|
The language, beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors passed from one generation to the next make up a group’s |
culture |
|
_____ would be part of material culture. |
hairsyles |
|
Nonmaterial culture refers to a group’s |
ways of thinking and doing. |
|
One thing that can be said about material culture is that |
there is nothing "natural" about it. |
|
Who is ethnocentric? |
everyone |
|
To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called |
cultural relativism. |
|
Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is true? |
Cultural relativism has come under attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating. |
|
After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens, and motor scooters, rather than cars. Food, clothing, and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could recognize. Irving was experiencing |
culture shock |
|
Another term for nonmaterial culture that sociologists use is |
symbolic culture |
|
An advantage of knowing a culture’s gestures is |
being able to communicate with simplicity. |
|
The main way people communicate is through |
language. |
|
The basis of culture is |
language |
|
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that |
language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it. |
|
People’s _____ are their ideas of what is desirable in life. |
values |
|
A term for rules of behavior is |
norms |
|
When people break norms, they receive |
negative sanctions |
|
Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else. The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great time. At such a(n) _____, the rules were loosened. |
moral holiday |
|
When someone is walking on the right side of the sidewalk, and you are walking faster and overtake them to their left, this is _____ in the United States. |
folkway |
|
If you kill another person, you have violated a society’s |
mores |
|
Even just the thought of the violation of a _____ fills us with revulsion. |
taboo |
|
A world within the larger world of the dominant culture is a |
subculture |
|
How many subcultures does U.S. society contain? |
thousands |
|
Some of the values and norms of a _____ place it at odds with the dominant culture. |
counterculture |
|
Harold got up early and cleaned and polished his motorcycle, while Fabienne packed a picnic lunch. Their destination was a park on a lake about 50 miles away, where they would meet some friends who also liked to ride motorcycles on weekends. They soon got underway, driving safely on the highway at the speed limit, enjoying the trip, while they listened to National Public Radio. |
subculture; counterculture |
|
A society made up of many different groups is called a(n) |
pluralistic society |
|
Sociologists call values that are shared by most of the groups in a society |
core values |
|
The core value of education has |
changed over the years, until today a college education is considered an appropriate goal for most Americans. |
|
Most Americans feel that the only proper basis for marriage is |
romantic love |
|
"In God We Trust" appears on American money. This reflects the core value of |
religiosity |
|
Education, hard work, material comfort, and individualism can be said to be bound up in |
a value cluster that surrounds success. |
|
A _____ exists between the value of group superiority and the values of freedom, democracy, and equality. |
value contradiction |
|
Which statement about the origin of values is true? |
Values are related to conditions of society. |
|
Values are like lenses through which we see the world |
as it ought to be. |
|
The _____ culture refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers worth aiming for. |
ideal |
|
The human potential movement reflects the emerging _____ value. |
self-fulfillment |
|
The term real culture refers to |
the norms and values that people actually follow |
|
_____ places an emphasis on the influence of genes on human behavior. |
Genetics-informed sociology |
|
Which statement about incest is true? |
No society permits generalized incest for its members. |
|
_____ said that sociobiology will eventually absorb sociology. |
Edward Wilson |
|
Sociobiologists believe that |
biology is a basic cause of human behavior. |
|
_____ refer(s) to values, norms, or other cultural traits found everywhere |
Cultural universals |
|
Technology can be equated with |
tools |
|
The term new technology refers to |
an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life. |
|
Cultural diffusion is |
a group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture. |
|
_____ refers to one part of a culture changing while other parts remain behind. |
Culture lag |
|
When there is culture change, a group’s _____ usually changes first. |
material culture |
|
How is our nine-month school year a living example of a culture lag? |
The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s. |
|
What is smart clothing? |
Clothing incorporating invisible computing items |
|
In cultural leveling |
cultures become more and more similar to one another. |
|
It would be fair to say that in the cultural leveling process taking place today |
something vital is lost forever |
|
What are the positive and negative sides of ethnocentrism? |
Ethnocentrism creates in-group loyalties. Negative-Ethnocentrism can lead to discrimination against people whose ways differ from our own. |
|
Give at least three effects of language on human life. |
Any three of these five effects: Language allows human experience to be cumulative. It provides a social or shared past. It provides a social or shared future. It allows shared perspectives. It allows shared, goal-directed behavior. |
|
List at least five core values of U.S. society. |
Any five: achievement and success; individualism; hard work; efficiency and practicality; science and technology; material comfort; freedom; democracy; equality; group superiority; education; religiosity; romantic love. |
|
Identify the five interrelated core values that are emerging as a value cluster in the United States today. |
The five interrelated core values emerging in the United States today are leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and concern for the environment. |
|
What is the sociological significance of technology? |
