Chapter 54

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According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

environmental habitat
territory
range
ecological niche
biome

ecological niche

Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship?

benefit … benefit
harmed … harmed
no effect … benefit
benefit … harmed
benefit … no effect

benefit … harmed

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.

cryptic coloration
warning coloration
Batesian mimicry
Müllerian mimicry
aposematic coloration

Batesian mimicry

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

parasitism
commensalism
herbivory
predation
mutualism

mutualism

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species.
Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites.
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species.
Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

Which of the following best describes resource partitioning?

differential resource utilization that results in a decrease in community species diversity
competitive exclusion that results in the success of the superior species
slight variations in a species’ niche that allow similar species to coexist
two species that can coevolve to share identical niches
a climax community that is reached when no new niches are available

slight variations in a species’ niche that allow similar species to coexist

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of

Batesian mimicry.
mutualism.
facultative commensalism.
character displacement.
resource partitioning.

resource partitioning.

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?

a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp
a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf
two species of moths with wing spots that look like owl’s eyes
two species of rattlesnakes that both rattle their tails
two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?

a butterfly that resembles a leaf
an insect that resembles a twig
a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment
a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake
a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish

a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?

a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf
eye color in humans
colors of an insect-pollinated flower
the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs
green color of a plant

the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

competition
parasitism
commensalism
facilitation
mutualism

parasitism

How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying all of its fundamental niche or only a portion of it?

Observe if the niche size changes after the introduction of a similar non-native species.
Study the temperature range and humidity requirements of the species.
Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor.
Measure the change in reproductive success when the species is subjected to environmental stress.
Observe if the niche size changes after the addition of nutritional resources to the habitat.

Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor.

Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment?

If Chthamalus were removed, Balanus’s fundamental niche would become larger.
These two species of barnacle do not show competitive exclusion.
Balanus is inferior to Chthamalus in competing for space on rocks lower in the intertidal zone.
Balanus can survive only in the lower intertidal zone because it is unable to resist desiccation.
The two species of barnacles do not compete with each other because they feed at different times of day.
The removal of Balanus shows that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche.

The removal of Balanus shows that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche.

An organism’s "trophic level" refers to _____.

where it lives
the rate at which it uses energy
its food source
the intensity of its competition with other species
whether it is early or late in ecological succession

its food source

Keystone species are those species _____.

that provide important foods and medicines
that live primarily on or under rocks and stones
that have the most biomass in the community
whose absence would cause major disruption in a community
with the largest number of individuals in a community

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

Why are food chains relatively short?

Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient.
Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower-trophic-level species.
There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms.
Top-level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy.
Food chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers.

Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient.

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the following question. The arrows represent the transfer of food energy between the various trophic levels.

Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer?

A
B
C
D
E

B

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.
Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil.
Introduced pheasants increase, and native quail populations disappear.
Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use.
A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse.

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.
The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity.
The environmental conditions become optimal.
Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance.
Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species.

Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community’s

trophic structure.
ecological niche.
species richness.
species-area curve.
secondary succession.

trophic structure.

Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they

prey only on the least abundant species in the community.
reduce the number of disruptions in the community.
prey on the community’s dominant species.
competitively exclude other predators.
allow immigration of other predators.

prey on the community’s dominant species.

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers
influence of temperature on competition among plants
effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
effect of humidity on plant growth rates

effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

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