Chapter 21 – Blood Vessels and Circulation

An endothelium that appears pleated or rippled is characteristic of which of the following?
A) capillaries
B) veins
C) arteries
D) none of the above

C) arteries

Which of the following vascular layers contains the thick encasing by smooth muscle that gives arteries their round appearance?
A) tunica media
B) tunica externa
C) tunica intima
D) tunica adventitia

A) tunica media

Which of the following do(es) NOT contribute to total peripheral resistance?
A) vessel length and diameter
B) blood viscosity
C) turbulence
D) blood pressure

D) blood pressure

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the
A) length of a blood vessel.
B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
C) turbulence.
D) blood viscosity.
E) blood vessel diameter.

B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

What are the two major factors affecting blood flow rates?
A) diameters and lengths of blood vessels
B) Pressure and resistance
C) Neural and hormonal control mechanisms
D) Turbulence and viscosity

B) Pressure and resistance

The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in which of the following vessels?
A) arterioles
B) veins
C) capillaries
D) venules

A) arterioles

When the net hydrostatic pressure (NHP) is lower than the net colloid osmotic pressure (NCOP), which of the following events occurs?
A) equilibrium
B) reabsorption
C) filtration
D) none of the listed responses is correct.

B) reabsorption

Where in the body would you find fenestrated capillaries?
A) brain
B) small intestine and kidneys
C) liver and spleen
D) bone marrow

B) small intestine and kidneys (not brain, but choroid plexus)

Which of the following are characterized by a thin tunica media and valves that prevent the backflow of blood?
A) capillaries
B) sinusoids
C) veins
D) arteries

C) veins

In taking a patient’s blood pressure, you find that it is 120/80. The higher number (120) is the __________.
A) capillary pressure
B) diastolic pressure
C) systolic pressure
D) pulse pressure

C) systolic pressure

Which type of capillary is characterized by pores that penetrate the endothelial lining and is found in the intestinal tract and kidneys?
A) fenestrated
B) anastomosis
C) sinusoidal
D) continuous

A) fenestrated

Why is water filtered out of the arterial end of capillaries?
A) The arterial end of the capillaries is more permeable than the venous end.
B) The capillary osmotic pressure is lower at the arterial end than the venous end.
C) The capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) is greater on the arterial end of the capillary than on the venous end.
D) The arterial end of the capillary is fenestrated whereas the venous end is a continuous capillary.

C) The capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) is greater on the arterial end of the capillary than on the venous end.

The unidirectional flow of blood in venules and medium-sized veins is maintained by __________.
A) the presence of valves
B) arterial pressure
C) the muscular walls of the veins
D) pressure from the left ventricle

A) the presence of valves

What is the most important determinant of vascular resistance?
A) Friction between the blood and the vessel walls
B) A combination of neural and hormonal mechanisms
C) The diameters of the arterioles
D) Differences in the lengths of the blood vessels

A) Friction between the blood and the vessel walls

What does the formula F = P/R mean? (Note: F = flow; P = pressure; R = resistance.)
A) Decreasing P and increasing R increases F.
B) Increasing P and increasing R decreases F.
C) Increasing P and decreasing R increases F.
D) Decreasing P and decreasing R increases F.

C) Increasing P and decreasing R increases F.

At a patient’s routine checkup, a nurse uses a sphygmomanometer to measure the patient’s blood pressure at the brachial artery. The nurse increases the cuff pressure to a point at which the rhythmic pulsing sound is no longer audible. When the nurse decreases the pressure, the pulsing sound returns. What pressure is producing this sound?
A) Diastolic pressure
B) Systolic pressure
C) Capillary hydrostatic pressure
D) Venous pressure

B) Systolic pressure

Where in the systemic circulation is the blood flow the slowest?
A) capillaries
B) veins
C) vena cava
D) venules

A) capillaries

Resistance caused by the irregular, swirling movements of blood at high flow rates or over uneven surfaces is called __________.
A) venous pressure
B) circulatory pressure
C) viscosity
D) turbulence

D) turbulence

Why do the elastic arteries have a tunica media with a large portion of elastic fibers and relatively fewer smooth muscle fibers?
A) To recoil after being stretched
B) To help maintain blood flow away from the heart
C) To tolerate pressure changes
D) All of the listed choices are correct.

D) All of the listed choices are correct.

The link between adjacent arteries or veins that reduces the impact of a temporary or permanent occlusion of a single blood vessel is a(n) __________.
A) venule
B) cardiovascular bridge
C) arteriole
D) anastomosis

D) anastomosis

Which of the following are characterized by a thick tunica media, a rippled endothelium, and an internal elastic membrane?
A) sinusoids
B) veins
C) arteries
D) capillaries

C) arteries

What type of capillaries have large gaps, allow a free exchange of water and solutes, and are found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?
A) fenestrated
B) sinusoidal
C) continuous
D) intercalated

B) sinusoidal

Why are valves located in veins but not arteries?
A) lower blood pressure in the veins
B) veins are more distensible
C) bigger lumen in veins
D) veins have less smooth muscle

A) lower blood pressure in the veins

If the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg, what is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
A) 80 mm Hg
B) 210 mm Hg
C) 30 mm Hg
D) 100 mm Hg

