Chapter 2 Mastering Micro

The chemical properties of atoms are largely a function of the number of ______.
a. protons in the nucleus
b. electrons in the innermost shell
c. electrons in the valence shell
d. protons plus neutrons in the
nucleus

c. electrons in the valence shell

The electrically neutral chemical bond holding the sodium ion () and chloride ion () together in a sodium chloride molecule is a/an:
a. peptide bond.
b. hydrogen bond.
c. ionic bond.
d. double covalent bond

c. ionic bond.

Which basic type of chemical reaction is expressed by the formula: ?
a. Exchange reaction
b. Decomposition reaction
c. Biochemical reaction
d. Synthesis reaction

a. Exchange reaction

How does the hydrogen ion concentration ([]) of lemon juice (pH 2) compare to the [] of urine (pH 6)?
a. Urine has a three times higher hydrogen ion concentration than lemon juice.
b. Lemon juice has a ten thousand times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine.
c. Lemon juice has a three times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine.
d. Urine has a thousand times lower hydrogen ion concentration than lemon juice.

b. Lemon juice has a ten thousand times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine.

Water is an excellent solvent, as well as a reactant or product in many chemical reactions; this is due to ________.
a. the ability of each water molecule to form four bonds with adjacent molecules
b. the neutral pH of water
c. the relatively strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules
d. the polarity of water

d. the polarity of water

Which statement accurately describes the two strands in the DNA double helix?
a. The two strands are identical and one is antiparallel.
b. The two strands are complementary and parallel.
c. The two strands are identical and parallel.
d. The two strands are complementary and antiparallel.

d. The two strands are complementary and antiparallel.

Regarding organic compounds, which functional group is found in bacterial and eukaryotic plasma membranes?
a. Methyl group
b. Ketone group
c. Aldehyde group
d. Ester group

d. Ester group

Which level of protein structure is defined by the localized, repetitious twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain into helices and pleated sheets?
a. Tertiary structure
b. Quaternary structure
c. Secondary structure
d. Primary structure

c. Secondary structure

Which of the following statements is true regarding organic molecules?
a. All lipids are steroids.
b. All steroids are lipids.
c. All steroids are carbohydrates, but differ in branching complexity.
d. Most steroids are proteins.

b. All steroids are lipids.

What is responsible for the "backbone" of the double helix of DNA?
a. A repeating nucleotide-phosphate combination
b. A repeating sugar-phosphate combination
c. The hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine
d. Deoxyribose sugar bonded to adenosine at regular intervals

b. A repeating sugar-phosphate combination

Regarding the structure of simple lipids such as oleic acid, a cis fatty acid, the bond between the glycerol molecule and each fatty acid is called a/an ______.
a. helix
b. peptide bond
c. ether linkage
d. ester linkage

d. ester linkage

The formation of the disaccharide sucrose (C12H22O11) from the monosaccharides glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) occurs via which process?
a. Dehydration synthesis
b. Hydrolysis
c. Peptide bond formation
d. Saturation

a. Dehydration synthesis

Regarding the general structural formula for amino acids, which of the following is not a structural component of an amino acid?
a. An ether group (CH2-O-CH2)
b. An amino group (-NH2)
c. A carboxyl group (-COOH)
d. A side group (R group)

a. An ether group (CH2-O-CH2)

What type of bond holds the double strands of DNA together?
a. Hydrogen bonds
b. No bonding is involved. The two strands stay together due to hydrophilic interactions.
c. Polar covalent bonds
d. Ionic bonds

a. Hydrogen bonds

In a double-stranded molecule of DNA, which nucleotides are paired with one another?
a. Guanine and cytosine
b. Cytosine and thymine
c. Adenine and cytosine
d. Adenine and guanine

a. Guanine and cytosine

Which of the following is not found in DNA?
a. Guanine
b. Adenine
c. Thymine
d. Adenosine

d. Adenosine

An E. coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C. Which of the following changes must be made in its plasma membrane?
a. The viscosity must increase.
b. The number of saturated chains must increase.
c. The number of phosphate groups must increase.
d. The number of unsaturated chains must increase.
e. No changes are necessary.

d. The number of unsaturated chains must increase.

