According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.
A) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them
B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
C) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans
D) only about 150 million years ago
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in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
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The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.
A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines
B) green algae
C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
D) liverworts and mosses
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green algae
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About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____.
A) looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees
B) been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria
C) been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today’s coal
D) had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
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had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
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What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
B) loss of structures that produce spores
C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves
D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells
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waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
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Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?
A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests
B) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses
C) rise and diversification of angiosperms
D) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes
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rise and diversification of angiosperms
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Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?
A) They were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil.
B) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.
C) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants.
D) There was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat.
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The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air
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Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because _____.
A) spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not
B) spores have an embryo; seeds do not
C) spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not
D) spores are unicellular; seeds are not
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spores are unicellular; seeds are not
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You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.
A) contains chloroplasts
B) is surrounded by a cuticle
C) does not contain vascular tissue
D) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose
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is surrounded by a cuticle
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Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____.
A) protects the zygote from herbivores
B) evolved concurrently with pollen
C) helps in dispersal of the zygote
D) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
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allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
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The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to _____.
A) lignin
B) cellulose
C) secondary compounds
D) sporopollenin
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sporopollenin
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According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?
A) unicellular green algae
B) cyanobacteria
C) charophytes
D) red algae
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charophytes
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Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?
A) Plantae
B) Pterophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Charophycea
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Plantae
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If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include _____.
1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2. chlorophylls a and b
3. alternation of generations
4. cell walls of cellulose
5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin
A) 1 and 5
B) 1, 2, and 3
C) 1, 3, and 5
D) 1, 2, 4, and 5
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1 and 5
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Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land?
1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores)
2. the relative number of competitors
3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners
4. air’s relative lack of support, compared to water’s support
A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 3 and 4
D) 1, 2, and 3
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1, 2, and 3
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A student encounters a pondweed which appears to be a charophyte (stonewort). Which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
1. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts
2. structure of sperm cells
3. presence of phragmoplasts
4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
A) 1 and 3
B) 1 and 4
C) 2 and 3
D) 2, 3, and 4
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2, 3, and 4
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Stomata _____.
A) occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group
B) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
C) occur in all land plants and are the same as pores
D) open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange
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open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
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Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?
A) They are all wind pollinated.
B) They are heterosporous.
C) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae.
D) They require water for reproduction.
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They require water for reproduction.
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Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?
A) They use stomata for gas exchange regulation.
B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface.
D) They have branching veins in their leaves.
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They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
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As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____.
A) zygote of a green alga
B) gametophyte of a moss
C) sporophyte of a liverwort
D) gametophyte of a fern
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gametophyte of a moss
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Which of these are spore-producing structures?
A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
B) antheridium of a moss or fern
C) archegonium of a moss or fern
D) gametophyte of a moss
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sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
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What is true about the genus Sphagnum?
A) It is an economically important liverwort.
B) It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas.
C) It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel.
D) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
A) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue.
B) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.
C) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte.
D) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.
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In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.
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In general, liverworts have a cuticle and pores. However, some species do not have pores. What would you predict concerning the cuticle of these species and why?
A) The cuticle would be the same as in those species with pores.
B) The cuticle would be thicker than in those species with pores.
C) The cuticle would be thinner than in those species with pores.
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The cuticle would be thinner than in those species with pores.
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Archegonia _____.
A) are the sites where male gametes are produced
B) may contain sporophyte embryos
C) have the same function as sporangia
D) make asexual reproductive structures
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may contain sporophyte embryos
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Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?
A) Embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental stage.
B) Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.
C) Eggs and sperm of most land plants swim toward one another.
D) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.
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Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.
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Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.
1. antheridia
2. gametes
3. gametophytes
A) 2, 3, 1
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 3, 2, 1
D) 3, 1, 2
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3, 1, 2
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The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is LEAST likely to be found associated with such appendages?
A) cuticle
B) phenolics
C) stomata
D) peroxisomes
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stomata
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Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?
A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation.
B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents.
C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
D) The sporophyte generation is dominant.
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Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
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At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make _____.
A) microphylls
B) true roots
C) true leaves
D) sporangia
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sporangia
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Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have _____.
A) lower numbers of bacteria
B) reduced rates of decomposition
C) reduced oxygen content
D) less-acidic water
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less-acidic water
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