Mental images |
Ans: have a picture-like quality Expln: Mental images are mental representations of objects that have a picture-like quality |
If three people used mental images to tell you how many windows they each had in their individual |
Ans: the person with twelve windows in his or her house Expln: Research has found that if the individuals used mental images to answer the question, they would actualize visualize the house and have to count the windows, so the person with the most windows would take the longest time to answer |
Concepts are ideas that represent |
Ans: a class or category of objects, events, or activities Expln: The definition for concepts is that they are ideas that represent a class or category of objects or events. |
A very general form of a concept, such as "vegetable" represents which concept level? |
Ans: superordinate Expln: Superordinate is the highest or most general level of a concept. Basic level is the level most commonly used (such as potato or lettuce), subordinate is the most specific such as a russet potato or romaine lettuce. |
The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as |
Ans: the mechanical solution Expln: Trial-and-error problem solving tries one solution after another until one that works is found. |
Zach could not remember the four-digit combination needed to open the lock on his bicycle. After |
Ans: insight Expln: Insight problem solving occurs when you get a sudden inspiration that leads you to the solution to your problem. |
The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in |
Ans: mental set Expln: A mental set exists when someone continues to use the same approaches that worked in the past. Confirmation bias occurs when someone pays attention to information that confirms his ideas and ignores any contradictory input. |
. Luann needs to hammer a nail into the wall but the only tool she can find in the house is a |
Ans: functional fixedness Expln: Functional fixedness occurs when an individual is fixed on only one function of a particular object. |
The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is |
Ans: creativity Expln: This is the definition of creativity. |
Which of the following activities would not increase your creativity? |
Ans: convergent thinking Expln: Convergent thinking occurs when you assume there is only one single answer or solution to a problem. Typically, convergent thinking decreases creative ability. |
The ability to understand the world, think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when |
Ans: intelligence Expln: As can be seen, intelligence is a broad idea that can be difficult to define |
Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. It is |
Ans: 100 Expln: Alfred Binet started testing children in France in 1916 |
An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a |
Ans: 10; 125 Expln: The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ = 125. |
Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their |
Ans: deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution Expln: Deviation IQ scores are based on the norms of a representative sample of the population (also known as the standardization group). |
If a test consistently produces the same score when administered to the same person under identical |
Ans: reliability Expln: Reliability indicates a test consistency, while validity indicates accuracy, or how well the test measures what it says it measures. |
George is a successful organic farmer. On which of Gardner’s nine types of intelligence would |
Ans: naturalistic Expln: Naturalist intelligence is the ability to recognize the patterns found in nature, which would help to make George a successful organic farmer. |
Which two of the following aspects are included in the definition of intellectual disability? |
Ans: IQ scores and adaptive behavior Expln: The diagnosis of intellectual disability is based on IQ scores as well as how well the individual is able to function in day-to-day life. |
Which of the following statements about the gifted is true? |
Ans: they are often skilled leaders Expln: Skilled leaders often are gifted individuals; the other three statements are myths that have not been supported by research. |
Which was not a finding of the Terman and Oden (1974) study of gifted kids? |
Ans: they were clearly much more likely to be females Expln: Slightly more males than females were selected for the Terman study. |
Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life, but has a |
Ans: practical; analytical Expln: Sternberg has found that practical intelligence is a good predictor of success in life, but has a low relationship to analytical intelligence |
What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? |
Ans: global, intuitive, and special Expln: Sternberg proposed that intelligence should actually be broken down into three components that can be thought of as book smarts, street smarts, and creativity |
The "g" in Spearman’s g factor of intelligence stands for |
Ans: general intelligence Expln: Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence. The g factor was for general intelligence and the s factor was for specific intelligence. |
If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation |
Ans: identical twins Expln: Identical twins should show the strongest correlation since they share 100 percent of the same genes |
If a researcher believed that nature was the most important factor in determining an individual’s |
Ans: Intelligence is largely inherited from your parents. Expln: Nature refers to the influence of heredity on behaviors and traits |
Language, by definition, |
Ans: includes all of these characteristics Expln: The definition of language includes all three of these attributes. |
The basic units of sound are called |
Ans: phonemes Expln: Phonemes are the basic units of sound. |
Syntax is |
Ans: a system of rules for combining words and phrases to form sentences Expln: Syntax refers to the rules we use to form meaningful sentences. |
The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that |
Ans: one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world. Expln: Linguistic relativity hypothesis (also referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) states that our thought processes are relative to the language (or linguistic setting) in which we grew up. |
Which theory would support the idea that certain concepts are shared by all people regardless of the |
Ans: cognitive universalism Expln: Cognitive universalism proposes that our basic thought processes, or cognitions, are universally shared by all people. |
Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They |
Ans: none of these are true Expln: Chimpanzees have demonstrated a vocabulary equal to a 2-year-old child, but no animal to date has demonstrated the ability to use and comprehend syntax. |
algorithms |
very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems. |
analytical intelligence |
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. |
availability heuristic |
estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples |
basic level type |
an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog," "cat," or "pear." |
cognition (thinking) |
mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information, and communicating information to others. |
cognitive universalism |
theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language |
concepts |
ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities |
confirmation bias |
the tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs. |
convergent thinking |
type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic |
creative intelligence |
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems. |
creativity |
the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways. |
deviation IQ score |
a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15. |
divergent thinking |
type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point |
emotional intelligence |
the awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled |
formal concepts |
concepts that are defined by specific rules or features |
functional fixedness |
a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions. |
g factor |
the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence. |
gifted |
the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above |
grammar |
the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language. |
heuristic |
an educated guess based on experiences that help narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb." |
intellectual disability |
condition in which a person’s behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age; may also be referred to as developmentally delayed. This condition was formerly known as mental retardation. |
intelligence |
the ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems. |
intelligence quotient (IQ) |
a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one’s mental age by one’s chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100. |
language |
a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others. |
Lewis Terman |
1877-1956. Cognitive psychologist well known for his longitudinal study of gifted children, affectionately referred to as Terman’s Termites. |
linguistic relativity hypothesis |
the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language. |
means-end analysis |
heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference. |
mental images |
mental representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picturelike quality. |
mental set |
the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past. |
morphemes |
the smallest units of meaning within a language |
natural concepts |
concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world. |
nurture |
the role a person’s environment plays in his or her development. |
phonemes |
the basic units of sound in language |
practical intelligence |
the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful. |
pragmatics |
aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language. |
problem solving |
process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways. |
prototype |
an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept |
reliability |
the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people. |
representative heuristic |
assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category. |
s factor. |
the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence |
semantics |
the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences. |
subordinate concept |
the most specific category of a concept, such as one’s pet dog or a pear in one’s hand; subordinate refers to lowest in status or standing |
superordinate concept |
the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit"; superordinate refers to highest in status or standing |
syntax |
the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences. |
thinking (cognition) |
mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information, and communicating information to others. |
trial and error (mechanical solution) |
problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found. |
triarchic theory of intelligence |
Sternberg’s theory that there are three kinds of intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical. |
validity |
the degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure. |
Chapter 7 Psych
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