Technology sets the framework for a group’s nonmaterial culture. It influences how people think and how people relate to one another. An example is in gender relations, where the tradition of men dominating women is being challenged. |
|
The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and event material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to another |
Culture |
|
the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles |
material culture |
|
a group’s way of thinking and doing |
non-material culture |
|
non-material culture is also called |
symbolic culture |
|
components of non-material culture |
gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways |
|
something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with one another |
symbol |
|
the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another |
gestures |
|
a system fo symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought |
language |
|
language & perception is known as |
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
|
language creates ways of thinking and perception |
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
|
-allows human experience to be cumulative |
significance of language |
|
the standard by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or not pretty |
values |
|
_____ forms the basis for norms |
values |
|
expectation of "right" behavior |
norms |
|
_____ are rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
norms |
|
_____ are so ingrained they guide behavior without our awareness |
norms |
|
reactions received for following or breaking norms |
sanctions |
|
types of sanctions |
positive sanction negative sanction |
|
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward |
positive sanction |
|
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or a prison sentence |
negative sanction |
|
norms that are not strictly enforced |
folkways |
|
norms that are strictly enforced |
mores (more-rays) |
|
a norm so strong that is often brings disgust if violated |
taboo |
|
a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and represent not only objects but abstract thought is known as |
language |
|
T or F: norms are the standards by which people define are desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautify or not |
false, values |
|
T or F: mores are norms that are not strictly enforced |
false, folkways |
|
values that together form a larger hold is known as |
value cluster |
|
the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture |
culture shock |
|
the belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view other cultures from the perspective of one’s own |
ethnocentrism |
|
taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value |
cultural relativism |
|
the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture (a world within a world) |
subculture |
|
a group whose values and beliefs, norms and behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture |
counterculture |
|
Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations |
cultural lag |
|
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations |
cultural leveling |
|
the spread of material and symbolic culture from one groups to another |
cultural diffusion |
|
What is cultural relativism? |
Not negatively judging a culture but trying to understand it based on its own terms |
|
T or F: Material culture encompasses material objects (e.g. art and clothing) while non-material culture encompasses a groups way of thinking (beliefs and values) and doing (language and behavior). |
True |
|
Which is NOT an example of Ethnocentrism? |
"Once I understood that food was an important part of their culture, I figured I try it without judging" (it’s cultural relativism) |
|
Do you think human behavior is mostly the result of heredity or environment? |
Both |
|
_____________ have distinct values or shared interests that aren’t popular among the majority of people in the larger culture. |
Subculture (Counterculture opposes dominant culture) |
|
the values that are central to a group, those around which a group builds a common identity |
core values |
|
a society made up of many different groups |
pluralistic society |
|
values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other |
value contradiction |
|
a value cluster has five interrelated core values which are |
leisure, self-fufullment, physical fitness, and youthfulness, concern for the environment |
|
a people’s ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them |
ideal culture |
|
the norms and values that people actually follow; as opposed to ideal culture |
real culture |
|
the clash in values between traditionalists and those advocating change |
culture wars |
|
a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group |
cultural universal |
|
_____ believe that because of natural selection, biology is a basic cause of human behavior |
sociobiologists |
|
a framework of thought in which human behavior is considered to be the result of natural selection and biological factors: a fundamental cause of human behavior |
sociobiology |
|
in its narrow sense, tools ; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools |
technology |
|
the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact |
new technology |
|
_____ sets the framework for a group’s nonmaterial culture |
technology |
|
a groups ______ culture changes first with the ______ culture lagging behind |
material ; nonmaterial |
|
the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits |
cultural diffusion |
|
A group’s beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior are known as its A. cultural diversity |
D. nonmaterial culture |
|
travelign to a foreign country may cause _____ due to cultural differences A. cultural diversity |
C. culture shock |
|
Suzanne does not agree with some of the elements of other cultures, but is learning to accept that though cultures are different, different does not make them wrong. She is practicing A. ethnocentrism |
D. cultural relativism |
|
Ethnocentrism can create in-group loyalties, but can also cause what negative result? A. apathy |
D. discrimination |
|
Different cultures around the world have customs that may seem strange to foreigners but natural to those who are part of that culture. How would you best describe this phenomenon? A. people are ethnocentric and cannot understand different cultures |