D) 100 mm Hg

To what pressure does the term blood pressure refer?
A) Venous pressure
B) Atmospheric pressure
C) Arterial pressure
D) Capillary pressure

C) Arterial pressure

Which of the following is/are NOT a location of the baroreceptors that are involved in cardiovascular regulation?
A) Carotid sinuses
B) Lungs
C) Wall of the right atrium
D) Aortic sinuses

B) Lungs

The regulation of cardiac output primarily involves the activities of the __________.
A) somatic nervous system
B) central nervous system
C) autonomic nervous system
D) all responses are correct

C) autonomic nervous system

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces blood pressure and volume by __________.
A) stimulating peripheral vasodilation
B) all of the listed responses are correct.
C) increasing water loss from the kidneys
D) blocking the release of ADH

B) all of the listed responses are correct.

Angiotensin II is a powerful long-term regulator of blood volume and pressure. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
A) Production of ADH
B) Stimulation of thirst
C) Production of aldosterone
D) Production of renin

D) Production of renin

A local vasodilator would act to __________.
A) reduce blood flow through a tissue
B) constrict precapillary sphincters
C) raise blood pressure in a tissue
D) accelerate blood flow through a tissue

D) accelerate blood flow through a tissue

When blood pressure and volume fall suddenly, such as after a hemorrhage, which of the following would NOT be a short-term response to compensate for the blood loss and raise blood pressure?
A) Increase in cardiac output
B) Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine to promote vasoconstriction
C) Release of erythropoietin to stimulate blood cell development
D) Release of ADH to retain water in the kidneys

C) Release of erythropoietin to stimulate blood cell development

What effect would applying slight pressure to the common carotid artery have on your heart rate and blood pressure?
A) Increasing heart rate and blood pressure
B) Decreasing heart rate and blood pressure
C) Decreasing heart rate and increasing blood pressure
D) Increasing heart rate and decreasing blood pressure

A) Increasing heart rate and blood pressure

Most of the time, the body has to adjust to blood pressure that is too low. What hormone is produced to help lower blood pressure back to normal homeostatic levels when it is too high?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide
D) Aldosterone

C) Atrial natriuretic peptide

An increase in cardiac output normally occurs during __________.
A) widespread parasympathetic stimulation
B) widespread sympathetic stimulation
C) stimulation of the vasomotor center
D) the process of vasomotion

B) widespread sympathetic stimulation

How does aldosterone help in the long-term regulation of blood pressure?
A) Increasing red blood cell production
B) Directly stimulating water retention
C) Increasing K+ retention
D) Increasing Na+ retention

D) Increasing Na+ retention

What is the role of aldosterone and ADH in long-term response to blood loss?
A) Promoting fluid retention
B) Increasing heart rate
C) Mobilizing venous reserves of blood
D) Stimulating red blood cell production

A) Promoting fluid retention

The systemic blood circuit pumps blood to the body systems other than the lungs and returns blood to the heart. Which are the pumping and receiving chambers of the systemic circuit?
A) Left ventricle and left atrium
B) Left ventricle and right atrium
C) Right ventricle and left atrium
D) Right ventricle and right atrium

B) Left ventricle and right atrium

Which organ has no change in its overall blood flow during rest, light exercise, and strenuous exercise?
A) Skeletal muscle
B) Brain
C) Heart
D) Skin

B) Brain

Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
A) Pulmonary arteries
B) Coronary arteries
C) Bronchial arteries
D) Pulmonary veins

A) Pulmonary arteries

When the baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses are inhibited, which of the following occurs?
A) The vasomotor center is stimulated.
B) The cardioacceleratory center is stimulated.
C) All of the listed responses are correct.
D) The cardioinhibitory center is inhibited.

C) All of the listed responses are correct.

The three primary, interrelated changes that occur as exercise begins are __________.
A) decreasing vasodilation, increasing venous return, and increasing cardiac output
B) increasing vasodilation, decreasing venous return, and increasing cardiac output
C) increasing vasodilation, increasing venous return, and increasing cardiac output
D) decreasing vasodilation, decreasing venous return, and decreasing cardiac output

C) increasing vasodilation, increasing venous return, and increasing cardiac output

Which organ or organs have the greatest increase in blood flow during strenuous exercise?
A) Brain
B) Skeletal muscle
C) Skin
D) Heart

B) Skeletal muscle

The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are helpful in controlling blood pressure. Which is NOT a stimulator of the chemoreceptors?
A) Decreased O2 in the blood
B) Decreased pH of the blood and CSF
C) Decreased water levels in the blood
D) Increased CO2 levels in the blood

C) Decreased water levels in the blood

If a 190-pound man donated 500 ml of blood (approximately an 8.5 percent blood loss), what short-term responses will occur?
A) Angiotensin II would be produced.
B) Mobilization of venous reserve
C) Immediate replacement of blood volume
D) Bone marrow would replace blood cells.

B) Mobilization of venous reserve

If blood flow to the kidneys were decreased by constriction or compression of the renal artery, what effect would this have on blood pressure and blood volume?
A) Blood volume would decrease and blood pressure would increase.
B) Blood cell production would increase but blood pressure would decrease.
C) Blood pressure and volume would increase.
D) Blood pressure and blood volume would decrease.

