Chapter 54 Matering Biology

1. When the finches first colonized Santa Maria and San Cristobal, G. fuliginosa probably had beak sizes similar to finches on ___________ island, and G. fortis probably had beak sizes similar to finches on _________ island.

*Los Hermanos *Daphne

Significant overlap in beak size would have resulted in ________ for food.

interspecific competition

Natural selection favored phenotypes that competed _____ for food.

less

In G. fortis, finches with ________ were selected for.

deeper beaks

In G. fuliginosa, finches with ____________ were selected for.

shallower beaks

Each species experienced ________ selection, which resulted in character displacement for beak size.

directional

Character displacement is adaptive for both populations because it ______ interspecific competition.

reduces

Allopatric populations
-P. cinereus
-P.Hoffmani
Sympatric populations
-P. cinereus
-P. hoffmani

-no natural selection caused by interspecific competition -no natural selection caused by interspecific competition -directional selection fro smaller body size -directional selection for larger body size

Which of the following observations would support the hypothesis that Plethodon salamanders did indeed experience character displacement for body size? Select all that apply.

All but the Salamander one

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

Ecological niche

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.

Batesian mimicry

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

mutualism

Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the ________ of species 1.

fundamental niche

__________ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas.

Interspecific competition

In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), __________ of species 1 may occur.

competitive exclusion

Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the _______________ of species 1 when species 2 is present.

realized niche

The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of ____________

resource partitioning

The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a ______ interaction

-/-

The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of ____________

character displacement.

-hornet moth (harmless)
resembles paper
wasp (venomous)

mimicry

an octopus assumes
the color and texture
of the seafloor

camouflage

-snails have shells

mechanical defense

viceroy and monarch
butterflies (both
unpalatable) look alike

mimicry

-rosebush thorns

mechanical defense

-sea urchin spines

mechanical defense

jimsonweed toxins

chemical defense

skunk scent

chemical defense

flock of snow geese

schooling/flocking

+/- interaction

parasitism one species benefits by harming another hookworms and humans

+/0 interaction

commensalism one species benefits; the other is unaffected epiphytic orchids and trees

+/+ interaction

mutualism both species benefit bees and flowers

Which of the following groups can be quaternary consumers in this food web?

sperm whales

The longest food chain in this food web includes nine groups of organisms. Which of the following groups is included in that food chain?

birds

Which trophic levels do fishes occupy in this food web?

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers

Five different baleen whale species are endangered and may go extinct. What would be the most likely effect of removing all baleen whales from this food web?

The krill population would increase

An organism’s "trophic level" refers to _____.

its food source

keystone species are those species _________.

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

What do plants produce that supports the higher trophic levels of the community?

energy-containing food molecules

Consumption of which prey makes the elf owl a tertiary consumer? Select all that apply.

praying mantis

Which trophic level(s) does the roadrunner occupy? Select all that apply.

secondary and tertiary

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

According to MacArthur and Wilson’s hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to __________.

the island’s size and distance from the mainland

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described?

a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community