Chapter 28 vocab APUSH

Henry Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book’s purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Thorstein Veblen

an American economist andsociologist, and a leader of the so-called institutional economics movement. Besides his technical work he was a popular and witty critic of capitalism, as shown by his best known book The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).

Jacob Riis

Was a reporter for the New York Sun. He was a photo journalist. His book HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES detailed life in the slums. He was trying to bring attention to the situation of the poor to bring about some sort of change.

Lincoln Steffens

U.S. journalist and reformer. He worked for New York City newspapers (1892 – 1901) and was managing editor of McClure’s Magazine (1901 – 06), where he began his famous muckraking articles — later published as The Shame of the Cities (1904) — exposing corruption in politics and big business.

Theodore Dreiser

an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. Some of his best known novels include Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925).

Ida Tarbell

was a "Muckraker" who wrote in the magazine McClure’s (1921). As a younger woman, in 1904, she made her reputation by publishing the history of the Standard Oil Company, the "Mother of Trusts."

Robert M. La Follette

Governor of Wisconsin nicknamed " Fighting Bob" who was a progressive Republican leader. His "Wisconsin Idea" was the model for state progressive government. He used the "brain trust", a panel of experts, to help him create effective, efficient government. He was denied the nomination for the Republicans in favor of Theodore Roosevelt.

Hiram Johnson

A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican governor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics.

Frances Willard

an American educator, temperance reformer, and women’s suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution. Willard became the national president of the World Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, or World WCTU, in 1879, and remained president for 19 years. She developed the slogan "Do everything" for the women of the WCTU to incite lobbying, petitioning, preaching, publication, and education.

Florence Kelley

an American social and political reformer. Her work againstsweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children’s rights is widely regarded today.

J.P. Morgan

an American financier, banker and art collector who dominatedcorporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. At the height of his career during the early 1900s, he and his partners had financial investments in many large corporations and were accused by critics of controlling the nation’s high finance. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907. He was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. He redefined conservatism in terms of financial prowess coupled with strong commitments to religion and high culture.

John Muir

a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevadamountains of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas.

Gifford Pinchot

known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation’s reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." He coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Upton Sinclair

He was the author of the sensational novel, THE JUNGLE, published in 1906. His intention was to describe the conditions of canning factory workers. Instead, Americans were disgusted by his descriptions of dirty food production. His book influenced consumers to demand safer canned products.

William Howard Taft

In the 1908 election he was chosen over William Jennings Bryan to succeed Roosevelt. As president he approached foreign policy by using America’s wealth to negotiate politically. He also brought suits against 90 trusts during his administration. Due to his lack of political skills, he helped divide the Republican Party

Richard Ballinger

mayor of Seattle, Washington, from 1904-1906 and U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1909-1911.

initiative

the process of petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill. It was part of the Populist Party’s platform in 1891, along with referendum and recall. These all intended to make the people more responsible for their laws and allow them to make political decisions rather than the legislature.

referendum

When citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments. Originated as a populous reform in the populist party, but was later picked up by the progressive reform movement.

recall

The people could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office by having a second election. A second election could be called by the people, and could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office.

conversation

Movement in America to begin preserving natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of these resources and land.

preservation

maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

rule of reason

This doctrine held that only Trusts/Pools that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal. This fine-print proviso ripped a huge hole in the government’s antitrust net

Muckrakers

nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up information. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt- 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing.

Seventeenth Amendment

was adopted in 1913 shortly after "direct primaries" were adopted. U.S. Senators were previously chosen by state legislators who were controlled by political machines. These Senators were known for dealing with mainly business matters in politics. Stated that Senators were now elected by popular vote from the citizens.

Eighteenth Amendment

Amendment forbids the sale and manufacture of liquor and made it illegal in 1919.

Elkins Act

act of 1903 was an act passed by Congress against the Railroad industries. It was specifically targeted at the use of rebates. It allowed for heavy fining of companies who used rebates and those who accepted them. It is part of the Progressive Reform movement.

Hepburn Act

This Act was signed by Teddy Roosevelt to give the ICC the right to set rates that would be reasonable. It also extended the jurisdiction of the ICC to cover express, sleeping car, and pipeline companies. It prohibited free passes and rebates. It was the first time in U.S. history that a government agency was given power to establish rates for private companies.

Northern Securities case

A holding company in 1902 that was forced to dissolve after they were challenged by Roosevelt, his first trust-bust.

Women’s Trade Union League

a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions.

Muller v. Oregon

a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women’s health.

Lochner v. New York

The case involved a New York law that limited the number of hours that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the number of hours that a baker could work each week to 60. By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the law was necessary to protect the health of bakers, deciding it was a labor law attempting to regulate the terms of employment, and calling it an "unreasonable, unnecessary and arbitrary interference with the right and liberty of the individual to contract."

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York and resulted in the fourth highest loss of life from an industrial accident in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers, who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, or falling to their deaths. Because the managers had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits, many of the workers who could not escape the burning building jumped from the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors to the streets below. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factorysafety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers.

Meat Inspection Act

Passed in 1906. It stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection. Part of the Progressive reforms, which helped out the consumer.

Pure Food and Drug Act

It was created in 1906 and was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. It was made to protect the consumer.

Newlands Act

Congressional response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects

Sierra Club

founded in 1892, it dedicated itself to preserving the wildness of the western landscape.

Yosemite National Park

a United States National Park spanning eastern portions ofTuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in east central California, United States. The park covers an area of 761,268 acres (3,080.74 km2)[2] and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain.

Dollar diplomacy

Taft’s foreign policy which replaced "bullets with dollars"; involved investors instead of military. Eventually worked better in Latin America than China.

Payne-Aldrich Act

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Ballinger-Pinchot affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt’s conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

Old Guard

Conservative Republicans led by Speaker of the House "Uncle" Joe Cannon