C) Blood pressure and volume would increase.

Local vasodilators are important in regulating blood flow in capillary beds within tissues. Which of the following would NOT function as a local vasodilator?
A) Increased CO2 levels
B) Decreased tissue temperature
C) Increased lactic acid levels
D) Decreased O2 levels

B) Decreased tissue temperature (increased tissue temperature)

Which control mechanisms are involved in both short-term and long-term regulation of cardiovascular performance?
A) Autonomic regulation
B) Endocrine regulation
C) Autoregulation
D) Central regulation

B) Endocrine regulation

The artery that supplies blood to most of the small intestine and to the first half of the large intestine is the __________.
A) adrenal artery
B) hepatic artery
C) superior mesenteric artery
D) inferior mesenteric artery

C) superior mesenteric artery

Compression of which vessels would cause a person to lose consciousness?
A) The jugular veins
B) The cerebral arteries
C) The common carotid arteries
D) The bronchial arteries

C) The common carotid arteries

Which of the following statements about the liver is NOT true?
A) All of the listed responses are true.
B) The inferior mesenteric, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins deliver venous blood to the liver.
C) The presence of continuous capillaries in the liver allows new plasma proteins made in the hepatocytes to enter the capillaries.
D) The liver is supplied by both hepatic arteries and veins.

A) All of the listed responses are true.

Consider the following pathway: Blood full of nutrients from the digestive system moves through the hepatic portal system to the liver. The hepatic veins then carry blood from the liver to which large vein that transports the blood to the heart?
A) Superior mesenteric vein
B) Superior vena cava
C) Inferior vena cava
D) Hepatic portal vein

C) Inferior vena cava

Which artery/arteries supplies/supply blood to the pelvic organs?
A) External iliac artery
B) Internal iliac artery
C) Femoral artery
D) Common iliac arteries

B) Internal iliac artery

The three arterial branches of the celiac trunk are the __________.
A) left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries
B) phrenic, intercostal, and adrenolumbar arteries
C) splenic, pancreatic, and mesenteric arteries
D) brachial, ulnar, and radial arteries

A) left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries

Which of the following is NOT a change that occurs in the cardiovascular system with age?
A) Increase in elasticity of the heart
B) Progressive atherosclerosis
C) Decreased hematocrit
D) Reduction of cardiac output

A) Increase in elasticity of the heart

The large artery that serves the brain is the __________.
A) internal carotid artery
B) subclavian artery
C) external carotid artery
D) cephalic artery

A) internal carotid artery

Which of the vessels is NOT a main branch off the aortic arch?
A) Left common carotid
B) Right common carotid
C) Brachiocephalic artery
D) Left subclavian artery

B) Right common carotid

What is the problem in a "blue baby"?
A) Transposition of the great vessels
B) Patent ductus arteriosus
C) Tetralogy of Fallot
D) Ventricular septal defect

B) Patent ductus arteriosus (or patent foramen ovale)

Which of the following does NOT supply oxygenated blood to the brain?
A) Cerebral arterial circle
B) Brachial artery
C) Vertebral artery
D) Internal carotid artery

B) Brachial artery

What structure connects the pulmonary and aortic trunks in the fetus and permits blood to flow between them?
A) Ductus arteriosus
B) Umbilical artery
C) Foramen ovale
D) Fossa ovalis

A) Ductus arteriosus

The link between the subclavian and the brachial arteries is the __________.
A) cephalic artery
B) vertebral artery
C) axillary artery
D) brachiocephalic artery

C) axillary artery

As an external iliac artery leaves the body trunk and enters a lower limb, it becomes the __________.
A) lower abdominal aorta
B) femoral artery
C) posterior tibial artery
D) fibular artery

B) femoral artery

What is an aneurysm?
A) A clot that forms in brain arteries
B) A rupture of an artery
C) A structure in a fetus that disappears after birth
D) A ballooning out of the wall of an artery

D) A ballooning out of the wall of an artery

Blood flow of the fetus to and from the placenta is provided by __________ arteries and veins.
A) renal
B) hepatic
C) umbilical
D) lumbar

C) umbilical

Which veins bring blood from the lower limbs to the inferior vena cava?
A) Lumbar veins
B) Brachiocephalic veins
C) Common iliac veins
D) Jugular veins

C) Common iliac veins

Which vein or veins drain(s) venous blood from the legs and the pelvis?
A) Femoral veins
B) Posterior tibial veins
C) Common iliac veins
D) Great saphenous vein

C) Common iliac veins

Which of the following arteries supplies oxygenated blood to the stomach?
A) Left gastric artery
B) Adrenal artery
C) Superior mesenteric artery
D) Inferior mesenteric artery

A) Left gastric artery

Which vessel brings nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver?
A) Phrenic vein
B) Hepatic portal vein
C) Hepatic vein
D) Gonadal vein

B) Hepatic portal vein

Which vein or veins drain(s) blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities?
A) Jugular veins
B) Brachiocephalic veins
C) Subclavian veins
D) Azygos vein

B) Brachiocephalic veins

What is a thrombus?
A) A foreign floating structure in the blood
B) A stationary blood clot
C) A fatty deposit in the wall of an artery
D) A rupture in the wall of a vessel