Identify the following reaction: H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3
a. Covalent reaction
b. Hydrolysis reaction
c. Exchange reaction
d. Reversible reaction
e. Dehydration synthesis reaction

c. Exchange reaction

What is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the H2O molecule?
a. Ionic bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Covalent bond

c. Covalent bond

Identify the following reaction: NH4OH ↔ NH3 + H2O
a. Reversible reaction
b. Exchange reaction
c. Dehydration synthesis reaction
d. Ionic reaction
e. Hydrolysis reaction

a. Reversible reaction

Two glucose molecules are combined to make a maltose molecule. What is the chemical formula for maltose?
a. C12H24O12
b. C12H23O10
c. C6H12O6
d. C12H22O11
e. C3H6O3

d. C12H22O11

Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Identify the salt.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
a. HCl
b. H2O
c. MgCl2
d. Mg(OH)2
e. None of the above

c. MgCl2

Identify the following reaction: Sucrose + H2O → Glucose + Fructose
a. Dehydration synthesis reaction
b. Hydrolysis reaction
c. Exchange reaction
d. Reversible reaction
e. Covalent reaction

b. Hydrolysis reaction

The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with
a. Eukaryotic plasma membranes.
b. Bacterial cell walls.
c. Fungal cell walls.
d. Prokaryotic plasma membranes.
e. Genes.

a. Eukaryotic plasma membranes.

Desulfovibrio bacteria can perform the following reaction: S6- → S2-. These bacteria are
a. Oxidizing sulfur.
b. Hydrolyzing sulfur.
c. Synthesizing sulfur.
d. Reducing sulfur.

a. Oxidizing sulfur.

What is the type of bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule?
a. Ionic bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Disulfide bond
d. Covalent bond
e. Hydrophobic bond

b. Hydrogen bond

Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule?
a. Nucleic acid
b. Lipid
c. Protein
d. Carbohydrate

a. Nucleic acid

Which of the following is a base?
a. H2O → H+ + OH-
b. NaOH → Na+ + OH-
c. C2H5OCOOH → H+ + C2H5OCOO-
d. C2H5OH
e. H2CO

b. NaOH → Na+ + OH-

Oil-degrading bacteria are naturally present in the environment but cannot degrade an oil spill fast enough to avoid ecological damage. How can the actions of these bacteria be sped up?
a. Provide oil for them.
b. Add NaCl.
c. Provide sugar as a carbon source.
d. Add water.
e. Provide nitrogen and phosphorus.

e. Provide nitrogen and phosphorus.

Which type of molecule contains -NH2 groups?
a. Lipid
b. Protein
c. Carbohydrate
d. Nucleic acid

b. Protein

Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H2O → Glucose + Galactose
a. Dehydration synthesis reaction
b. Ionic reaction
c. Hydrolysis reaction
d. Reversible reaction
e. Exchange reaction

c. Hydrolysis reaction

Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?
a. Protein
b. Lipid
c. Nucleic acid
d. Carbohydrate

b. Lipid

Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + Water
a. Reversible reaction
b. Ionic reaction
c. Hydrolysis reaction
d. Exchange reaction
e. Dehydration synthesis reaction

e. Dehydration synthesis reaction

What is the type of bond between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in organic molecules?
a. Covalent bond
b. Ionic bond
c. Hydrogen bond

a. Covalent bond

Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water?
a. Ionic bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Covalent bond

b. Hydrogen bond

Which are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells?
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Nucleic acids
d. Lipids

d. Lipids

What do genes consist of?
a. Nucleic acids
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Lipids

a. Nucleic acids

Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of
a. Glucose.
b. Nucleic acids.
c. Amino acids.
d. Fatty acids.
e. Acids.

a. Glucose.

