Chapter 9 – PrepU

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Which of the following does NOT exhibit a male characteristic expected in a species where the female has the greater reproductive investment?

a) males offering the female a nuptial gift
b) males that build elaborate bowers
c) females fighting with other females
d) males having especially long tail plumage
e) males that dance and make dramatic poses in courtship

females fighting with other females

When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called:

a) the mating system.
b) sexism.
c) sexual dimorphism.
d) growth disparity.
e) polygamy.

sexual dimorphism.

The sum of an individual’s indirect and direct fitness is called _______.

a) exclusive fitness
b) selfish behavior
c) kin selection
d) reciprocal altruism
e) inclusive fitness

inclusive fitness

Of the approximately 10,000 species of birds, more than 90% appear to be:

a) monogamous.
b) polyandrous.
c) sexually dimorphic.
d) promiscuous.
e) polygynous.

monogamous.

This Belding’s ground squirrel:

a) is rejecting a mating attempt.
b) has just seen a hawk.
c) is establishing territory.
d) is seeking a mate.
e) is begging for food.

has just seen a hawk.

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies.

What information about the difference in number of offspring is indicated by the orange lines running across each graph?

a) how many offspring are produced at each of three time points
b) how many offspring are produced in total each year
c) the trend for female preference for particular males
d) the trend, or trajectory, of how the number of offspring relates to the number of mates
e) the fertility periods for both male and female flies

the trend, or trajectory, of how the number of offspring relates to the number of mates

In Belding’s ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

a) Belding’s ground squirrels have a sex ratio that is biased toward males.
b) Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.
c) Belding’s ground squirrels have a sex ratio that is biased toward females.
d) Females invest more in foraging and food storage, so they are more likely to lose their lives or their food if a predator attacks.
e) Males forage alone, so their alarm calls are useless.

Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.

Acoustical communication includes all of the following EXCEPT:

a) alarm calls.
b) bird song.
c) territorial howling of wolves.
d) All of the above are examples of acoustical communication.
e) both a) and b) are correct.

All of the above are examples of acoustical communication.

From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can be viewed best as:

a) part of a phenotype.
b) non-heritable.
c) a trait subject to drift and mutation, but not natural selection.
d) a trait that arises by learning and not natural selection.
e) All of the above are correct.

part of a phenotype.

In most animal species, the female:

a) has a smaller reproductive investment than the male.
b) will tend to mate with as many males as possible.
c) will be the less discriminating sex.
d) invests substantial energy in carrying and tending to offspring.
e) produces many small gametes at relatively low cost.

invests substantial energy in carrying and tending to offspring.

The graph above shows data on reproductive output in fruit flies.

How would you expect the reproductive output of males with one mate to relate to that of females with one mate?

a) The males should have a higher reproductive output.
b) The females should have a higher reproductive output.
c) The number of offspring for male flies increases as the number of mates increases.
d) Males have many more offspring.
e) It should be the same.

It should be the same.

Two types of polygamy are:

a) monogomy and diagomy.
b) kin selection and reciprocal altruism.
c) isogamy and anisogamy.
d) polygyny and monogamy.
e) polygyny and polyandry.

polygyny and polyandry.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that females manifest their choosiness in mating?

a) Females will mate with males after subjecting them to courtship rituals.
b) Females will mate with males that engage in reciprocal altruism.
c) Females will mate with males that have valuable physical attributes.
d) Females will mate with males that control valuable resources.
e) Females will mate with males that contribute a large parental investment up front.

Females will mate with males that engage in reciprocal altruism.

Incest avoidance evolved in humans:

a) because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness.
b) because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with increased fitness.
c) because population numbers continued to increase.
d) because many bees, wasps, and ants can inflict painful, and even fatal, stings and bites.
e) because in early human societies, alliances could be achieved by marrying the chief’s daughter to the son of the chief of a different tribe.

because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness.

Why is it so much easier for an infant to learn a complex language than for a college student to learn biology?

a) Language involves memorization only, without the need for understanding rules, while biology involves both.
b) Language is a feature with great evolutionary relevance for humans.
c) Learning biology was not a behavior with evolutionary relevance for humans.
d) Biology involves much more vocabulary than learning a complex language.
e) Both b) and c) are true.

