Which of the following does NOT exhibit a male characteristic expected in a species where the female has the greater reproductive investment? a) males offering the female a nuptial gift |
females fighting with other females |
When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called: a) the mating system. |
sexual dimorphism. |
The sum of an individual’s indirect and direct fitness is called _______. a) exclusive fitness |
inclusive fitness |
Of the approximately 10,000 species of birds, more than 90% appear to be: a) monogamous. |
monogamous. |
This Belding’s ground squirrel: a) is rejecting a mating attempt. |
has just seen a hawk. |
The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. What information about the difference in number of offspring is indicated by the orange lines running across each graph? a) how many offspring are produced at each of three time points |
the trend, or trajectory, of how the number of offspring relates to the number of mates |
In Belding’s ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls? a) Belding’s ground squirrels have a sex ratio that is biased toward males. |
Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin. |
Acoustical communication includes all of the following EXCEPT: a) alarm calls. |
All of the above are examples of acoustical communication. |
From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can be viewed best as: a) part of a phenotype. |
part of a phenotype. |
In most animal species, the female: a) has a smaller reproductive investment than the male. |
invests substantial energy in carrying and tending to offspring. |
The graph above shows data on reproductive output in fruit flies. How would you expect the reproductive output of males with one mate to relate to that of females with one mate? a) The males should have a higher reproductive output. |
It should be the same. |
Two types of polygamy are: a) monogomy and diagomy. |
polygyny and polyandry. |
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that females manifest their choosiness in mating? a) Females will mate with males after subjecting them to courtship rituals. |
Females will mate with males that engage in reciprocal altruism. |
Incest avoidance evolved in humans: a) because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness. |
because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness. |
Why is it so much easier for an infant to learn a complex language than for a college student to learn biology? a) Language involves memorization only, without the need for understanding rules, while biology involves both. |
Both b) and c) are true. |
Exclusive male parental care is much more prevalent in fish than mammals because: a) fish do not have the option of raising young in a defended nest site or den. |
most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not. |
In all animal species: a) females provide equal or more parental care than do males. |
the average number of offspring for males and females is the same. |
Which of the following modes of communication are seen among animals? a) chemical |
All of the above are modes of communication seen in animals. |
In the graphs above, the x axis represents _________________ and the y axis represents _________________. a) number of mates ; number of offspring |
number of mates ; number of offspring |
Molecules released by an individual into the environment that trigger behavioral responses in other individuals are called: a) alarm signals. |
pheromones. |
In terms of their gametes, sperm and eggs,: a) males show greater variation than females. |
male and female animals are sexually dimorphic. |
In a polygynous mating system: a) high ranking females have more offspring. |
multiple females tend to mate with the same male. |
In a random study of 1000 wills, it was shown that ___________________ received the smallest share of a deceased’s estate. a) children |
friends |
Male dance flies produce elaborate gifts that they present to females. The evolution of this behavior is best described as due to: a) sexual selection. |
sexual selection. |
In most mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is: a) females are better looking. |
females have a higher parental investment. |
__________ selection is the type of natural selection that acts on characteristics that determine reproductive success. a) Reproductive |
Sexual |
The Belding’s ground squirrel giving off an alarm signal in the picture above would most commonly be: a) a oldest male in the colony to which he migrated. |
an older female in the colony in which she was born. |
Song and bright colors make male birds conspicuous to predators. The large, gaudy tail of the peacock may be a hindrance in activities such as feeding and flight. Yet these features evolved because of: a) sexual selection. |
sexual selection. |
Polygamy and monogamy are two types of: a) genomic calculations. |
mating systems. |
When a goose spots an egg outside of its nest, the goose gets out of the nest and rolls the egg back. Once started, a goose continues the egg-retrieval movement all the way back to the nest, even if the egg is taken away during the process. This is called: a) step-wise reproductive collaboration. |
a fixed action pattern. |
In black widow spider mating, the male ___________________________ and the female ___________________________. a) does a dance to get into position to copulate; then moves into position |
breaks off his sexual organ inside the female ; kills and eats the male |
Which of the following is NOT typically a form of animal communication? a) posture |
increased heart rate and metabolic rate |
Which of the following is NOT an example of evolved reciprocal altruism? a) donating money to a charity |
All of the above are examples of evolved reciprocal altruism. |
______________________ is an action or signal on the part of one organism that alters the behavior of another organism. a) Maturation |
Communication |
In the figure above, the animal colored blue in the box represents: a) a female elephant seal. |
the only low-ranking male elephant seal to produce offspring. |
Babies in the U.S. quickly and easily develop a fear of snakes. Yet they don’t easily develop a fear of guns. Why? a) Evolution can be slow in producing populations that are adapted to their environments. |
Evolution can be slow in producing populations that are adapted to their environments. |
The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. Which aspect of the graph help allows us to make easy comparisons between the data in the two graphs? a) each graph only has three bars |
the axes are the same and are measuring the same thing |
Behavior that involves giving up something of relatively low value in exchange for getting something of great value in the future is best described as: a) prepared learning. |
reciprocal altruism. |
Sexual dimorphism refers to: a) the males have genitalia twice the size of the female. |
the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally. |
Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the follow is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group? a) increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism |
increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism |
The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. What information about the difference in number of offspring is indicated by the orange lines running across each graph? a) how many offspring are produced in total each year |
the trend, or trajectory, of how the number of offspring relates to the number of mates |
The main differences between mammals and birds that affect their mating systems are: a) in mammals, the fertilized egg develops externally and the female lactates, while in birds, the fertilized egg develops internally and there is no lactation. |
in mammals, the fertilized egg develops internally and the female lactates, while in birds, the fertilized egg develops externally and there is no lactation. |
Female Belding’s ground squirrels have evolved to follow a simple rule that translates into: a) "if I am an older female, I should determine whether I am in a colony of relatives or strangers." |
"if I am an older female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me." |
Which of the following are correct statements about fixed action patterns? a) Once begun, fixed action patterns are continued to completion. |
All of the above are correct statements about fixed action patterns. |
In mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is: a) males are choosy. |
are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented. |
A single breeding male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) may mate with several females, but each female usually mates with only one male. This type of mating system is known as: a) serial monogamy. |
polygyny. |
The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. According to the graph, which is likely the factor limiting reproductive output of a male fruit fly? a) production of sperm |
availability of female mates |
Selfishness should be seen more often between unrelated individuals unless 1) there are repeated opportunities to be a donor or recipient, 2) the cost to be a donor is relatively low, and 3): a) kin selection is a factor. |
cheaters are recognizable and punished for cheating. |
In polygynous mating systems: a) there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females. |
there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among females than among males. |
Tirso de Molina is credited with launching the fictional character Don Juan in a play he wrote called El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (The Trickster of Seville). Many authors and playwrights, including W. A. Mozart, have written further accounts of this notorious seducer of women. Don Juan’s "mating style" can best be characterized as _________ and ________. a) pair bonding, polygynous |
polygamous, polygynous |
An optimal strategy for an animal in procuring food would involve all of the following EXCEPT: a) minimizing the risk of predation during foraging and feeding. |
spending any amount of energy as long as it gets the nutrients it needs. |
In most mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is: a) males are more aggressive. |
females have a higher parental investment. |
Which of the following is TRUE about group selection? a) It is a common occurrence in large populations. |
It leads to unselfish individual behavior that benefits the population or species. |
Mate guarding is a reproductive tactic that functions to: a) reduce paternity uncertainty. |
reduce paternity uncertainty. |
Because group selection _____________________________, it very rarely occurs. a) is beneficial for the species |
decreases the reproductive success of individuals |
Which of the following is a way a male fruit fly can increase reproductive success? a) produce more sperm cells |
mate with as many females as possible |
Usually the female is more discriminating than the male when it comes to mating. However, in bush crickets, the opposite is the case. Why is this? a) The male contributes a massive amount of energy to the female during mating—his ejaculate makes up about one-fourth of his body weight. |
The male contributes a massive amount of energy to the female during mating—his ejaculate makes up about one-fourth of his body weight. Correct |
Why is there no increase in the number of offspring produced by females that have access to additional males beyond the first? a) The fertility window for female fruit flies is very short. |
If a single male produces more sperm than the number of eggs produced by the female, access to more sperm does not result in more offspring. |
Among Natterjack toads in northern Europe, males produce booming calls to attract females. Females desire large males and the size of the male determines the volume of the call. Why is the Natterjack’s call considered an "honest signal"? a) because the call of the Natterjack male accurately provides both distance and direction to the female |
because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male |
Hamilton’s Rule reveals that the more closely related two individuals are: a) the less likely they will be to mate with each other. |
the more likely they are to act altruistically towards each other. |
In the "Ultimatum Game," one player (the proposer) proposes a way to split $100 and the other player (the decider) either accepts it—in which case both players get the amount proposed for them—or rejects it and neither player gets any of the cash. Deciders will nearly always reject offers of $90 for the proposer and $10 for them because: a) ten dollars is closer to zero than ninety dollars, so the decider is really not losing much. |
the evolution of reciprocal altruism has led to human brains being very sensitive to detecting and punishing stingy/selfish peopl |
The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. According to the graph, which is likely the factor limiting reproductive output of a male fruit fly? a) the reproductive investment for males is higher than for females |
availability of female mates |
Monogamy, a relatively rare system outside of the birds, evolves when: a) males compete for females who have higher parental investment. |
both males and females have high and equal parental investment. |
In the figure above, the animals colored green in the lower left represent: a) the reproductive output of the dominant male elephant seal. |
the reproductive output of the dominant male elephant seal. |
The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis for why the number of offspring produced by a female with two mates is slightly lower than that for females with one mate? a) Male reproductive output tends to increase as the number of females available increases. |
Perhaps the presence of two males created stress which reduced either the males’ or female’s fertility |
What is the ultimate explanation for modern human preference for fatty foods? a) Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation. |
Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation. |
Polygynous species: a) are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented. |
