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_____ is the level of analysis that sociologists use to focus on the broad features of society. |
Macrosociology |
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In _____, the focus is on social interaction. |
microsociology |
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Microsociology is (was) the main focus of |
symbolic interactionists. |
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Richard had lived on the street for almost a year. His days were busy with doing things necessary to survive at a basic level-finding shelter, keeping safe, panhandling for money, getting food and drink, washing, and finding dry clothes. Richard knew that he did not have many chances. A _____ would stress that Richard is located at the bottom of the U.S. social class system, and that his low status means that most opportunities are closed to him. |
conflict theorist |
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The typical patterns of a group of students and teachers, or of men and women, was laid out before they were born. This pattern is known as |
social structure |
|
What is the sociological significance of social structure? |
it guides our behavior |
|
Are street people influenced by a social structure? |
yes |
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People learn behaviors and attitudes according to their _____ the social structure. |
location in |
|
Culture has a(n) _____ effect on people’s lives. |
profound |
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The _____ framework that determines what kind of people we become is culture. |
broadest |
|
Social class is based on |
income, education, and occupational prestige. |
|
A billionaire and a person living on the street share |
the influence of social class on their lives. |
|
Girish is a husband, a son, an entrepreneur, and an amateur ornithologist. A sociologist would say that these statuses or positions make up Girish’s |
status set. |
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A(n) _____ status is involuntary. |
ascribed |
|
Ex-spouse, school dropout, and debarred lawyer are examples of |
achieved status |
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A backward collar is a(n) _____ for a priest. |
status symbol |
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Aletha had an accident in which she fell into hot cooking grease. Despite many operations and treatments, her face, neck, and hands were forever altered. Regardless of her accomplishments or occupation, Aletha’s disfigurement was viewed by many others as her |
master status |
|
A 90-year-old college student exemplifies |
status inconsistency. |
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_____ lay(s) out what is expected of people. |
roles |
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When we belong to a group, who has the right to judge our behavior? |
the group |
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Marion belonged to a group that got together once a month in group members’ houses to converse in Russian, which they had all learned in school. The Russian enthusiasts were an example of a group that wielded influence over |
small segments of one’s behavior. |
|
_____ refer(s) to the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs. |
social institutions |
|
Daughter, son, father, and mother are examples of statuses associated with which social institution? |
the family |
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A basic need addressed by _____ is to regulate reproduction. |
the family |
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"Maximize profits" and "the customer is always right" are examples of norms associated with which social institution? |
economy |
|
Priest, minister, rabbi, and imam are examples of statuses associated with the social institution of |
religion |
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The social institution of _____ would include groups or organizations such as the police, courts, and prisons. |
the law |
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Who believes that social institutions were originally designed to meet basic survival needs? |
Both conflict and order theorists |
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Which of the following is one of the five functional requisites that functionalists believe a society must meet in order to survive? |
Replacing members |
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Emile Durkheim was interested in how societies united their members by shared values and other social bonds to produce |
social integration |
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For Durkheim, _____ referred to the way that people who perform similar tasks develop a shared way of viewing life. |
mechanical solidarity |
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One person catches a fish, a second person drives the fish to market, and a third person sells the fish. This is an example of |
division of labor |
|
The term organic solidarity is based on the way that different members of society |
need each other |
|
The Old Order Amish of the United States exemplify a(n) _____ community. |
Gemeinschaft |
|
_____ is (are) the primary focus of microsociologists. |
Face-to-face interaction |
|
Our assumptions about what people are like are known as |
stereotypes |
|
In a self-fulfilling stereotype |
the behaviors of the person change to match our expectations. |
|
Who surrounds themselves with a personal bubble (personal space)? |
Everyone |
|
One of the distance zones that Hall found North Americans use is _____ distance. |
social |
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To interpret _____, we consider facial expressions, posture, and gestures. |
body language |
|
Clerks in stores smiling at customers are |
not accepted in all cultures |
|
Erving Goffman used the term _____ to mean that social life is like a drama or a stage play. |
dramaturgy |