Both b) and c) are true.

Exclusive male parental care is much more prevalent in fish than mammals because:

a) fish do not have the option of raising young in a defended nest site or den.
b) fish are less likely to live in habitats with high quality resources.
c) most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not.
d) the male fish release their sperm before the females release their eggs.
e) both male and female fish lactate.

most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not.

In all animal species:

a) females provide equal or more parental care than do males.
b) males have greater variation in number of offspring than do females.
c) development of the fetus after fertilization takes place inside the female.
d) the average number of offspring for males and females is the same.
e) None of the above is true; there are no universal statements that can be made about mating systems in all animal species.

the average number of offspring for males and females is the same.

Which of the following modes of communication are seen among animals?

a) chemical
b) acoustical
c) visual
d) All of the above are modes of communication seen in animals.
e) Only a) and c) are modes of communication seen in animals.

All of the above are modes of communication seen in animals.

In the graphs above, the x axis represents _________________ and the y axis represents _________________.

a) number of mates ; number of offspring
b) number of offspring ; fitness
c) temperature ; number of males or females
d) age class ; number of offspring
e) number of offspring ; number of mates

number of mates ; number of offspring

Molecules released by an individual into the environment that trigger behavioral responses in other individuals are called:

a) alarm signals.
b) pheromones.
c) language.
d) phospholipids.
e) gylcoproteins.

pheromones.

In terms of their gametes, sperm and eggs,:

a) males show greater variation than females.
b) females show greater variation than males.
c) male and female animals are competitive.
d) male and female animals are sexually monomorphic.
e) male and female animals are sexually dimorphic.

male and female animals are sexually dimorphic.

In a polygynous mating system:

a) high ranking females have more offspring.
b) multiple females tend to mate with the same male.
c) neither males nor females provide parental care beyond gestation and lactation.
d) variance in female reproductive success is greater than variance in male reproductive success.
e) parental care is predominantly by the father.

multiple females tend to mate with the same male.

In a random study of 1000 wills, it was shown that ___________________ received the smallest share of a deceased’s estate.

a) children
b) spouses
c) siblings
d) grandchildren
e) friends

friends

Male dance flies produce elaborate gifts that they present to females. The evolution of this behavior is best described as due to:

a) sexual selection.
b) sexual polymorphism.
c) sexual recombination.
d) a sex-determining chromosome.
e) sexual healing.

sexual selection.

In most mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is:

a) females are better looking.
b) males, on average, have higher fitness.
c) females have a higher parental investment.
d) males are choosy.
e) males are more aggressive.

females have a higher parental investment.

__________ selection is the type of natural selection that acts on characteristics that determine reproductive success.

a) Reproductive
b) Sexual
c) Endocrine
d) Reducing
e) Hormonal

Sexual

The Belding’s ground squirrel giving off an alarm signal in the picture above would most commonly be:

a) a oldest male in the colony to which he migrated.
b) an older female in the colony in which she was born.
c) an older female in the colony to which she migrated.
d) a male in the colony in which he was born.
e) a younger female in the colony in which she was born.

an older female in the colony in which she was born.

Song and bright colors make male birds conspicuous to predators. The large, gaudy tail of the peacock may be a hindrance in activities such as feeding and flight. Yet these features evolved because of:

a) sexual selection.
b) sex-differential survivorship.
c) kin selection.
d) reciprocal altruism.
e) artificial selection.

sexual selection.

Polygamy and monogamy are two types of:

a) genomic calculations.
b) mating systems.
c) kinship systems.
d) dominance hierarchies.
e) learned behaviors.

mating systems.

When a goose spots an egg outside of its nest, the goose gets out of the nest and rolls the egg back. Once started, a goose continues the egg-retrieval movement all the way back to the nest, even if the egg is taken away during the process. This is called:

a) step-wise reproductive collaboration.
b) repeated pattern fixation.
c) a fixed action pattern.
d) prepared learning.
e) supernormal stimulus.

a fixed action pattern.

