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Autotroph |
organisms which make their own food |
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Grana |
stacks of thylakoids |
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Thylakoid |
saclike photosynthetic membranes |
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Chlorophyll |
plants’ principle pigment |
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Pigment |
light-absorbing molecules |
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Photosynthesis |
plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates – sugars and starches – and oxygen, a waste product |
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Adenosine triphosphate |
one of the principle chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy |
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Heterotroph |
organisms which obtain energy from the food that they consume |
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Photosystem |
chlorophyll and other pigments are organized into complexes |
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Light – dependent reactions |
requires light |
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ATP synthase |
spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it and produces ATP |
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Calvin cycle |
plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time |
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Stroma |
the region outside the thylakoid membranes |
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NADP+ |
an electron carrier |
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What do autotrophs require from the environment in order to synthesize sugar? |
Light Carbon dioxide Water (and soil minerals) |
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Organisms that make their own food are called |
autotrophs |
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Most autotrophs obtain their energy from: |
sunlight |
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How is energy released from ATP? |
A phosphate is removed. |
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How is it possible for most cells to function with only a small amount of ATP? |
ATP can be quickly regenerated from ADP and P. |
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Compared to the energy stored in a molecule of glucose, ATP stores |
much less energy. |
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What is the ultimate source of energy for plants? |
The Sun |
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What is ATP and what is its role in the cell |
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, which is one of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store energy and release it for cell work to be done. |
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Describe several cellular activities that uses the energy released by ATP. |
Active transport, movements within the cell, synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, or responses to chemical signals. |
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How do autotrophs obtain energy? |
Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food |
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How do heterotrophs obtain energy? |
Heterotrophs obtain energy from the foods they consume |
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With respect to energy, how are ATP and glucose similar? |
Both store energy for a cell |
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With respect to energy, how are ATP and glucose different? |
A single molecule of glucose stores more than 90 times the chemical energy of an ATP molecule. |
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In van Helmont’s experiment, most of the added mass of the tree came from |
water and carbon dioxide. |
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Plants use the sugars produced in photosynthesis to make |
startches |
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The raw materials required for plants to carry out photosynthesis are |
carbon dioxide and water. |
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The principal pigment in plants is |
chlorophyll |
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The colors of light that are absorbed by chlorophylls are |
blue, violet, and red |
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What did van Helmont discover about plants? |
water is involved in increasing the mass of the plant |
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What did Priestly (first bell jar experiment) discover about plants? |
a plant produces the substance in air required for burning |
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What did Ingenhousz (second bell jar experiment) discover about plants? |
light is necessary for plants to produce oxygen |
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Describe the process of photosynthesis, including the reactants and products. |
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy sugars |
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Why are light and chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis? |
Light provides the energy to produce high-energy sugars Chlorophyll absorbs light, and the energy of that absorbed light makes photosynthesis work |
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Describe the relationship between chlorophyll and the color of plants. |
Plants are green because green light is reflected by the chlorophyll in the leaves. |
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How well would a plant grow under pure yellow light? Explain your answer. |
The plant would not grow well because chlorophyll does not absorb much light in the yellow region of visible light. |
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In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside the |
chloroplasts |
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Energy to make ATP in the chloroplast comes most directly from: |
hydrogen ions flowing through an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane. |
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NADPH is produced in light-dependent reactions and carries energy in the form of: |
high-energy electrons |
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What is another name for the Calvin cycle? |
light-independent reactions |
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Summarize the light-dependent reactions. |
The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the electron carriers ATP and NADPH. |
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What reactions make up the Calvin cycle? |
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reaction to produce high-energy sugars. |
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How is light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis? |
Light energy is converted into chemical energy by the pigments in the chloroplast. |
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What is the function of NADPH? |
The main function of NADPH is to carry high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell. |
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Why are the light-dependent reactions important to the Calvin cycle? |
The light-dependent reactions provide the Calvin cycle with ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the energy in ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars. |
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