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How are Carbs Made? |
Plants use the sun’s energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen to form carbohydrates |
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Simple carbs are what? |
sugars |
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Simplest Sugar? |
monosaccharides |
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Disaccharide |
sugar comprised of two monosaccharides |
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Monosaccharides |
glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Glucose |
Primary energy source for cells can also be referred to as "dextrose" or "blood sugar" |
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Fructose |
"fruit sugar" or "levulose" |
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Galactose |
part of "milk sugar" (lactose) |
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Disaccharides |
maltose, sucrose, lactose |
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Maltose |
glucose+glucose |
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Sucrose |
glucose+fructose made from sugar cane and beets and occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and sweet fruits such as pineapples |
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Lactose |
glucose+galactose |
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Complex Carbohydrates |
polysaccharides contain > 10 monosaccharides bonded together |
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Polysaccharides |
storage form of carbs in plants and animals and structural component of plants in stems and leaves |
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Starch |
Storage form of carbohydrates in plants- mainly in seeds, roots, and tubers |
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Glycogen |
Storage form of carbohydrates in humans and other animals- stored primarily in liver and muscles |
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Fiber |
Most forms of fiber are complex carbohydrates that human body cannot digest (two types soluble and insoluble) |
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Soluble |
Pectins, gums, mucilages |
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Insoluble |
Cellulose, hemicellulose |
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What is a whole grain? |
The intact, ground, cracked, or flaked seeds of cereal grains must contain (fiber rich bran,starchy endosperm,oily germ) |
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What happens to carbs in the body? |
mouth–> stomach–>small intestine–>liver–>large intestine–>rectum |
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Mouth |
salivary amylase digests some starch |
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Stomach |
Acid inactivates salivary amylase |
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Small Intestine |
Main site for carbs digestion and absorption |
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Liver |
Absorbed monosaccharides travel to liver |
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Large Intestine |
Some soluble fiber fermented |
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Rectum |
Very little dietary carbohydrates excreted in feces |
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What happens after eating carbs? |
Insulin released from pancreas – enables glucose to enter cells, enhances production/storage of (fat, glycogen, protein) decreases hunger |
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What happens when you don’t eat? |
when blood glucose decreases, pancreas releases glucagon, stimulating glycogenolysis |
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glyogenolysis |
glycogen breakdown–releasing glucose into the blood |
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lypolysis |
breakdown of triglycerides (fat) for energy |
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Ketone Bodies |
form as a result of incomplete fat breakdown, used by certain cells for energy ex. poorly controlled diabetes, fasting or starving, low carbohydrate, high protein diet (atkins) |
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Ketosis |
Condition that occurs with very high blood ketone bodies, unconsciousness and death may occur |
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Carbs Fattening |
may defend on type of carbohydrates probably "fattening" added sugar, including high fructose corn syrup, refined starches |
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Healthier Choices |
Fiber rich foods (ex fruits, vegetables, unrefined grains) |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
Groups of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat and porting metabolism |
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Type 1 |
Autoimmune disease Beta cells stop making insulin |
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Type 2 |
Most common types insulin resistant cells |
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Symptoms |
Elevated blood glucose levels, excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurry vision, vaginal yeast infections, foot pain, numbness in the feet |
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Hypoglycemia |
Abnormally low blood glucose levels normal fasting blood glucose <70 mg/dl Blood glucose level is too low to provide cells adequate energy, true hypoglycemia is rare in non diabetics |
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Reactive Hypoglycemia |
Blood glucose drops after eating highly refined carbs- pancreas responds to the carb intake by secreting excess insulin |
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What forms due to pressure on large intestine (colon) |
Diverticula- abnormal tiny sacks that form in the wall of the colon |
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What prevents heart health? |
Soluble fibers |
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What are sugar alcohols? |
Mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol- causes diarrhea but doesn’t cause cavities |
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Aspartame |
consists of two amino acids- phenylalanine+aspartic acid- if you have PKU must avoid aspartame |
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