are usually sexually dimorphic, with females larger and more highly ornamented. |
An honest signal: a) is a signal conveyed by dancing, singing, or speaking. |
is a signal, given when both the signaler and responder have the same interests, that cannot be faked. |
Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the follow is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group? a) increased competition for resources |
increased risk of predation |
Behaviors that do not require environmental input for their development are called: a) fixed action patterns. |
instincts |
In a polyandrous mating system: a) multiple males tend to mate with the same female. |
multiple males tend to mate with the same female. |
This is a mating pair of parrots. You would expect them to be: a) monogamous and sexually dimorphic. |
monogamous and sexually monomorphic. |
The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. Why is there no increase in the number of offspring produced by females that have access to additional males beyond the first? a) If a single male produces more sperm than the number of eggs produced by the female, access to more sperm does not result in more offspring. |
If a single male produces more sperm than the number of eggs produced by the female, access to more sperm does not result in more offspring. |
Maternal diabetes is thought to be the consequence of: a) pregnant women decreasing their average daily amount of activity. |
conflict between the mother and fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given, since a mother is equally related to the fetus and all future offspring of hers while the fetus is more related to itself than to subsequent siblings. |
The waggle dance is: a) used for mate choice in grebes. |
used for food location in honeybees |
At conception how does the mother’s material and energetic contribution to the offspring relate to the father’s? a) it is much greater |
it is much greater |
What could be said of our sense of taste? a) How we define what tastes good or bad is fundamentally a learned behavior. |
What tastes good to us is dictated by our nutritional needs. |
Sexual dimorphism is a good predictor of mating systems because: a) sexual dimorphism causes a difference in parental investment between males and females which results in different variance in reproductive success; therefore when one is known the other can be inferred. |
the degree of sexual dimorphism and the type of mating system present in a species are both determined by the difference in parental investment between the male and female; therefore when one is known the other can be inferred. |
According to the graph, which is likely the factor limiting reproductive output of a female fruit fly? a) availability of male mates |
production of eggs |
Which of the following choices regarding fixed action patterns is incorrect? a) A fixed action pattern can be potentially maladaptive. |
Once it is triggered, a counter-stimulus could halt a fixed action pattern. |
In a study often referred to as the "casual sex study," randomly selected men and women were asked if they would like to have sex with the experimenter. Men turned out to be more likely to accept this proposal than women. This is most likely because: a) men are trying to get in as many matings as possible to lower the variance reproductive success, but women already have low variance in reproductive success. |
men have a lower initial investment than women so they will be less discriminating in choosing a mate. |
At conception, the mother’s energetic contribution to the offspring _______________ the father’s. a) exceeds |
exceeds |
When the female silkworm moth is ready to mate, she: a) has to wait until the male is ready. |
releases a potent chemical into the air. |
Polygyny is often positively correlated with: a) territoriality and mate guarding. |
sexual dimorphism and variation in male reproductive success. |
Kin selection helps make predictions about which of the following phenomena in nature: a) when helpers-at-the-nest should occur and which individuals the helpers should assist. |
a), b), and c) are all correct. |
In polygynous mating systems: a) most individuals mate for life. |
there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females |
In a polygynous mating system: a) parental care is predominantly by the father. |
variance in male reproductive success is greater than variance in female reproductive success. |
James Joyce once wrote: "Whatever else is unsure in this stinking dunghill of a world, a mother’s love is not." Why is he wrong? a) Mothers always have maternity certainty. |
Since a mother and her child are related by 0.5, not the 1.0 of an individual with himself/herself, their genetic interests are highly—but not completely—aligned. |
Which of the following is an example of feeding behavior that has a high energy intake to effort ratio? a) human children eating dirt |
crabs eating mussels that are intermediate in size |
Kin selection theory would lead us to predict that: a) children in step-families are only living in the family part of the time. |
children in step-families are injured more frequently than those living with their biological families. |
The "total amount of money" earned by a business is to "money earned by regular sales" plus the "extra money earned through increased customers when a business voluntarily performs a community service" as: a) direct fitness is to the sum of indirect fitness and kin selection. |
inclusive fitness is to the sum of direct and indirect fitness. |
The age of a fossil can often be determined using radiometric dating of the rocks in which the fossil is found. Because uranium-238 has a half-life of 4.5 billion years, it means that: a) no rocks on earth can contain uranium-238, since earth is only 4.6 billion years old. |
radioactive uranium-238 as a rock that was just recently formed. |
Why do human taste preferences exist? a) Fats actually do taste better than sugars. |
Human feeding choices influence energy intake and, consequently, fitness. |
The genetic contribution of an individual to subsequent individuals through its own offspring and its influence on the survival of other relatives is referred to as: a) inclusive fitness. |
inclusive fitness. |
Altruistic behavior in animals may be a result of kin selection, a theory maintaining that: a) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can recognize those that helped them in the past and provide help to those individuals. |
genes are more likely to persist within a population when they cause behaviors that assist other animals who share those genes. |
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5,000 years. A rock originally contained 16 grams of radioactive isotope, and now contains 4 grams. Approximately how many years old is the rock? a) 75,000 years |
10,000 years |
In birds, after fertilization but prior to emergence of the chicks, the development of the fertilized egg is: a) nursed by the mother. |
external. |
Chapter 9 – PrepU
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