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_____ refers to our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us. |
impression management |
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According to Goffman’s scheme, we have _____ where we can have some privacy and let our hair down. |
back stages |
|
Role strain is |
conflict within a role. |
|
Sign-vehicles include |
our manner |
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Ethnomethodologists explore _____ assumptions about how the world operates that underlie our behavior. |
background |
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"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." This statement was made by sociologist(s) |
W. I. and Dorothy S. Thomas |
|
The social construction of reality theory states that through our _____, we construct what for us is reality. |
interaction with others |
|
At a vaginal examination, male doctors _____ social reality in order to define the examination as _____. |
construct; nonsexual |
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Distinguish the term social status from the term prestige. |
People tend to think the two terms (social status and prestige) are synonymous. Sociologists use social status to refer to the position that someone occupies. Prestige is an attribute associated with a position: A lot of prestige, as with a judge. A little prestige, as with a waiter. No prestige, as with a criminal. |
|
For the social institution of religion, name some of the basic needs addressed and some norms of the institution. |
Basic needs include concerns about life after death, the meaning of suffering and loss, and the desire to connect with the Creator. Norms include attend worship services, contribute money, follow the teachings. |
|
What do the German terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft mean? In which direction-toward which of the two-is society changing? |
Gemeinschaft means intimate community. Gesellschaft means impersonal association. Society is changing, or has changed, from a Gemeinschaft in the direction of a Gesellschaft. |
|
What does it mean to say that we become the roles that we play? |
Dramaturgy likens social life to a drama or stage play. The roles that we play in the drama of our lives become incorporated into our self-concept. In this way, we tend to become the roles that we play. |
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Why are both macrosociology and microsociology necessary to understand social life? |
Macrosociology and microsociology each focus on different aspects of social life. Without one or the other viewpoint, our understanding of social life would be limited. |
|
Symbolic interactionism is paired with which form of sociology |
Microsogiology |
|
Structural functionalism & conflict theories is paired with which form of sociology |
Macrosociology |
|
what people do when they come together |
symbolic interactionism |
|
individual interactions are which types of sociology |
Microsociology |
|
focus on broad features of a society |
structural functionalism & conflict theories |
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society as a whole is which form of sociology |
Macrosociology |
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What types of interaction between couples tend to load to divorce? |
Microcosiology |
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How does the family as an institution contribute to the overall structure of society? |
Macrosociology |
|
The physical ability to walk may form a person’s identity. It may influence their decision on a daily basis |
Microsociology |
|
How walkable is your neighborhood? do you have sidewalks? crosswalks? |
Macrosociology |
|
Macro-sociological perspective involves |
social structure, culture, social class, social status, status sets, ascribed status, achieved status, status symbols, master status, status inconsistency, social institutions |
|
framework of society that surrounds us, guides behavior, behaviors are learned because of our social location in social structure |
social structure |
|
our shared ______ make us similar to one another and makes other people seem "different" |
culture |
|
_______ is based on income, education, occupational prestige |
social class |
|
conflict theorists of social class |
Karl Marx & Max Veber |
|
__________ was one of the founding fathers of sociology – conflict theorist of social class – understanding property, power, and prestige |
Max Veber |
|
the position someone occupies in a social group |
social status |
|
social status is based on |
social class |
|
______ ______ is varied, not fixed |
social staus |
|
_____ does not mean money |
prestige |
|
all status/positions that an individual occupies |
status sets |
|
examples of status sets |
husband/wife, son/daughter, brother/sister, professor, friend, supervisor, football fan |
|
an ________ status is involuntary while an _______ status if voluntary |
ascribed; achieved |
|
status you don’t ask for it and you cannot loose it |
ascribed status |
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examples of ascribed status’s |
race/ethnicity, sex, social class of parents, sibling |
|
status you earn or accomplish |
achieved status |
|
examples of achieved status’s |
friend/ex-friend, lawyer/debarred lawyer |
|
indicators of status |
status symbols |
|
examples of status symbols |
wedding ring, police uniform, Mercedes care, nike appeal, rolex watch |
|
a status that cuts across the there statuses |
master status |
|
examples of master status |
-Facebook founder – also dad, college dropout, son -singer – also daughter, friend -actress – also mother of twins |
|
ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others |
status inconsistency |
|
examples of status inconsistency |
17 year old with PHD – ranks high on education, ranks low on age |
|
standard or usual ways a society meets its needs |
social institutions |
|
social institutions include |