Which of the following is the type of bond holding K+ and I- ions in KI?
a. Covalent bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Ionic bond

c. Ionic bond

What is the type of bond between ions in salt?
a. Covalent bond
b. Ionic bond
c. Hydrogen bond

b. Ionic bond

Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids?
a. Protein
b. Carbohydrate
c. Nucleic acid
d. Lipid

a. Protein

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Chapter 2 Mastering Micro

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The chemical properties of atoms are largely a function of the number of ______.
a. protons in the nucleus
b. electrons in the innermost shell
c. electrons in the valence shell
d. protons plus neutrons in the
nucleus

c. electrons in the valence shell

The electrically neutral chemical bond holding the sodium ion () and chloride ion () together in a sodium chloride molecule is a/an:
a. peptide bond.
b. hydrogen bond.
c. ionic bond.
d. double covalent bond

c. ionic bond.

Which basic type of chemical reaction is expressed by the formula: [AB + CD → AD + BC]?
a. Exchange reaction
b. Decomposition reaction
c. Biochemical reaction
d. Synthesis reaction

a. Exchange reaction

How does the hydrogen ion concentration ([]) of lemon juice (pH 2) compare to the [] of urine (pH 6)?
a. Urine has a three times higher hydrogen ion concentration than lemon juice.
b. Lemon juice has a ten thousand times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine.
c. Lemon juice has a three times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine.
d. Urine has a thousand times lower hydrogen ion concentration than lemon juice.

b. Lemon juice has a ten thousand times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine.

Water is an excellent solvent, as well as a reactant or product in many chemical reactions; this is due to ________.
a. the ability of each water molecule to form four bonds with adjacent molecules
b. the neutral pH of water
c. the relatively strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules
d. the polarity of water

d. the polarity of water

Which statement accurately describes the two strands in the DNA double helix?
a. The two strands are identical and one is antiparallel.
b. The two strands are complementary and parallel.
c. The two strands are identical and parallel.
d. The two strands are complementary and antiparallel.

d. The two strands are complementary and antiparallel.

Regarding organic compounds, which functional group is found in bacterial and eukaryotic plasma membranes?
a. Methyl group
b. Ketone group
c. Aldehyde group
d. Ester group

d. Ester group

Which level of protein structure is defined by the localized, repetitious twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain into helices and pleated sheets?
a. Tertiary structure
b. Quaternary structure
c. Secondary structure
d. Primary structure

c. Secondary structure

Which of the following statements is true regarding organic molecules?
a. All lipids are steroids.
b. All steroids are lipids.
c. All steroids are carbohydrates, but differ in branching complexity.
d. Most steroids are proteins.

b. All steroids are lipids.

What is responsible for the "backbone" of the double helix of DNA?
a. A repeating nucleotide-phosphate combination
b. A repeating sugar-phosphate combination
c. The hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine
d. Deoxyribose sugar bonded to adenosine at regular intervals

b. A repeating sugar-phosphate combination

Regarding the structure of simple lipids such as oleic acid, a cis fatty acid, the bond between the glycerol molecule and each fatty acid is called a/an ______.
a. helix
b. peptide bond
c. ether linkage
d. ester linkage

d. ester linkage

The formation of the disaccharide sucrose (C12H22O11) from the monosaccharides glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) occurs via which process?
a. Dehydration synthesis
b. Hydrolysis
c. Peptide bond formation
d. Saturation

a. Dehydration synthesis

Regarding the general structural formula for amino acids, which of the following is not a structural component of an amino acid?
a. An ether group (CH2-O-CH2)
b. An amino group (-NH2)
c. A carboxyl group (-COOH)
d. A side group (R group)

a. An ether group (CH2-O-CH2)

What type of bond holds the double strands of DNA together?
a. Hydrogen bonds
b. No bonding is involved. The two strands stay together due to hydrophilic interactions.
c. Polar covalent bonds
d. Ionic bonds

a. Hydrogen bonds

In a double-stranded molecule of DNA, which nucleotides are paired with one another?
a. Guanine and cytosine
b. Cytosine and thymine
c. Adenine and cytosine
d. Adenine and guanine

a. Guanine and cytosine

Which of the following is not found in DNA?
a. Guanine
b. Adenine
c. Thymine
d. Adenosine

d. Adenosine

An E. coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C. Which of the following changes must be made in its plasma membrane?
a. The viscosity must increase.
b. The number of saturated chains must increase.
c. The number of phosphate groups must increase.
d. The number of unsaturated chains must increase.
e. No changes are necessary.

d. The number of unsaturated chains must increase.