B) A stationary blood clot

Blood from the lower limbs, the pelvis, and the lower abdomen is delivered to the __________.
A) hepatic portal system
B) hepatic veins
C) great saphenous veins
D) external iliac veins

D) external iliac veins

The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange with the surrounding cells are __________.
A) tunica intima
B) capillaries
C) arterioles
D) arteries

B) capillaries

Which of these helps move blood around the systemic system?
A) right ventricle
B) venous pressure greater than arterial pressure
C) arterial pressure greater than venous pressure
D) smooth muscle in the tunica media

C) arterial pressure greater than venous pressure

Elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure __________.
A) raises heart rate
B) forces more fluid between endothelial cells
C) lowers heart rate
D) raises arterial pressure

B) forces more fluid between endothelial cells

Which brain region contains the cardiovascular centers?
A) hypothalamus
B) pons
C) thalamus
D) medulla oblongata

D) medulla oblongata

Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses except __________.
A) an increase in urine production
B) an increase in erythropoiesis
C) an increase in heart rate
D) release of the venous reserve

A) an increase in urine production

The pulmonary trunk carries ___________ blood __________ the lung.
A) deoxygenated; from
B) oxygenated; to
C) deoxygenated; to
D) oxygenated; from

C) deoxygenated; to

Which of these arteries does not originate on the aortic arch?
A) left carotid
B) brachiocephalic
C) coronary
D) left subclavian

C) coronary

Which of these arteries does not originate on the abdominal aorta?
A) renal
B) femoral
C) iliac
D) splenic

B) femoral

The remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus is the __________.
A) ligamentum arteriosum
B) foramen ovale
C) umbilical strand
D) fossa ovalis

A) ligamentum arteriosum

All of these changes in the cardiovascular system are commonly seen in aging except __________.
A) decrease in hematocrit
B) decrease in arterial wall stiffness
C) decrease in valve efficiency
D) decrease in cardiac output

B) decrease in arterial wall stiffness

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

blood pressure

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
A) 12 mm Hg
B) 1 mm Hg
C) 34 mm Hg

C) 34 mm Hg

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

proteins in the blood

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net osmotic pressure

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous

Stenosis is a permanent narrowing of an artery, as with arteriosclerosis. Which of the following could occur with stenosis of a renal artery?
A) Renin secretion will increase.
B) Anemia will occur.
C) Epinephrine secretion will increase.
D) Urine output will increase.

A) Renin secretion will increase.

Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.
A) increase in blood volume
B) increase in peripheral resistance
C) increase in aldosterone
D) an inhibitor of angiotensin II

D) an inhibitor of angiotensin II

Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?
A) increase in venous return
B) extensive vasodilation
C) a rise in sympathetic activity
D) All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

D) All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins?
A) the tunica media
B) the tunica externa
C) the endothelial lining
D) the internal elastic membrane

C) the endothelial lining

Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel?
A) blood viscosity and turbulence
B) blood flow velocity and turbulence
C) blood pressure and volume
D) blood vessel diameter and length

D) blood vessel diameter and length

Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99?
A) hypotension
B) stage 1 hypertension
C) pre-hypertension
D) normal

B) stage 1 hypertension

Arteries have a tissue in their middle and internal vessel walls that veins contain less, called __________ tissue.
A) elastic
B) smooth muscle
C) adventitial
D) endothelial

A) elastic

Vasomotion refers to contraction-relaxation cycles of the __________.
A) arteriovenous anastomoses
B) thoroughfare channels
C) precapillary sphincters
D) venules

C) precapillary sphincters

Arterial blood flow rises and falls during the cardiac cycle because __________.
A) peripheral resistance rises and arterial pressure drops
B) peripheral resistance rises and falls
C) arterial pressure rises and falls
D) heart rate rises and falls

C) arterial pressure rises and falls

Peripheral resistance depends on all of the following factors except __________.
A) blood vessel length
B) blood colloid osmotic pressure
C) blood vessel diameter
D) blood viscosity

B) blood colloid osmotic pressure

In liver disease, the production of plasma proteins can be greatly reduced. This often leads to __________.
A) increased blood hydrostatic pressure
B) decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) increased blood colloid osmotic pressure
D) decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure

D) decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure

When muscle cells contract they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________.
A) positive feedback regulation
B) neural regulation
C) autoregulation
D) endocrine regulation

C) autoregulation

The cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata control __________.
A) peripheral resistance
B) cardiac contractility
C) heart rate
D) All of these are controlled by the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata.

D) All of these are controlled by the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata.

Which of these arteries is not part of the cerebral arterial circle?
A) anterior cerebral arteries
B) basilar artery
C) posterior cerebral arteries
D) anterior and posterior communicating arteries

B) basilar artery

In the case of hemorrhage, the body mobilizes all these defenses except _________.
A) increased heart rate
B) increased thirst
C) decreased ADH secretion
D) increased peripheral resistance

C) decreased ADH secretion

The pulmonary circuit begins in the pulmonary trunk; it continues through the lungs, finally ending at the right atrium. Are these two statements true or false?
A) The first statement is false; the second is true.
B) Both statements are true.
C) Both statements are false.
D) The first statement is true; the second is false.

D) The first statement is true; the second is false.