family, religion, education, economy, medicine, politics, law, military, science, mass media |
|
social institutions – family |
regulate reproduction; socialize and protect |
|
social institutions – religion |
life/death; meaning; connect with creator |
|
social institutions – education |
transmit knowledge & skills |
|
social institutions – economy |
produce & distribute goods and services |
|
social institutions – medicine |
heal the sick and injured; care for dying |
|
social institutions – politics |
allocate power; determine authority; order |
|
social institutions – law |
maintain social order; enforce norms |
|
social institutions – military |
provide protection from enemies |
|
social institutions – science |
understand the environment |
|
social institutions – mass media |
transmit information; report events; mold public opinion |
|
two views of microsociology |
functionalist view ; conflict view |
|
social institutions are established ways of meeting group needs (or functional requisites) |
functionalist view |
|
social institutions are primarily a means by which the elite maintain privileged positions |
conflict view |
|
Durkheim was about? |
how does society hold together? |
|
Durkheim had 3 views |
social integration ; mechanical solidarity ; organic solidarity |
|
degree to which members of a group or society are united by shared values and other social bonds |
social integration |
|
shared consciousness that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks |
mechanical solidarity |
|
interdependence that results from the division of labor; as a part of the same unit; we depend on each other to fulfill their jobs |
organic solidarity |
|
_____ is pre-modern societies |
mechanical ; organic |
|
the splitting of group’s or a society’s task into specialties |
division of labor |
|
T or F: social culture continuously evolves as it responds to changing values, new technology, and contact with new cultures |
true |
|
Ferdinand Tonnies focused on? |
how is society held together |
|
Ferdinand Tonnies can up with 2 terms |
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft |
|
intimate community; everyone known everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness (village life) |
Gemeinschaft |
|
impersonal association; |
Gesellschaft |
|
in microsociology, the symbols people use to define their worlds, how people look at things, how definitions affect their behavior is |
symbolic interactionism |
|
components of symbolic interactionism |
stereotypes, personal space, eye contact, smiling, body language |
|
Dramaturgy was created by |
Goffman |
|
approach to studying social life that uses the terms of drama or the stage for analysis |
Dramaturgy |
|
under dramaturgy, socialization is |
preparation for the stage of life |
|
socialization include _____ & _____ stage |
front and back stage |
|
______ gives performances |
front stage |
|
_____ rests from performances, discuss presentations, plan for the future |
back stage |
|
components of dramaturgy |
impression management, role performance, role conflict, role strain |
|
efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of her or him (competent) |
impression management |
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the ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular "style" or "personality" |
role performance |
|
expectations for a role are incompatible with another role |
role conflict |
|
person feels conflict within a role |
role strain |
|
the terms used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self |
sign-vehicles |
|
the 3 sign-vehicles include |
social setting, our appearance, and our manner |
|
the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly |
teamwork |
|
… |
becoming the roles we play |
|
Ethnomethodology was created by |
Garfinkel |
|
the discovery of people’s background assumption (basis of reality), people’s view of the world, how people think everyone should act |
ethnomethodology |
|
examples of ethnomethodology |
standing in elevators, waiting in line, cell phone etiquette |
|
one person’s actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another’s presence, but also includes communications at a distance |
social interaction |
|
the sociological significance of __________ is that it guides our behavior |
social structure |
|
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in poverty, power, and prestige; |
social class |
|
the position that someone occupies in a social group |
status |
|
the behaviors, obligation, and privileges attached to a status |
role |
|
the difference between role and statues is that you ______ a status, but you _____ a role |
occupy; play |
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people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant |
group |
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Functionalist perspective include 5 functional requisites |
-replacing members -socializing new members -producing and distributing goods and services -preserving order -providing a sense of purpose |
|
______ analyzed that Americans use four different "distance zones" |
Hall |
|
the 4 different distance zones include |
intimate distance personal distance social distance public distance |
|
the ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others |
body language |
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techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour |
face-saving behavior |
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a deeply embedded, common understanding of how the world operates and of how people out the act |
… |
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William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas’ classic formulation of the definition of the situation: If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" |
Thomas theorem |
|
the use of background assumption and life experiences to define what is real |
social construction of reality |
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