According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____. environmental habitat |
ecological niche |
Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship? benefit … benefit |
benefit … harmed |
The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____. cryptic coloration |
Batesian mimicry |
Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____. parasitism |
mutualism |
Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. |
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. |
Which of the following best describes resource partitioning? differential resource utilization that results in a decrease in community species diversity |
slight variations in a species’ niche that allow similar species to coexist |
As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of Batesian mimicry. |
resource partitioning. |
Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp |
two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern |
Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? a butterfly that resembles a leaf |
a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake |
Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf |
the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs |
Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? competition |
parasitism |
How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying all of its fundamental niche or only a portion of it? Observe if the niche size changes after the introduction of a similar non-native species. |
Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor. |
Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment? If Chthamalus were removed, Balanus’s fundamental niche would become larger. |
The removal of Balanus shows that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche. |
An organism’s "trophic level" refers to _____. where it lives |
its food source |
Keystone species are those species _____. that provide important foods and medicines |
whose absence would cause major disruption in a community |
Why are food chains relatively short? Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient. |
Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient. |
Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the following question. The arrows represent the transfer of food energy between the various trophic levels. Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer? A |
B |
Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession? Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees. |
Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees. |
Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity? Habitats are opened up for less competitive species. |
Habitats are opened up for less competitive species. |
The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community’s trophic structure. |
trophic structure. |
Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they prey only on the least abundant species in the community. |
prey on the community’s dominant species. |
Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount |
effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity |
Chapter 54
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