In black widow spider mating, the male ___________________________ and the female ___________________________.

a) does a dance to get into position to copulate; then moves into position
b) mates with many females ; mates with only one male
c) breaks off his sexual organ inside the female ; kills and eats the male
d) produces a copulatory plug ; removes the copulatory plug
e) bring the female a nuptial gift of food ; decides whether to accept it

breaks off his sexual organ inside the female ; kills and eats the male

Which of the following is NOT typically a form of animal communication?

a) posture
b) increased heart rate and metabolic rate
c) vocalizing
d) release of airborne hormones
e) baring one’s teeth

increased heart rate and metabolic rate

Which of the following is NOT an example of evolved reciprocal altruism?

a) donating money to a charity
b) monkeys picking parasites off each other ("nit-picking")
c) volunteering time at a homeless shelter
d) giving blood to a starving vampire bat
e) All of the above are examples of evolved reciprocal altruism.

All of the above are examples of evolved reciprocal altruism.

______________________ is an action or signal on the part of one organism that alters the behavior of another organism.

a) Maturation
b) Visualization
c) Communication
d) Courtship
e) Language

Communication

In the figure above, the animal colored blue in the box represents:

a) a female elephant seal.
b) the only low-ranking male elephant seal to produce offspring.
c) the dominant male elephant seal.
d) the offspring of the low-ranking elephant seals.
e) the offspring of the dominant male elephant seal.

the only low-ranking male elephant seal to produce offspring.

Babies in the U.S. quickly and easily develop a fear of snakes. Yet they don’t easily develop a fear of guns. Why?

a) Evolution can be slow in producing populations that are adapted to their environments.
b) Babies are more likely to encounter snakes than guns as they develop in the U.S.
c) Fewer individuals are killed by guns than by snakes in the U.S. each year.
d) Humans cannot develop fear towards inanimate objects.
e) All of the above are true.

Evolution can be slow in producing populations that are adapted to their environments.

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies.

Which aspect of the graph help allows us to make easy comparisons between the data in the two graphs?

a) each graph only has three bars
b) the axes are the same and are measuring the same thing
c) the pictures of the flies help provide a visual
d) the axes are different in the two graphs
e) the different colors for male and female flies

the axes are the same and are measuring the same thing

Behavior that involves giving up something of relatively low value in exchange for getting something of great value in the future is best described as:

a) prepared learning.
b) kin selection.
c) reciprocal altruism.
d) inclusive fitness.
e) direct fitness.

reciprocal altruism.

Sexual dimorphism refers to:

a) the males have genitalia twice the size of the female.
b) species with iteroparous (or "big bang") reproduction.
c) sexually reproducing species in which females are larger than males.
d) the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally.
e) sexually reproducing species in which males are larger than females.

the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally.

Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the follow is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group?

a) increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism
b) increased competition for mates
c) increased risk of infanticide or injury to offspring
d) increased risk of disease and parasites
e) increased competition for resources

increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies.

What information about the difference in number of offspring is indicated by the orange lines running across each graph?

a) how many offspring are produced in total each year
b) how many offspring are produced at each of three time points
c) the trend for female preference for particular males
d) the fertility periods for both male and female flies
e) the trend, or trajectory, of how the number of offspring relates to the number of mates

the trend, or trajectory, of how the number of offspring relates to the number of mates

The main differences between mammals and birds that affect their mating systems are:

a) in mammals, the fertilized egg develops externally and the female lactates, while in birds, the fertilized egg develops internally and there is no lactation.
b) in mammals, the fertilized egg develops internally and the female lactates, while in birds, the fertilized egg develops externally and there is no lactation.
c) mammals have hair and four legs, while birds have feathers and two legs.
d) in mammals, the parents are landbound and the female lactates, while in birds, the parent can fly and there is no lactation.
e) in mammals, the fertilized egg develops internally and the parents are landbound, while in birds, the fertilized egg develops externally and the parents can fly.

in mammals, the fertilized egg develops internally and the female lactates, while in birds, the fertilized egg develops externally and there is no lactation.