Identify the following reaction: H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3
a. Covalent reaction
b. Hydrolysis reaction
c. Exchange reaction
d. Reversible reaction
e. Dehydration synthesis reaction

c. Exchange reaction

What is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the H2O molecule?
a. Ionic bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Covalent bond

c. Covalent bond

Identify the following reaction: NH4OH ↔ NH3 + H2O
a. Reversible reaction
b. Exchange reaction
c. Dehydration synthesis reaction
d. Ionic reaction
e. Hydrolysis reaction

a. Reversible reaction

Two glucose molecules are combined to make a maltose molecule. What is the chemical formula for maltose?
a. C12H24O12
b. C12H23O10
c. C6H12O6
d. C12H22O11
e. C3H6O3

d. C12H22O11

Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Identify the salt.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
a. HCl
b. H2O
c. MgCl2
d. Mg(OH)2
e. None of the above

c. MgCl2

Identify the following reaction: Sucrose + H2O → Glucose + Fructose
a. Dehydration synthesis reaction
b. Hydrolysis reaction
c. Exchange reaction
d. Reversible reaction
e. Covalent reaction

b. Hydrolysis reaction

The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with
a. Eukaryotic plasma membranes.
b. Bacterial cell walls.
c. Fungal cell walls.
d. Prokaryotic plasma membranes.
e. Genes.

a. Eukaryotic plasma membranes.

Desulfovibrio bacteria can perform the following reaction: S6- → S2-. These bacteria are
a. Oxidizing sulfur.
b. Hydrolyzing sulfur.
c. Synthesizing sulfur.
d. Reducing sulfur.

a. Oxidizing sulfur.

What is the type of bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule?
a. Ionic bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Disulfide bond
d. Covalent bond
e. Hydrophobic bond

b. Hydrogen bond

Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule?
a. Nucleic acid
b. Lipid
c. Protein
d. Carbohydrate

a. Nucleic acid

Which of the following is a base?
a. H2O → H+ + OH-
b. NaOH → Na+ + OH-
c. C2H5OCOOH → H+ + C2H5OCOO-
d. C2H5OH
e. H2CO

b. NaOH → Na+ + OH-

Oil-degrading bacteria are naturally present in the environment but cannot degrade an oil spill fast enough to avoid ecological damage. How can the actions of these bacteria be sped up?
a. Provide oil for them.
b. Add NaCl.
c. Provide sugar as a carbon source.
d. Add water.
e. Provide nitrogen and phosphorus.

e. Provide nitrogen and phosphorus.

Which type of molecule contains -NH2 groups?
a. Lipid
b. Protein
c. Carbohydrate
d. Nucleic acid

b. Protein

Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H2O → Glucose + Galactose
a. Dehydration synthesis reaction
b. Ionic reaction
c. Hydrolysis reaction
d. Reversible reaction
e. Exchange reaction

c. Hydrolysis reaction

Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?
a. Protein
b. Lipid
c. Nucleic acid
d. Carbohydrate

b. Lipid

Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + Water
a. Reversible reaction
b. Ionic reaction
c. Hydrolysis reaction
d. Exchange reaction
e. Dehydration synthesis reaction

e. Dehydration synthesis reaction

What is the type of bond between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in organic molecules?
a. Covalent bond
b. Ionic bond
c. Hydrogen bond

a. Covalent bond

Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water?
a. Ionic bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Covalent bond

b. Hydrogen bond

Which are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells?
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Nucleic acids
d. Lipids

d. Lipids

What do genes consist of?
a. Nucleic acids
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Lipids

a. Nucleic acids

Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of
a. Glucose.
b. Nucleic acids.
c. Amino acids.
d. Fatty acids.
e. Acids.

a. Glucose.

Which of the following is the type of bond holding K+ and I- ions in KI?
a. Covalent bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Ionic bond

c. Ionic bond

What is the type of bond between ions in salt?
a. Covalent bond
b. Ionic bond
c. Hydrogen bond

b. Ionic bond

Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids?
a. Protein
b. Carbohydrate
c. Nucleic acid
d. Lipid

a. Protein

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