C. culture colors our perception of reality and is a fundamental basis for our decision making |
|
why do sociologists often use the term symbolic culture to refer to nonmaterial culture? A. elements of nonmaterial culture, such as language and gestures, are also known as symbols |
A. elements of nonmaterial culture, such as language and gestures, are also known as symbols |
|
While gestures vary greatly around the world, many expressions, such as _____ suggest that some gestures may be universal A. giving the "A-OK" sign |
C. anger, fear, and pouting |
|
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that A. immigrants will quickly assimilate to a new culture |
B. people cannot fully understand something they do not have a word for |
|
Ricardo was taught to always say "please" and "thank you" when asking for or receiving something from another person. What is this an example of? A. sanction |
D. norm |
|
College students are a _____ within a broader mainstream culture A. material culture |
B. subculture |
|
Countercultures, such as the Hell’s Angels A. maintain views that oppose mainstream cultural views |
A. maintain views that oppose mainstream cultural views |
|
The mormon practice of polygamy categorized them as a _____ before they discontinued the practice to become a state A. counterculture |
A. counterculture |
|
members of dominant cultures will often _____ members of a counterculture A. ridicule and isolate |
A. ridicule and isolate |
|
which of the following is an example of a subculture? A. gang members |
B. teachers |
|
because the united states is made up of many religious, ethnic, and interest groups, it is known as a A. pluralistic society |
A. pluralistic society |
|
which of the following is one of the 10 core values identified by Williams (1965)? A. moralistic |
B. equality |
|
the presence of racism and sexism in the United States is an example of the presence of ______ within culture A. subcultures |
C. value contradictions |
|
When do emerging values such as self-fulfillment and concern for the environment tend to occur A. when an economy produces adequate surpluses |
A. when an economy produces adequate surpluses |
|
people usually fall short of reaching the cultural ideal. Because people do not work as hard as they could, they are considered to be following A. culture wars |
D. real culture |
|
Research by George Murdock (1945) found that some activities are present in all cultures A. but define theses activities differently |
C. but the specific customs differ between groups |
|
a sociobiologist would agree with which of the following? A. sociology, anthropology, and psychology are completely separate from sociobiology |
B. biology, not culture, is key to human behavior |
|
Genetics-informed sociologists have found that _____ our behavior A. generes determine |
B. culture can override the influence of genes on |
|
a framework of thought in which human behavior is thought to be the result of natural selection and biology is known as A. cultural universalism |
D. sociobiology |
|
sociobiologists are studying the extent to which _______ influences our behavior A. genes |
A. genes |
|
The example that people with the gene DRD2 are more likely than people without this gene to abuse alcohol is an example of which of the following? A. counterculture |
B. genetics informed sociology |
|
When new technology emerges, it ultimately impacts A. sociobiology |
D. nonmaterial culture |
|
what term is used to describe the idea that the parts of a culture change at different rates A. cultural leveling |
B. cultural lag |
|
______ is an example of cultural lag that still exists today A. isolated cultures, such as the Tasmanians, lacking technology |
C. the nine-month school year |
|
travel and global communication have allowed cultures to commingle easily and adopt aspects of other cultures. This is an example of what process? A. emerging values |
D. cultural leveling |
|
the direction of cultural diffusion is primarily from A. Europe to other parts of the world |
B. the West to other parts of the world |
|
Which of the following is a part of a group’s material culture A. art |
A. art |
|
Wearing t-shirts and shorts are natural for American teens, but for foreigners, this dress may cause A. cultural lag |
C. culture shock |
|
Shorthand ways to convey messages without using words are known as A. taboos |
B. gestures |
|
in a society that places high value on hard work, getting a raise would be an example of a A. norm |
B. positive sanction |
|
how are folkways, mores, and taboos similar? A. when they occur, they are typically followed by positive sanctions |
B. violating any of these is to some degree against cultural norms |
|
who are teenagers and bodybuilders similar? A. they are both considered subcultures |
A. they are both considered subcultures |
|
talking loudly while in a movie theater is an example of a A. taboo, because it is a very serious violation and will be met with severe sanctions |
D. folkway, because it is not serious and the like consequence is being asked to quiet down |
|
a _______ is a world within the larger world of the dominant culture A. more |
B. subculture |
|
because values are not completely independent ideas, they often form A. a value clash |
D. value clusters |
|
Controversial topics, such as abortion and same-sex marriage create a ______ between traditionalists and advocates for change A. cultural diffusion |
D. value clash |
|
values can_____ our perceptions and keep us from seeing life as it is, and not how it ought to be A. improve |
B. distort |
|
Sociobiologists argue that human behavior A. can be explain through evolutionary principles just as animal behavior can |
A. can be explain through evolutionary principles just as animal behavior can |
|
what is one problem with the idea of sociobiology? A. there is evidence that genes affect behavior |
B. there is evidence that culture can override how genes influence behavior |
|
technology is a part of a group’s ______ culture A. material |
A. material |
|
according to cultural diffusion, cultures are most open to changes in their ______ culture A. material |
A. material |
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