Which of these arteries does not branch directly from the aorta?
A) left coronary artery
B) femoral arteries
C) left carotid artery
D) right coronary artery

B) femoral arteries

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood in the adult circulation; the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood in the fetal circulation. Are these two statements true or false?
A) The first statement is false; the second is true.
B) The first statement is true; the second is false.
C) Both statements are true.
D) Both statements are false.

C) Both statements are true.

In the fetal circulation, the foramen ovale permit blood to flow directly from the right to left atria; the ductus arteriosus permits blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. Are these two statements true or false?
A) Both statements are true.
B) The first statement is true; the second is false.
C) Both statements are false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

A) Both statements are true.

As the heart ages, which of these changes is not normally seen?
A) coronary arteriosclerosis
B) increased elasticity of the fibrous skeleton
C) decreased ejection fraction
D) decreased cardiac output

B) increased elasticity of the fibrous skeleton

The most extensive communication takes place between the cardiovascular system and the __________ system.
A) muscular
B) lymphoid
C) integumentary
D) nervous

B) lymphoid

Compared to arteries, veins
A) have a pleated endothelium.
B) hold their shape better when cut.
C) have thinner walls.
D) are more elastic.
E) have more smooth muscle in their tunica media.

C) have thinner walls.

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) venules.
D) capillaries.
E) arterioles.

C) venules.

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
A) discontinuous capillaries.
B) perforated capillaries.
C) vasa vasorum.
D) sinuses.
E) fenestrated capillaries.

E) fenestrated capillaries.

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?
A)arterioles
B) venules
C) veins
D) arteries
E) capillaries

C) veins

In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer.
A) arthritis
B) arteriosclerosis
C) multiple sclerosis
D) stenosis
E) atherosclerosis

B) arteriosclerosis

The condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries.
A) atherosclerosis
B) multiple sclerosis
C) arthritis
D) stenosis
E) arteriosclerosis

A) atherosclerosis

The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________.
A) systolic pressure
B) diastolic pressure
C) pulse pressure
D) mean arterial pressure

A) systolic pressure

As blood travels from arteries to veins,
A) pressure drops.
B) pressure builds.
C) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.
D) viscosity increases.
E) flow becomes turbulent.

A) pressure drops.

In what vessel is blood pressure the highest?
A) capillary
B) arteriole
C) vein
D) artery
E) venule

D) artery

Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to
A) peripheral pressure.
B) arterial pressure.
C) capillary hydrostatic pressure.
D) arteriovenous pressure.
E) pulse pressure.

B) arterial pressure.

Blood pressure is lowest in the
A) arteries.
B) arterioles.
C) venules.
D) capillaries.
E) veins.

E) veins.

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except
A) increased venous return.
B) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
C) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
D) increased blood concentration of glucose.
E) stimulation of the heart by epinephrine.

D) increased blood concentration of glucose.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
A) critical closing
B) mean arterial
C) pulse
D) blood
E) circulatory

C) pulse

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except
A) release of renin.
B) decrease in blood volume.
C) decreased peripheral resistance.
D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
E) decreased levels of aldosterone.

A) release of renin.

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the:
A) muscular arteries
B) liver
C) hepatic portal vein
D) venules
E) lymphatic system

E) lymphatic system

Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?
A) blood viscosity
B) turbulence
C) vascular resistance
D) vessel diameter
E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The brachial artery branches to form the radial and ________ arteries.
A) axillary
B) digital
C) ulnar
D) subclavian
E) brachiocephalic

C) ulnar

Branches off the aortic arch include the
A) brachiocephalic trunk.
B) left subclavian artery.
C) left common carotid artery.
D) left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery
E) brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery

E) brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery

After entering the arm, the axillary artery becomes the ________ artery.
A) radial
B) ulnar
C) brachial
D) subclavian
E) digital

C) brachial

The ________ divides the aorta into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta.
A) pericardium
B) mediastinum
C) diaphragm
D) peritoneum
E) pleura

C) diaphragm

At the knee, the femoral artery becomes the ________ artery.
A) iliac
B) deep femoral
C) popliteal
D) tibial
E) peroneal

C) popliteal

The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the
A) internal jugular vein.
B) external jugular vein.
C) superior vena cava.
D) inferior vena cava.
E) coronary sinus.

C) superior vena cava.

The ________ vein is formed by the fusion of the greater saphenous vein, femoral vein, and deep femoral vein.
A) internal iliac
B) external iliac
C) common iliac
D) inferior vena cava
E) azygous

B) external iliac

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the head and neck is the ________ artery.
A) cervical
B) subclavian
C) common carotid
D) vertebral
E) brachiocephalic

C) common carotid

The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the ________ vein.
A) brachial
B) cephalic
C) median cubital
D) basilic
E) ulnar

C) median cubital

The ________ receives blood from the diaphragm.
A) inferior vena cava
B) pleural vein
C) celiac trunk
D) phrenic vein
E) inferior mesenteric vein

D) phrenic vein

The branch of the common iliac artery that enters the pelvic cavity is the ________ artery.
A) internal iliac
B) superficial iliac
C) external iliac
D) deep iliac

A) internal iliac

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
A) continuous capillaries.
B) fenestrated capillaries.
C) sinusoidal capillaries.
D) sinusoids.
E) vasa vasorum.