Female Belding’s ground squirrels have evolved to follow a simple rule that translates into:

a) "if I am an older female, I should determine whether I am in a colony of relatives or strangers."
b) "if I am an younger female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me."
c) "if I am an older female, I should behave as if I am living alone."
d) "if I am a female with pups, I should provide alarm calls in the presence of predators."
e) "if I am an older female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me."

"if I am an older female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me."

Which of the following are correct statements about fixed action patterns?

a) Once begun, fixed action patterns are continued to completion.
b) Fixed action patterns are highly stereotyped, instinctive behaviors.
c) Fixed action patterns are triggered by stimuli in the environment.
d) Fixed action patterns can be triggered by an inappropriate stimulus.
e) All of the above are correct statements about fixed action patterns.

All of the above are correct statements about fixed action patterns.

In mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is:

a) males are choosy.
b) males, on average, have higher fitness.
c) females have higher parental investment.
d) females are better looking.
e) males are more aggressive.

are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented.

A single breeding male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) may mate with several females, but each female usually mates with only one male. This type of mating system is known as:

a) serial monogamy.
b) polyandry.
c) as a learned behavior.
d) polygyny.
e) monogamy.

polygyny.

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies.

According to the graph, which is likely the factor limiting reproductive output of a male fruit fly?

a) production of sperm
b) availability of female mates
c) sperm is a larger, more costly gamete than an egg
d) production of eggs
e) the reproductive investment for males is higher than for females

availability of female mates

Selfishness should be seen more often between unrelated individuals unless 1) there are repeated opportunities to be a donor or recipient, 2) the cost to be a donor is relatively low, and 3):

a) kin selection is a factor.
b) altruistic donors are not recognizable.
c) cheaters are recognizable and punished for cheating.
d) the benefits to the recipient are lower than the costs of the donor.
e) two individuals are secretly related, but they don’t know it.

cheaters are recognizable and punished for cheating.

In polygynous mating systems:

a) there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females.
b) paternal care is by all the parents.
c) most individuals mate for life.
d) there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among females than among males.
e) there is usually equal variation in reproductive success between females and males.

there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among females than among males.

Tirso de Molina is credited with launching the fictional character Don Juan in a play he wrote called El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (The Trickster of Seville). Many authors and playwrights, including W. A. Mozart, have written further accounts of this notorious seducer of women. Don Juan’s "mating style" can best be characterized as _________ and ________.

a) pair bonding, polygynous
b) polygamous, polygynous
c) monogamous, polygamous
d) polyandrous, monogamous
e) polygamous, pair bonding

polygamous, polygynous

An optimal strategy for an animal in procuring food would involve all of the following EXCEPT:

a) minimizing the risk of predation during foraging and feeding.
b) maximizing energy gained.
c) spending any amount of energy as long as it gets the nutrients it needs.
d) securing essential nutrients.
e) minimizing energy expended.

spending any amount of energy as long as it gets the nutrients it needs.

In most mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is:

a) males are more aggressive.
b) females are better looking.
c) females have a higher parental investment.
d) males, on average, have higher fitness.
e) males are choosy.

females have a higher parental investment.

Which of the following is TRUE about group selection?

a) It is a common occurrence in large populations.
b) It is at least as common as reciprocal altruism.
c) It leads to unselfish individual behavior that benefits the population or species.
d) It tends to increase altruistic behavior.
e) It becomes progressively more common over several generations.

It leads to unselfish individual behavior that benefits the population or species.

Mate guarding is a reproductive tactic that functions to:

a) reduce paternity uncertainty.
b) reduce the male’s reproductive investment.
c) increase the female’s investment in the offspring.
d) increase the number of mates to which a male has access.
e) increase the number of mates to which a female has access.

reduce paternity uncertainty.

Because group selection _____________________________, it very rarely occurs.

a) is beneficial for the species
b) is detrimental to the population
c) decreases the reproductive success of individuals
d) has no effect on allele frequencies
e) increases the reproductive success of individuals

decreases the reproductive success of individuals

Which of the following is a way a male fruit fly can increase reproductive success?

a) produce more sperm cells
b) put more effort into parenting
c) put less effort into mating
d) invest more resources in fewer offspring
e) mate with as many females as possible

mate with as many females as possible

Usually the female is more discriminating than the male when it comes to mating. However, in bush crickets, the opposite is the case. Why is this?

a) The male contributes a massive amount of energy to the female during mating—his ejaculate makes up about one-fourth of his body weight.
b) Male bush crickets accept the newly fertilized zygotes from the female and incubate them.
c) Male bush crickets have tremendous variation in the desirability of their territories.
d) A male bush cricket must bring the female a large offering of food in order for the female to accept him as a mate.
e) Male bush crickets produce few sperm so they are more discriminating than females.

