What is a characteristic of an organic molecule? |
Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic. |
Monomers are linked together with… |
the removal of a water molecule by dehydration synthesis. |
In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____. |
A polymer breaks up to form monomers … consumed |
Hydrolysis means |
to break water |
A dehydration reaction is the process in which __________. |
Water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers |
Monomers are connected in a reaction in which two molecules are bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule; this is called a |
dehydration synthesis. |
Sugars are mainly used by our bodies _____. |
fuel |
Simple sugar molecules are a major _______ for cellular work. |
fuel |
One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is _____. |
they are disaccharides |
a disaccharides consists of |
two monosaccaraides |
Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____. |
polymer … glucose molecules |
Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cattle get enough nutrients from eating grass? |
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose. |
In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy? |
starch |
Glycogen is _____. |
a polysaccharide found in animals |
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. |
maltose + water … dehydration synthesis |
Which of these is a source of lactose? |
milk |
Cellulose is |
a carbohydrate composed of many monomers. |
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. |
cellulose |
The complex carbohydrate that you are most likely to have eaten recently is _____. |
starch |
Starch is a storage polysaccharide of |
plants |
Many carbohydrates are a source |
of energy. |
Glucose and fructose are |
isomers |
molecules that share the same chemical composition but differ in their final structures are called |
isomers |
maltose |
|
glucose |
|
Which is the correct term for compounds that do not mix with water? |
hydrophilic |
A fatty acid containing at least two double bonds is called _____. |
monounsaturated |
Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules? |
lipids |
RNA is a |
nucleic acid |
olive oil is a |
monounsaturated fat |
a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis is called a |
polypeptide |
a peptide bond binds _____. |
amino acids |
The building blocks of proteins are called _____. |
amino acids |
A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids bonded together by __________. |
peptide bonds |
the building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called _____. |
nucleotides |
People with lactose intolerance produce insufficient amounts of _______. |
the enzyme, lactase |
Lactase breaks down lactose to ________ that can be digested. |
smaller sugars |
Why might northern Europeans have evolved lactose tolerance? |
to increase options for nutrient intake in an environment with a short growing season |
The ability ________ would increase the options for acquiring necessary nutrients. |
drink milk from herd animals |
Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion? |
cellulose (in the lettuce) |
Cellulose contains bonds that cannot be broken by… |
human digestive enzymes |
What is the main sugar used by cells for energy? |
glucose |
Cells consume glucose for energy in the process of … |
cell respiration |
Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____. |
cellulose |
The polysaccharide called ______ is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. |
cellulose |
Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____. |
adding hydrogens |
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that __________. |
none of them dissolve in water |
Lipids are _________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low. |
nonpolar |
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein’s function is largely determined by its _____. |
shape |
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____. |
amino acids |
A protein’s alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure. |
third |
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid? |
altered function based on which acid |
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex. |
fourth |
Many people believe you should consume carbohydrates and proteins in what ratio following a long workout? |
4:1 |
What are the constituent parts of proteins? |
amino acids |
What is the primary fuel source for muscles? |
glycogen |
What hormone is believed to help muscles absorb amino acids? |
insulin |
A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a _____. |
gene |
A gene is a discrete unit of… |
hereditary information |
How does DNA compare to RNA? |
DNA and RNA consist of monomers called nucleotides. |
Nucleotides are the building blocks for both types of nucleic acids called…. |
RNA and DNA |
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____. |
DNA |
The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating ________ |
sugar and phosphate groups |
One difference between RNA and DNA? |
In RNA uracil is substituted for thymine |
Chapter 3 Mastering Biology
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