A) continuous capillaries.

The smallest arterial branches are called the
A) precapillary arterioles.
B) arterioles.
C) capillaries.
D) venules.
E) veins.

A) precapillary arterioles.

The thoroughfare channel ends at the
A) artery.
B) arteriole.
C) capillary.
D) venule.
E) vein.

D) venule.

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?
A) tunica intima
B) external elastic membrane
C) tunica media
D) internal elastic membrane
E) tunica externa

E) tunica externa

In arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers associated with the tunica intima is called the
A) tunica intima.
B) external elastic membrane.
C) tunica media.
D) internal elastic membrane.
E) tunica externa.

D) internal elastic membrane.

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
A) doubles; decreases
B) reduces; increases
C) decreases; doubles
D) increases; reduces
E) reduces; reduces

B) reduces; increases

Relative to the lumen, which of the following vessels has the thickest tunica media?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veins

B) arterioles

Of the following, which is an elastic artery?
A) the subclavian
B) the external carotid
C) the brachial
D) the femoral
E) the ulnar

A) the subclavian

You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in
A) skeletal muscles.
B) cardiac muscle.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) bone.
E) skin.

C) the pituitary gland.

A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the
A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) liver.
D) kidneys.
E) skin.

C) liver.

What structure do RBCs move through single-file?
A) artery
B) arteriole
C) capillary
D) venule
E) vein

C) capillary

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
A) perforated capillaries.
B) discontinuous capillaries.
C) fenestrated capillaries.
D) sinuses.
E) vasa vasorum.

C) fenestrated capillaries.

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel?
A) artery
B) arteriole
C) capillary
D) venule
E) vein

B) arteriole

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
A) vasa vasorum.
B) plexus.
C) precapillary sphincter.
D) thoroughfare channel.
E) venule.

C) precapillary sphincter.

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?
A) arteriolar
B) elastic
C) connective
D) muscular
E) vascular

B) elastic

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?
A) artery
B) arteriole
C) capillary
D) venule
E) vein

E) vein

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?
A) arteriolar
B) elastic
C) connective
D) muscular
E) vascular

D) muscular

What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veins

A) arteries

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?
A) hypotension
B) quadriplegia
C) stroke
D) myocardial infarction
E) pulmonary embolism

C) stroke

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States.
A) 30
B) 60
C) 20
D) 50
E) 25

D) 50

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veins

E) veins

The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n)
A) large vein.
B) venule.
C) medium vein.
D) arteriovenule.
E) venous valve.

A) large vein.

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
A) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries.
B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.
C) the respiratory pump.
D) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood.
E) muscular compression.

B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body’s blood?
A) pulmonary arteries
B) capillaries
C) systemic arterioles
D) veins
E) arteries

D) veins

The small vessels that capillaries drain into are called
A) arterioles.
B) venules.
C) arteries.
D) veins.
E) capillaries.

B) venules.

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the
A) length of a blood vessel.
B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
C) turbulence.
D) blood viscosity.
E) blood vessel diameter.

B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases.
B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue decreases.
C) veins constrict.
D) arterioles dilate.
E) arterioles constrict.

D) arterioles dilate.

Blood pressure is determined by
A) measuring the size of the pulse.
B) listening carefully to the pulse.
C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.
D) estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel.
E) measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle.

C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.

In what vessel is blood pressure the highest?
A) artery
B) arteriole
C) capillary
D) venule
E) vein

A) artery

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased
A) cardiac output.
B) peripheral resistance.
C) blood volume.
D) parasympathetic innervation.
E) force of cardiac contraction.

D) parasympathetic innervation.

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?
A) decreased plasma albumen
B) increased blood hydrostatic pressure
C) increased tissue hydrostatic pressure
D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure
E) increased plasma albumen and decreased blood hydrostatic pressure

D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the
A) venous pressure.
B) capillary hydrostatic pressure.
C) diastolic pressure.
D) peripheral pressure.
E) pulse pressure.

B) capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output.
A) much higher than
B) somewhat higher than
C) equal to
D) somewhat lower than
E) much lower than

C) equal to

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
A) doubled.
B) halved.
C) four times greater.
D) 1/4 as much.
E) unchanged.

A) doubled.

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
A) increased sympathetic stimulation.
B) elevated levels of epinephrine.
C) vasodilation.
D) irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques.
E) elevated hematocrit.

C) vasodilation.

Turbulent blood flow occurs
A) when there are irregularities in the vessel wall.
B) at low flow rates.
C) within long and straight blood vessels.
D) when blood pressure is excessively low.
E) All of the answers are correct.

A) when there are irregularities in the vessel wall.

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions?
A) accelerates the distribution of nutrients and hormones
B) assists the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries
C) helps carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system
D) flushes hormones and wastes from the interstitial spaces
E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

When a person rises quickly from a sitting position,
A) the carotid baroreceptors become less active.
B) venous return is decreased.
C) reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs.
D) heart rate is reflexively elevated.
E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
A) concentration of plasma sodium ions.
B) concentration of plasma glucose.
C) concentration of plasma waste products.
D) concentration of plasma proteins.
E) number of red blood cells.