The male contributes a massive amount of energy to the female during mating—his ejaculate makes up about one-fourth of his body weight. Correct

Why is there no increase in the number of offspring produced by females that have access to additional males beyond the first?

a) The fertility window for female fruit flies is very short.
b) Females only ever mate with one male.
c) Females are limited in their access to males and so rarely come in contact with more than one.
d) Females are limited in offspring production by the availability of male sperm.
e) If a single male produces more sperm than the number of eggs produced by the female, access to more sperm does not result in more offspring.

If a single male produces more sperm than the number of eggs produced by the female, access to more sperm does not result in more offspring.

Among Natterjack toads in northern Europe, males produce booming calls to attract females. Females desire large males and the size of the male determines the volume of the call. Why is the Natterjack’s call considered an "honest signal"?

a) because the call of the Natterjack male accurately provides both distance and direction to the female
b) because the female Natterjack toads were taught by their mothers to avoid dishonest signals
c) because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male
d) because the large Natterjack males invest more parental effort than smaller Natterjack males
e) because the female Natterjack toads can detect a booming call from a small toad.

because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male

Hamilton’s Rule reveals that the more closely related two individuals are:

a) the less likely they will be to mate with each other.
b) the more likely their inclusive fitness will be reduced via cooperation.
c) the more likely they will disperse from each other at maturity.
d) the more likely they will be competing for the same limited resources.
e) the more likely they are to act altruistically towards each other.

the more likely they are to act altruistically towards each other.

In the "Ultimatum Game," one player (the proposer) proposes a way to split $100 and the other player (the decider) either accepts it—in which case both players get the amount proposed for them—or rejects it and neither player gets any of the cash. Deciders will nearly always reject offers of $90 for the proposer and $10 for them because:

a) ten dollars is closer to zero than ninety dollars, so the decider is really not losing much.
b) the evolution of reciprocal altruism has led to human brains being very sensitive to detecting and punishing stingy/selfish people.
c) money did not exist for most of human evolutionary history.
d) $10 has little value for anyone.
e) None of the above is correct—deciders always accept offers of cash.

the evolution of reciprocal altruism has led to human brains being very sensitive to detecting and punishing stingy/selfish peopl

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies.

According to the graph, which is likely the factor limiting reproductive output of a male fruit fly?

a) the reproductive investment for males is higher than for females
b) production of eggs
c) sperm is a larger, more costly gamete than an egg
d) availability of female mates
e) production of sperm

availability of female mates

Monogamy, a relatively rare system outside of the birds, evolves when:

a) males compete for females who have higher parental investment.
b) both males and females have low parental investment.
c) both males and females have high and equal parental investment.
d) females compete for males who have higher parental investment.
e) the number of females was low in the population.

both males and females have high and equal parental investment.

In the figure above, the animals colored green in the lower left represent:

a) the reproductive output of the dominant male elephant seal.
b) the male offspring of a colony of elephant seals.
c) the reproductive output of the low-ranking male elephant seals.
d) are the female elephant seals that will mate with the blue males.
e) the next generation of dominant male elephant seals.

the reproductive output of the dominant male elephant seal.

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies.

Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis for why the number of offspring produced by a female with two mates is slightly lower than that for females with one mate?

a) Male reproductive output tends to increase as the number of females available increases.
b) Females invest more energy in reproduction than males and so the females need to conserve energy and have fewer offspring.
c) Perhaps the presence of two males created stress which reduced either the males’ or female’s fertility.
d) Internal fertilization always leads to fewer offspring with two mates.
e) Male gametes are smaller than female gametes.

