as key to education |
How was higher education in the Muslim world similar to that in China? |
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Divine love and knowledge through intuition rather than rational deduction and study |
Which of the following was a focus of the religious movement known as Sufism? |
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All three required students to master a sacred language |
Which of the following describes the similarities between Islamic, European, and Chinese education systems? |
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Was immediately sentenced to death |
After the eleventh century, a Muslim who converted to Chrsitianity |
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Andalusia |
In the Christian West, where did Christians and Muslims have the greatest interaction? |
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The Five Pillars of Islam are the basic tenets of the Islamic faith; they include reciting a profession of faith in God and in Muhammad as God’s prophet, praying five times daily, fasting and praying during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in one’s lifetime, and contributing alms to the poor. It provides a code of morality because the Qur’an prescribes a strict code of moral behavior. |
What are the Five Pillars of Islam, and how do they provide a code of morality? (Short Answer) |
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