D) concentration of plasma proteins.

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space.
B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary.
C) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure.
D) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement.
E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

When renin is released from the kidney,
A) angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.
B) angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.
C) angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys.
D) blood pressure goes down.
E) blood flow to the kidneys decreases.

B) angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
A) release of renin.
B) decrease in blood volume.
C) decreased peripheral resistance.
D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
E) decreased levels of aldosterone.

A) release of renin.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except
A) increased levels of aldosterone.
B) increased levels of angiotensin II.
C) increased blood volume.
D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
A) increased hematocrit.
B) increased vessel diameter.
C) increased blood pressure.
D) decreased peripheral resistance.
E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters.

A) increased hematocrit.

In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has
A) less resistance to blood flow.
B) the same amount of pressure as resistance.
C) a greater resistance to blood flow.
D) a higher blood pressure.
E) a greater blood flow.

C) a greater resistance to blood flow.

Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)?
A) P = (F × R) × 4
B) F = R/P
C) F = P + R
D) F = P – R
E) F = P/R

E) F = P/R

As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries
A) decreases and causes the blood velocity to decrease.
B) is the same as the total cross-sectional area of arteries and blood velocity is equal between arteries and capillaries.
C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease.
D) increases and causes the blood velocity to increase.
E) decreases and causes the blood velocity to increase.

C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease.

Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow?
A) vascular resistance
B) venous pressure
C) viscosity of blood
D) vessel length
E) turbulence

A) vascular resistance

The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure.
A) systolic; diastolic
B) hydrostatic; colloid osmotic
C) blood; interstitial
D) colloid osmotic; hydrostatic
E) plasma; extracellular

B) hydrostatic; colloid osmotic

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by
A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.
B) a greater salt concentration in blood cells.
C) the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall.
D) osmosis of water.
E) hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane.

A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if filtration or reabsorption occurs.

NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________.

A) 15 mm Hg; filtration
B) 65 mm Hg; reabsorption
C) 65 mm Hg; filtration
D) 15 mm Hg; reabsorption
E) -15 mm Hg; filtration

A) 15 mm Hg; filtration

Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart?
A) vascular resistance
B) peripheral veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood
C) muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart
D) blood pressure
E) blood pressure gradient from arteries to veins

A) vascular resistance

Edema may occur when
A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced.
B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated.
C) capillary endothelium permeability goes up.
D) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced and capillary endothelium permeability goes up.
E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

Which of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation?
A) Blood flow through tissues meets the demand for oxygen.
B) Blood flow changes to match tissue responses.
C) Changes occur without drastically altering blood pressure.
D) Blood flow through tissues meets the demand for nutrients.
E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in
A) stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center in the brain.
B) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
C) increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.
D) stimulation of the vasoconstrictive center.
E) increased heart rate.

C) increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Fear can result in
A) increased stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center by higher brain centers.
B) increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers.
C) decreased heart rate.
D) decreased blood pressure.
E) parasympathetic stimulation.

B) increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers.

Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
A) salt and water loss through the kidneys.
B) blood volume.
C) sodium ion levels in blood.
D) venous return and preload.
E) blood pressure.

A) salt and water loss through the kidneys.

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors reduce their output,
A) heart rate increases.
B) heart rate decreases.
C) stroke volume increases.
D) both heart rate and stroke volume increase.
E) the heart rate will decrease to lower blood pressure.

D) both heart rate and stroke volume increase.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased
A) heart rate.
B) cardiac output.
C) blood flow to the lungs.
D) parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
E) sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

D) parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits
A) decreased blood volume.
B) increased blood pressure.
C) increased body stores of sodium ion.
D) polycythemia.
E) both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

E) both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to renin release?
A) renal artery thrombus
B) vasospasm of the renal arteries
C) circulatory shock
D) increased sympathetic activity
E) hypertension

E) hypertension

Which of the following changes does not occur during exercise compared to rest?
A) Cardiac output is higher.
B) Heart blood flow is higher.
C) Skin blood flow is lower.
D) Abdominal viscera blood flow is lower.
E) Kidney blood flow is lower.

C) Skin blood flow is lower.

To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body
A) reduces reabsorption of water at the kidneys.
B) experiences an increase of interstitial fluids.
C) experiences a decrease in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure.
D) releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
E) All of the answers are correct.

D) releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body’s long-term compensation for
A) a heart attack.
B) hypertension.
C) a serious hemorrhage.
D) prolonged exercise.
E) a heavy meal.

C) a serious hemorrhage.

During exercise,
A) vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles.
B) venous return increases.
C) both cardiac output and stroke volume increase.
D) tissue perfusion to the digestive system decreases.
E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

In response to hemorrhage, there is
A) peripheral vasodilation.
B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
C) mobilization of the venous reserve.
D) constriction of elastic arteries to maintain blood pressure.
E) All of the answers are correct.

C) mobilization of the venous reserve.

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except
A) uptake of interstitial fluid due to reduced capillary pressure.
B) inhibition of EPO secretion.
C) activation of ADH secretion.
D) activation of aldosterone secretion.
E) increased thirst and water intake.

B) inhibition of EPO secretion.

Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
A) right atrium.
B) left atrium.
C) lungs.
D) aorta.
E) systemic circuit.

C) lungs.

The right pulmonary veins carry ________ blood to the ________.
A) deoxygenated; left atrium
B) oxygenated; right lung
C) deoxygenated; superior vena cava
D) deoxygenated; right atrium
E) oxygenated; left atrium

E) oxygenated; left atrium

Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
A) right atrium.
B) left atrium.
C) lungs.
D) aorta.
E) pulmonary circuit.

B) left atrium.

Major branches of the subclavian artery include the ________ artery(ies).
A) radial
B) brachial
C) internal thoracic
D) digital
E) phrenic

C) internal thoracic

After passing the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the ________ artery.
A) radial
B) ulnar
C) brachial
D) axillary
E) digital

D) axillary

After entering the arm, the axillary artery becomes the ________ artery.
A) radial
B) ulnar
C) brachial
D) subclavian
E) digital

C) brachial

The ________ carries nutrient-rich blood into the liver.
A) hepatic artery
B) gastric vein
C) myenteric capillaries
D) hepatic portal vein
E) superior mesenteric vein

D) hepatic portal vein

The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the
A) common carotid artery.
B) basal ring.
C) cerebral arterial circle.
D) external carotid artery.
E) arterial bypass.

C) cerebral arterial circle.

Veins of the brain empty into
A) coronary sinuses.
B) dural sinuses.
C) the cerebral arterial circle.
D) external jugular veins.
E) vertebral veins.

B) dural sinuses.

The superior sagittal sinus collects blood from the
A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) brain.
D) arms.
E) legs.

C) brain.

The developing fetus receives nutrient rich blood through the
A) umbilical artery.
B) placental artery.
C) gonadal artery.
D) umbilical vein.
E) placental vein.

D) umbilical vein.

Which of the following is not a cardiovascular modification present during fetal development?
A) ductus arteriosus
B) ductus venosus
C) foramen ovale
D) ligamentum arteriosum
E) They are all present in the fetus.

D) ligamentum arteriosum

Elderly individuals are more prone than younger individuals to have all of the following, except
A) hypertension.
B) venous thrombosis.
C) increased elasticity of vessel walls.
D) varicose veins.
E) arteriosclerosis.

C) increased elasticity of vessel walls.

Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called
A) convergents.
B) arteriole beds.
C) portals.
D) connexons.
E) collaterals.

E) collaterals.

A(n) ________ is a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule.
A) arteriovenule joint
B) collateralization
C) arteriovenus anastomosis
D) arteriovenule junction
E) arch

C) arteriovenus anastomosis

The vessel that supplies a capillary bed from an arteriole is called a
A) portal vein.
B) metarteriole.
C) continuous capillary.
D) thoroughfare channel.
E) venule.

B) metarteriole.

The ________ are small blood vessels that nourish tissue components in the wall of large arteries and veins.
A) tunica capillaria
B) perfusion capillaries
C) vasa vasorum
D) vascular capillaries
E) cortical vessels

C) vasa vasorum

The increase in effective blood volume that results from venoconstriction is the
A) venous reserve.
B) capacitance of veins.
C) vessel mobilization.
D) venous return.
E) vessel residual.

A) venous reserve.

The opening and closing of the precapillary sphincter is called
A) cycling.
B) oscillating.
C) vasomotion.
D) autoregulation.
E) vasoconstriction.

C) vasomotion.

In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer.
A) arthritis
B) arteriosclerosis
C) stenosis
D) atherosclerosis
E) multiple sclerosis

B) arteriosclerosis

The condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries.
A) arthritis
B) arteriosclerosis
C) stenosis
D) atherosclerosis
E) multiple sclerosis

D) atherosclerosis

Points where a muscular artery can be compressed against a bone to control severe bleeding are called
A) decompression points.
B) palpation points.
C) diastolic points.
D) regulation points.
E) pressure points.

E) pressure points.

A(n) ________ is a bulge, or weakened wall, of an artery.
A) aneurysm
B) stroke
C) vascular edema
D) arteriosclerosis
E) atherosclerosis

A) aneurysm

________ form elaborate capillary networks within tissues that allow for very slow blood flow.
A) Varicosities
B) Sinusoids
C) Foramina
D) Portal systems
E) Perfusion centers

B) Sinusoids

After the precapillary arteriole, blood enters a(n)
A) venule.
B) anastomosis.
C) precapillary sphincter.
D) capillary bed.
E) thoroughfare channel.

E) thoroughfare channel.

The pressure difference between the base of the aorta and the right atrium is the ________ pressure.
A) systemic
B) systolic
C) pulse
D) mean arterial
E) circulatory

E) circulatory

The process of decrease in vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called
A) vasodilation.
B) vasomotion.
C) vasoconstriction.
D) vasopressin.
E) vasodecrease.

C) vasoconstriction.

The term ________ refers to the pressure in the arterial side of the circulatory system.
A) pulse pressure
B) arterial pressure
C) atrial pressure
D) blood pressure
E) colloid osmotic pressure

D) blood pressure

The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called
A) autoregulation.
B) hormonal regulation.
C) hemoregulation.
D) vasoregulation.
E) neuroregulation.

A) autoregulation.