Perhaps the presence of two males created stress which reduced either the males’ or female’s fertility

What is the ultimate explanation for modern human preference for fatty foods?

a) Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation.
b) When we eat fatty foods, taste receptors on our tongue are stimulated, sending an action potential to our brain triggering the "do-it-again" centers.
c) Humans prefer protein which provides everything we need.
d) We do not actually prefer fatty foods; we prefer sugary foods.
e) Fatty foods have 9 calories/gram unlike carbs and proteins which have 4 calories/gram and in our environment we need to maximize our caloric intake in order to maximize our fitness.

Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation.

Polygynous species:

a) are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented.
b) are often asexual.
c) are usually sexually monomorphic.
d) are usually sexually dimorphic, with females larger and more highly ornamented.
e) usually employ external fertilization.

are usually sexually dimorphic, with females larger and more highly ornamented.

An honest signal:

a) is a signal conveyed by dancing, singing, or speaking.
b) is a signal, given when both the signaler and responder have the same interests, that can be faked.
c) is a signal, given when both the signaler and responder have the same interests, that cannot be faked.
d) is a signal, given when the signaler and responder have different interests, that cannot be faked.
e) is a signal that is always truthful.

is a signal, given when both the signaler and responder have the same interests, that cannot be faked.

Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the follow is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group?

a) increased competition for resources
b) increased risk of reproduction inhibition
c) increased risk of infanticide or injury to offspring
d) increased risk of disease and parasites
e) increased risk of predation

increased risk of predation

Behaviors that do not require environmental input for their development are called:

a) fixed action patterns.
b) instincts.
c) conditioning.
d) learned behaviors.
e) complex behaviors.

instincts

In a polyandrous mating system:

a) multiple males tend to mate with the same female.
b) males tend to compete for access to females.
c) male-male competition is common.
d) multiple females tend to mate with the same male.
e) males take on a larger share of caring for the young.

multiple males tend to mate with the same female.

This is a mating pair of parrots. You would expect them to be:

a) monogamous and sexually dimorphic.
b) monogamous and sexually monomorphic.
c) polygamous and sexually monomorphic.
d) polygamous and sexually dimorphic.
e) monogamous and the female making the nest and caring for the young.

monogamous and sexually monomorphic.

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies.

Why is there no increase in the number of offspring produced by females that have access to additional males beyond the first?

a) If a single male produces more sperm than the number of eggs produced by the female, access to more sperm does not result in more offspring.
b) Females are limited in offspring production by the availability of male sperm.
c) Females only ever mate with one male.
d) Females are limited in their access to males and so rarely come in contact with more than one.
e) The fertility window for female fruit flies is very short.

If a single male produces more sperm than the number of eggs produced by the female, access to more sperm does not result in more offspring.

Maternal diabetes is thought to be the consequence of:

a) pregnant women decreasing their average daily amount of activity.
b) physiological constraints on the amount of insulin a mother can provide for the fetus.
c) conflict between the mother and fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given, since a mother is equally related to the fetus and all future offspring of hers while the fetus is more related to itself than to subsequent siblings.
d) a mother withholding investment in future offspring in order to invest more in the current pregnancy.
e) a mother consuming too much sugar during gestation.

conflict between the mother and fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given, since a mother is equally related to the fetus and all future offspring of hers while the fetus is more related to itself than to subsequent siblings.

The waggle dance is:

a) used for mate choice in grebes.
b) used as a warning system.
c) used for kin selection in Belding’s ground squirrels.
d) used for food location in honeybees.
e) used for mate choice in black widow spiders.

used for food location in honeybees

At conception how does the mother’s material and energetic contribution to the offspring relate to the father’s?

a) it is much greater
b) it is much lower
c) it is about the same
d) it depends on the type of animal
e) it is larger, but only in mammmals

it is much greater

What could be said of our sense of taste?

a) How we define what tastes good or bad is fundamentally a learned behavior.
b) There is no accounting for taste in evolution.
c) Individuals have widely different tastes that contributes to the variety of our species.
d) Taste is a matter of arbitrary preference.
e) What tastes good to us is dictated by our nutritional needs.

What tastes good to us is dictated by our nutritional needs.

Sexual dimorphism is a good predictor of mating systems because:

a) sexual dimorphism causes a difference in parental investment between males and females which results in different variance in reproductive success; therefore when one is known the other can be inferred.
b) when males are bigger than females, males are able to contribute more to their offspring than females resulting in polyandry; therefore, sexual dimorphism determines mating system.
c) mating systems cause variance in reproductive success which results in sexual dimorphism; there for when one is known the other can be inferred.
d) the degree of sexual dimorphism and the type of mating system present in a species are both determined by the difference in parental investment between the male and female; therefore when one is known the other can be inferred.
e) only polygynous mating systems exhibit sexual dimorphism, so if sexual dimorphism is present the mating system is known.

the degree of sexual dimorphism and the type of mating system present in a species are both determined by the difference in parental investment between the male and female; therefore when one is known the other can be inferred.

According to the graph, which is likely the factor limiting reproductive output of a female fruit fly?

a) availability of male mates
b) time to mate with multiple males
c) production of eggs
d) eggs are much smaller and delicate than sperm
e) males typically choose only one female

production of eggs

Which of the following choices regarding fixed action patterns is incorrect?

a) A fixed action pattern can be potentially maladaptive.
b) Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors.
c) Once it is triggered, a counter-stimulus could halt a fixed action pattern.
d) Fixed action patterns require no learning.
e) A fixed action pattern of one organism can be exploited for the benefit of another.

Once it is triggered, a counter-stimulus could halt a fixed action pattern.

In a study often referred to as the "casual sex study," randomly selected men and women were asked if they would like to have sex with the experimenter. Men turned out to be more likely to accept this proposal than women. This is most likely because:

a) men are trying to get in as many matings as possible to lower the variance reproductive success, but women already have low variance in reproductive success.
b) men are consciously trying to maximize their reproductive success while women are responding by rules of thumb.
c) the female experimenter propositioning the men was far more attractive than the male experimenter propositioning the women thus the experiment was poorly designed giving biased results.
d) men have a lower initial investment than women so they will be less discriminating in choosing a mate.
e) men benefit from additional matings while women do not.

men have a lower initial investment than women so they will be less discriminating in choosing a mate.

At conception, the mother’s energetic contribution to the offspring _______________ the father’s.

a) exceeds
b) minimizes
c) is equal to
d) is less than
e) maximizes

exceeds

When the female silkworm moth is ready to mate, she:

a) has to wait until the male is ready.
b) creates a series of sounds recognizable by the male silkworm moth.
c) finds males by following the chemical signals they emit.
d) lifts her wings to reveal the mating pattern underneath.
e) releases a potent chemical into the air.

releases a potent chemical into the air.

Polygyny is often positively correlated with:

a) territoriality and mate guarding.
b) equal parental investment and equal choosiness in mate selection.
c) sexual monomorphism and variation in male reproductive success.
d) sexual dimorphism and variation in male reproductive success.
e) sexual dimorphism and variation in female reproductive success.

sexual dimorphism and variation in male reproductive success.

Kin selection helps make predictions about which of the following phenomena in nature:

a) when helpers-at-the-nest should occur and which individuals the helpers should assist.
b) eusociality among ants, bees, and wasps.
c) bequests made by humans in their wills.
d) a) and b) only.
e) a), b), and c) are all correct.

a), b), and c) are all correct.

In polygynous mating systems:

a) most individuals mate for life.
b) there is usually equal variation in reproductive success between females and males.
c) there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among females than among males.
d) there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females.
e) paternal care is by all the parents.

there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females

In a polygynous mating system:

a) parental care is predominantly by the father.
b) variance in female reproductive success is greater than variance in male reproductive success.
c) variance in male reproductive success is greater than variance in female reproductive success.
d) all males are able to secure a mate.
e) neither males nor females provide parental care beyond gestation and lactation.

variance in male reproductive success is greater than variance in female reproductive success.

James Joyce once wrote: "Whatever else is unsure in this stinking dunghill of a world, a mother’s love is not." Why is he wrong?

a) Mothers always have maternity certainty.
b) Since a mother and her child are related by 0.5, not the 1.0 of an individual with himself/herself, their genetic interests are highly—but not completely—aligned.
c) Mothers are more closely related to their offspring than they are to themselves.
d) Siblings will always be more closely related to each other than parents are to their offspring.
e) A mother’s environment influences her genetics.

Since a mother and her child are related by 0.5, not the 1.0 of an individual with himself/herself, their genetic interests are highly—but not completely—aligned.

Which of the following is an example of feeding behavior that has a high energy intake to effort ratio?

a) human children eating dirt
b) crabs eating mussels that are intermediate in size
c) geese retrieving the largest egg-like object near their nests
d) a monkey reaching over a snake to get a peanut
e) vampire bats sharing blood meals with non-relatives

crabs eating mussels that are intermediate in size

Kin selection theory would lead us to predict that:

a) children in step-families are only living in the family part of the time.
b) children in step-families are injured at exactly the same frequency as those living with their biological families.
c) children in step-families are less likely to engage in sexual activities with their family members than children living with their biological families.
d) children in step-families are injured more frequently than those living with their biological families.
e) None of the above; kin selection theory cannot make predictions about human behavior.

children in step-families are injured more frequently than those living with their biological families.

The "total amount of money" earned by a business is to "money earned by regular sales" plus the "extra money earned through increased customers when a business voluntarily performs a community service" as:

a) direct fitness is to the sum of indirect fitness and kin selection.
b) alarm calls are to the sum of personal alarm calls and community alarm calls.
c) total selection is to the sum of kin selection and reciprocal altruism.
d) kindness towards individuals is to the sum of kin selection and indirect fitness.
e) inclusive fitness is to the sum of direct and indirect fitness.

inclusive fitness is to the sum of direct and indirect fitness.

The age of a fossil can often be determined using radiometric dating of the rocks in which the fossil is found. Because uranium-238 has a half-life of 4.5 billion years, it means that:

a) no rocks on earth can contain uranium-238, since earth is only 4.6 billion years old.
b) when the earth is 9 billion years old, no uranium-238 will exist.
c) a uranium-containing rock that is 4.5 billion years old would, today, have only about half as much of its uranium in the form of radioactive uranium-238 as a rock that was just recently formed.
d) when it is 9 billion years old, a rock will have no uranium-238 remaining.
e) uranium-238 cannot be used to establish the age of fossils greater than 4.5 billion years old.

radioactive uranium-238 as a rock that was just recently formed.

Why do human taste preferences exist?

a) Fats actually do taste better than sugars.
b) Humans can extract energy from a variety of non-food sources, and so taste preferences cause us to focus on foods that are more plentiful in our environment.
c) Vitamins and minerals give food unusual tastes, which causes us to seek them out.
d) Human feeding choices influence energy intake and, consequently, fitness.
e) Human taste preferences are culturally generated; consumers are influenced by suggestive advertisin

Human feeding choices influence energy intake and, consequently, fitness.

The genetic contribution of an individual to subsequent individuals through its own offspring and its influence on the survival of other relatives is referred to as:

a) inclusive fitness.
b) altruism.
c) the protector effect.
d) individual fitness.
e) inclusive altruism.

inclusive fitness.

Altruistic behavior in animals may be a result of kin selection, a theory maintaining that:

a) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can recognize those that helped them in the past and provide help to those individuals.
b) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can recognize those that helped them in the past and request help once again.
c) genes are more likely to persist within a population when they cause behaviors that assist other animals who share those genes.
d) aggression between sexes increases the survival and reproduction of the fittest individuals.
e) it is better to put energy into other’s offspring rather than expend the energy yourself.

genes are more likely to persist within a population when they cause behaviors that assist other animals who share those genes.

A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5,000 years. A rock originally contained 16 grams of radioactive isotope, and now contains 4 grams. Approximately how many years old is the rock?

a) 75,000 years
b) 5 million years
c) 3,750 years
d) 10,000 years
e) 15,000 years

10,000 years

In birds, after fertilization but prior to emergence of the chicks, the development of the fertilized egg is:

a) nursed by the mother.
b) external.
c) ignored by both parents.
d) dimorphic.
e) internal.

external.

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